Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala

There have been several outbreaks of Nipah virus in Kerala, some of which have been traced to fruit bats. The National Institute of Virology, Pune, confirmed the first case of Nipah virus in Kerala in May 2018.

Nipah virus outbreaks in Kerala
An electron micrograph of the Nipah virus
DiseaseNipah virus
Date2018, 2021, 2023
Fatality rate89.4% (2018)

History

Following previous Nipah virus outbreaks in India in 2001 and 2007 (both in the eastern state West Bengal), an outbreak occurred in Kerala in 2018.[1] The 2018 Kerala outbreak was traced to fruit bats in the area and was generally confined to Kozhikode and Malappuram districts,[2][3] and claimed 17 lives.[4] The outbreak was declared over on 10 June 2018.[5] A subsequent outbreak occurred in 2021 but was confined to the Pazhur village located within the Chathamangalam Gram panchayat in the Kozhikode district of Kerala. The outbreak claimed one life on 5 September 2021. The latest outbreak started in Kozhikode district in August 2023, claiming two lives and infecting four others as of 16 September 2023.[6]

2018 outbreak

Timeline

The index case of the outbreak was reported at sub-divisional hospital in Perambra[7] in Kozhikode district on 2 May.[8] This patient[7]—was later taken to the Government Medical College, Kozhikode for further treatment, where he later succumbed to the virus. Later, his brother Mohammed Salih was admitted to Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode,[9] with suspected viral encephalitis. A team of doctors at Baby Memorial Hospital, Kozhikode suspected Nipah, as the symptoms were similar to that of his brother who had died by then. The samples were tested at the Manipal Institute of Virology where it was confirmed as a case of Nipah; samples were also tested positive at National Institute of Virology, Pune.

The index patient had passed the virus to 16 persons at Medical College Hospital; later two more were infected, increasing the total count of infected to 18. There were 10 deaths in the first week, including a nurse named Lini Puthussery who treated the index patient before diagnosis.[10][11] The outbreak began in Kozhikode district and later spread to the adjoining Malappuram district. Health advisories were issued for Northern Kerala as well as the adjoining districts of Karnataka, with two suspected cases detected in Mangalore on 23 May 2018.[12]

Over 2,000 people in Kozhikode and Malappuram districts were quarantined and kept under observation during the period of the outbreak.[13] To fight the outbreak, M 102.4—a human monoclonal antibody for which clinical trials are still going on—was imported from Australia.[14] This was facilitated by renowned Nipah researcher Christopher Broder.[15] The outbreak also lead to the revival of World Health Organization's Nipah Drug Trials Group, led by Soumya Swaminathan.

After Sabith, 16 of the affected patients succumbed to the disease and two patients recovered fully. The outbreak was officially declared over on 10 June 2018.[5]

Virology and epidemiology

The presence of the Nipah virus in patients was confirmed from RT-PCR tests conducted at the Manipal Institute of Virology and the National Virology Institute, Pune.[16]

Though the first set of samples did not detect the virus in bats,[17] later tests proved that fruit bats in the area were the source of the virus.[18]

Response

On 23 May 2018, Kerala Health Department issued a travel advisory asking travelers to the Northern districts of Kerala to be extra cautious.[19]

On 23 May 2018, State of Kerala, requesting medical advisory from Malaysian Health Department (Kementerian Kesihatan Malaysia), for treatment and medicines for Nipah virus.

On 25 May 2018, sharing of Information of Virus was posted in the WHO EIS at Malaysian Time. On the same day, the Ministry of Health and Prevention of the United Arab Emirates advised postponing unnecessary travel to Kerala and avoiding its fruits and vegetables until the situation was under control.[20]

On 30 May 2018 construction began on the Institute of Advanced Virology, Kerala,[21] which was founded in response to the outbreak.[22]

On 1 June 2018, Thamarassery diocese in northern Kerala urged churches to stop giving Communion on the tongue, to postpone religious classes, and to avoid weddings and family get-togethers and unnecessary travel until the virus spread was contained.[23]

Recognition

Kerala's efforts in containing the outbreak under the leadership of the Health Minister K. K. Shailaja and the Health Secretary Rajeev Sadanandan[15][24] and the then district collector were lauded by many, including the Kerala High Court[25] and Robert Gallo of the Institute of Human Virology, Baltimore.[26]

Lini Puthussery staff nurse died due to first Nipah virus outbreak. She was in the team that treated the first victim of the Nipah virus in Kozhikode

Kerala Government gave early increments to 61 people to reward them for their efforts in tackling this outbreak: 4 assistant professors, 19 staff nurses, 7 nursing assistants, 17 cleaning staff, 4 hospital attenders, 2 health inspectors, 4 security staff, 1 plumber, and 3 lab technicians. Twelve junior residents and two senior residents were also awarded gold medals of one sovereign each.

Lini Puthussery, a 28 year old nurse at the Perambra Taluk hospital who fell victim to Nipah was hailed on social media and by doctors as a hero for her sacrifice.[27] A note she had written addressed to her husband Sajish was widely circulated on social media.[28] Kerala Government Hospital Development Society (KGHDS) employees union instituted an award in Puthussery's name to an outstanding person in the sector.[29] The "Best Nurse in Public Service Award" was instituted in memory of Puthussery.[30] Jim Campbell, the Director of the Health Workforce of World Health Organisation also paid tribute, tweeting "Remember them, lest we forget: Razan al-Najjar (Gaza); Lini Puthusserry (India), Salome Karwah (Liberia)".[31]

Following the outbreak, the government modernized its only virology lab in Alappuzha and decided to establish more virology institutes in the state.

2019 Incident

A new case of a 23-year-old student was detected on 4 June 2019 in Kochi.[32] Over 300 people were put under observation, but no further cases were reported. The student later recovered.[33] This is the fourth occurrence reported in India, with previous ones having occurred in 2001 (45 deaths), 2007 (5 deaths), and 2018 (17 deaths).[34][35]

2021 outbreak

Timeline

The 2021 Kerala Nipah virus outbreak started with the death of a 12-year-old boy in Pazhur, Kozhikode on 5 September 2021.[36][37] The outbreak was localized in the Pazhur village located within the Chathamangalam Gram panchayat in the Kozhikode district of Kerala, and it claimed one life.[38][39][40][41] This was the third Nipah virus outbreak in Kerala,[42][43] the earlier being in 2018 and 2019. The Central Government has rushed a team of the National Centre for Disease Control to the state, which will provide technical support. Relatives of the dead boy and all those involved in his treatment have been put under quarantine.[44][45][46][47][48]

2021 Nipah virus outbreak in Kozhikode, Kerala - 3 kilometers buffer zone around the epicentre.

The index case of the outbreak was reported at a private hospital in Kozhikode on 5 September 2021, a 12-year-old boy from Chathamangalam, in the Kozhikode district of Kerala, who died after testing positive for a Nipah virus infection.[49][50] The report of this new Nipah infection, which spreads through saliva of fruit bats, comes three years after a previous outbreak that had claimed 17 lives in the state.[51][52][53][54] Following the death of Nipa, the Chathamangamalam Grama Panchayat and the adjoining areas were placed under strict control by the Health Department and the Police. Those in close contact with the child were placed in isolation. and all of them had a negative test result.

Virology and epidemiology

The presence of the Nipah virus in the patient was confirmed by RT-PCR tests; all three samples collected from the child (plasma, serum and CSF) were found to be positive in tests done at the National Institute of Virology Pune.[55]

2023 outbreak

Six cases including two deaths of Nipah virus infection were reported in August and September 2023.[56][57][58][59]

Timeline

One of the fatalities happened earlier in September, while the other occurred on August 30th, both within Kozhikode district in the state. Additionally, two family members of one of the victims tested positive for the virus and received medical care in a hospital.[60]

Response

India's Health Minister, Mansukh Mandaviya, announced that the central government had dispatched a team of experts to Kerala to assess the situation and provide assistance to the state government in managing the outbreak. Kerala's Health Minister, Veena George, reported that tests had confirmed the virus strain in the outbreak to be the same as the one previously found in Bangladesh. She also mentioned that teams from the National Institute of Virology in Pune, established a mobile laboratory at Kozhikode Medical College for virus testing and bat surveys. George further disclosed that 168 contacts of the two deceased individuals were identified and underwent virus testing. The state government established a control room in Kozhikode for continuous monitoring, and health workers were instructed to strictly adhere to infection control protocols. Seven villages in Kozhikode were declared containment zones, and certain schools and offices in the district were temporarily closed. Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan emphasized that the state government treated the deaths with utmost seriousness and urged the public to exercise caution by wearing face masks and visiting hospitals only for emergencies.[61][60]

Virus, a 2019 Indian Malayalam medical thriller film co-produced and directed by Aashiq Abu, released on 7 June 2019 was based on 2018 Kerala Nipah virus outbreak.[62]

References

  1. "South-East Asia : Outbreaks and emergencies". World Health Organization. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. "Deadly Nipah virus claims lives in India". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  3. "Nipah virus outbreak: Death toll rises to 14 in Kerala, two more cases identified". The Hindustan Times. 27 May 2018. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  4. "After the outbreak". Frontline. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  5. "Nipah virus contained, last two positive cases have recovered: Kerala Health Min". The News Minute. 11 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  6. "Nipah: No indication of second wave yet, says Kerala Health Minister". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  7. "Tracking Nipah outbreak: Sabith, Patient No. 1, infected all but one". The Indian Express. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  8. "Have scientists hit upon a magical cure for Nipah?". OnManorama. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  9. "Kerala Health Department: These doctors were the first to figure out this infection was different". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  10. "Kerala govt confirms 10 deaths due to Nipah virus, 2 others critical". Hindustan Times. 22 May 2018.
  11. "Kerala Nurse Died After Treating Nipah Patient, Left Heartbreaking Note". NDTV. 22 May 2018.
  12. "Nipah virus: Two suspected cases reported in Karnataka - Times of India".
  13. "Nipah virus: Kerala districts wear deserted look as 2,000 kept under observation; businesses strained, NRIs stranded - Firstpost". www.firstpost.com. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  14. "Nipah drug from Australia reaches Kerala, say reports". OnManorama. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  15. "Silently, additional chief secretary Rajeev Sadanandan gained the ammo to take on Nipah". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  16. "Nipah virus scare: Health department issues alert - Times of India ►".
  17. "Origin of Nipah virus yet to be traced". The Hindu. 2 June 2018.
  18. "Fruit bats were the source of deadly Nipah Virus in Kerala: Union Health Minister". The News Minute. 3 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  19. "Nipah: Travellers asked to avoid 4 Kerala districts". The Economic Times. 23 May 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  20. Zain, Asma Ali. "Nipah virus: UAE issues Kerala travel warning". www.khaleejtimes.com. Retrieved 28 May 2018.
  21. "Pinarayi inaugurates first Institute of Advanced Virology". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  22. Ghafur, Abdul; Kumar, A. S. Anoop; Devadasan, N.; Meena, Amit; Jose, U. V.; Zachariah, Arun; Mohandas, A. C.; Indu, P. S.; Michael, C. J. (2019). "Outbreak Investigation of Nipah Virus Disease in Kerala, India, 2018". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 219 (12): 1867–1878. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiy612. PMID 30364984.
  23. Joseph, Mithosh (1 June 2018). "Holy Communion to be served on hand". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  24. "Cooperation is key: Three Kerala govt officials on what they learnt from tackling Nipah". The News Minute. 13 June 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  25. "Nipah outbreak in Kerala: HC commends government's efforts". The Times of India. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  26. "Institute of Human Virology in Baltimore commends Kerala govt for containing Nipah". The News Minute. 7 July 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  27. "Lini Puthussery died of the Nipah virus on May 21st". The Economist. 2 June 2018. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  28. "'Hero' nurse who died battling Nipah". 22 May 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  29. "Lini Puthussery award Tuesday". Deccan Chronicle. 19 May 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  30. "lini puthussery: Award instituted in Lini's memory | Thiruvananthapuram News". The Times of India. 28 June 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  31. "WHO director pays homage to Kerala's 'hero' nurse who died battling Nipah virus". The Indian Express. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2019.
  32. "പരിശോധനാ ഫലം ലഭിച്ചു; യുവാവിന് നിപ തന്നെ". Mathrubhumi. 4 June 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  33. "Ernakulam district declared Nipah virus free, says Kerala health minister". India Today. Press Trust of India. 23 July 2019. Archived from the original on 19 August 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
  34. "Nipah virus - India". 31 May 2018. Archived from the original on 10 June 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.
  35. Sharma, Neetu Chandra (22 May 2018). "Third outbreak of Nipah Virus in India since 2001. What are the reasons?". Mint. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
  36. "12yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation". The Indian Express. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  37. "Central Team Rushed To Kerala As Boy, 12, Dies Of Nipah Virus Infection". NDTV.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  38. "Nipah resurfaces in Kerala's Kozhikode, Centre rushes support team". The Hindu. 5 September 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  39. Tom, Disney (5 September 2021). "Kerala: 12-year-old dies of Nipah virus; all contacts traced, says health minister". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  40. Unnithan, P. S. Gopikrishnan (5 September 2021). "12-year-old boy dies of Nipah virus in Kerala's Kozhikode". India Today. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  41. "Health minister confirms Nipah death in Kozhikode". Mathrubhumi. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  42. Jacob, Shine (5 September 2021). "Nipah resurfaces in Kerala; claims one life, two health workers infected". Business Standard India. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  43. "Latest updates: Andhra Pradesh reports 1,623 new Covid-19 cases, 8 deaths". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  44. "12-year-old dies of Nipah virus infection in Kerala's Kozhikode". Deccan Chronicle. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  45. "Nipah virus: TN steps up measures to screen people at border areas after reports of infection in Kerala". www.cnbctv18.com. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  46. "12-Year-Old Succumbs to Nipah Virus in Kerala; Two Health Workers Who Were in Contact with the Patient Develop Symptoms | The Weather Channel - Articles from The Weather Channel | weather.com". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  47. "Amid Rising Covid Cases, Kerala Faces New Challenges With Nipah Virus". NDTV.com. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  48. "Jagran Explainer: How Centre and Kerala govt are preparing to deal with Nipah virus". Jagran English. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  49. ലേഖകൻ, മാധ്യമം (6 September 2021). "നിപ പകർന്നത് ആടിൽ നിന്നല്ല, റംബുട്ടാനിൽ നിന്നാണോയെന്ന് പരിശോധിക്കുന്നു- ആരോഗ്യമന്ത്രി". www.madhyamam.com (in Malayalam). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  50. "നിപ: കുട്ടിയുടെ അമ്മയ്ക്ക് പനി; ഉടന്‍ മെഡിക്കല്‍ കോളജിലേക്ക് മാറ്റും". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Retrieved 6 September 2021.
  51. "12-yr-old dies of Nipah in Kerala; 17 primary contacts placed under observation". The Indian Express. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  52. "Nipah death in Kerala: Symptoms, prevention, treatment. All you need to know". Hindustan Times. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  53. "TN steps up thermal screening at 9 border districts after Nipah virus death in Kerala". The News Minute. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  54. "Breaking news: 4 killed, 17 injured after tractor-trolley overturns in MP". Hindustan Times. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  55. "Two Health Workers Show Symptoms of Nipah Virus Infection; Kerala Health Minister". News18. 5 September 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
  56. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/one-more-tests-positive-for-nipah-in-kozhikode/article67310380.ece/amp/
  57. "India's Kerala state reports two deaths from Nipah virus". Reuters. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  58. "Kerala reports 4 cases of Nipah virus, 2 deaths. What we know so far". Hindustan Times. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  59. "Nipah Virus Outbreak in Kerala". ManoramaOnline (in Malayalam). Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  60. "Kerala: India state on alert after Nipah virus deaths". BBC News. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  61. Jain, Rupam (13 September 2023). "India's Kerala shuts schools and offices to curb deadly Nipah virus". Reuters. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  62. "Malayalam movie 'Virus' based on 2018 Nipah outbreak to release this Friday". The News Minute. 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.