60 metres

60 metres, or 60-meter dash, is a sprint event in track and field. It is a championship event for indoor championships, normally dominated by the best outdoor 100 metres runners. At indoor events, the 60 metres is run on lanes set out in the middle of the 'field', as is the hurdles event over the same distance, thus avoiding some of the effects of the banked track encircling the venue, upon which other track events in indoor events are run. At outdoor venues it is a rare distance, at least for senior athletes. The format of the event is similar to other sprint distances. The sprinters follow three initial instructions: 'on your marks', instructing them to take up position in the starting blocks; 'set', instructing them to adopt a more efficient starting posture, which also isometrically preloads their muscles. This will enable them to start faster. The final instruction is the firing of the starter's pistol. Upon hearing this the sprinters stride forwards from the blocks.

This article is about the sprint event. For the radio band, see 60-metre band.
Athletics
60 metres
World records
MenUnited States Christian Coleman 6.34 A (2018)
WomenRussia Irina Privalova 6.92 (1993, 1995)
World Indoor Championship records
MenUnited States Christian Coleman 6.37 (2018)
WomenUnited States Gail Devers 6.95 (1993)
A 60-metre race in Valencia in 2005

The 60 metres was an Olympic event in the 1900 and 1904 Summer Games but was removed from the schedule thereafter. American Christian Coleman currently holds the men's world record in the 60 metres with a time of 6.34 seconds,[1] while Russian Irina Privalova holds the women's world record at 6.92.

At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics Semi-Finals, Su Bingtian ran the fastest 60 m split of all-time and the fastest 60 m ever recorded under any conditions with a time of 6.29 seconds.[2]

In the past, it was common for athletes to compete in the 60 yards (54.86 m) race. This is not part of the lineage of the 60 metres, but is the predecessor of the 55 metres race. 60 metres is 65.6168 yards.

60 metres split vs. 60 metres indoor

Traditionally, the 60 m indoor event serves as the equivalent of preseason for the outdoor 100 m event, and sprinters do not peak until outdoor season. This is why elite sprinters almost always run a faster 60 m split en route to their 100 m time during outdoor season than their best 60 m indoor time, even after adjusting for wind assistance (wind assistance has lesser impact on shorter distance such as 60 m than on longer distance race). Given that 60 m splits were achieved en route to 100 m performances and the athletes weren't able to lean for the finish at the 60 m mark, elite sprinters could be expected to run even faster 60 m times than their best en route splits if they specifically raced a 60 m race during outdoor season.

Usain Bolt ran a 6.31 seconds 60 m split, the second fastest split all-time, en route to his 100 m world record, despite never having participated in the 60 m indoor event. Asafa Powell ran a 6.32 seconds split, while clocking only 6.44 seconds in the 60 m indoor event. 2012 Indoor 60 m World Champion Justin Gatlin, who has the personal best of 6.34 for the 60 m split, ran 6.45 seconds indoors. Former indoor world record holder and 1999 Indoor 60 m World Champion Maurice Greene ran a 6.33 split outdoors compared to his 6.39 indoor personal best. The current indoor world record holder Christian Coleman clocked in at 6.32 seconds en route to his 9.76 seconds 100 m personal best, significantly faster than his 6.34 indoor world record which he set at 5,312 feet altitude (equivalent to 6.37 indoor after adjusting for the effect of altitude).[3]

At the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, en route to his 100 m personal best of 9.83 seconds, Su Bingtian, who has the indoor personal best of 6.42, ran the fastest 60 m split of all-time and the fastest 60 m ever recorded under any conditions with a time of 6.29 seconds.[4]

Area records

Updated 19 March 2022.[5][6]

Area Men Women
Time (s) Athlete Nation Time (s) Athlete Nation
Africa6.45 ALeonard Myles-Mills Ghana6.97Murielle Ahouré Ivory Coast
Asia6.42Su Bingtian China7.09Susanthika Jayasinghe Sri Lanka
Europe6.41Marcell Jacobs Italy6.92Irina Privalova Russia
North, Central America
and Caribbean		6.34 AChristian Coleman United States6.94 AAleia Hobbs United States
Oceania6.52Matthew Shirvington Australia7.13Zoe Hobbs New Zealand
South America6.52José Carlos Moreira Brazil7.14Vitoria Cristina Rosa Brazil

All-time top 25

Indoor results only

Men

Updated March 2023.[7]

Ath.#Perf.#Time (s)AthleteNationDatePlaceRef.
116.34 AChristian Coleman United States18 February 2018Albuquerque[8]
26.37Coleman #219 January 2018Clemson
Coleman #303 March 2018Birmingham[9]
246.39Maurice Greene United States03 February 1998Madrid
46.39Greene #203 March 2001Atlanta
66.40Greene #327 February 1999Atlanta
366.40 ARonnie Baker United States18 February 2018Albuquerque[8]
486.41Andre Cason United States14 February 1992Madrid
86.41Greene #401 February 1998Stuttgart
486.41Marcell Jacobs Italy19 March 2022Belgrade[10]
86.41Coleman #419 March 2022Belgrade[10]
126.42Greene #507 March 1999Maebashi
6126.42Dwain Chambers Great Britain07 March 2009Turin
126.42 AColeman #518 February 2018Albuquerque[8]
6126.42Su Bingtian China03 March 2018Birmingham[9]
Trayvon Bromell  United States 10 February 2023 Clemson [11]
176.43Greene #601 February 1998Stuttgart
9176.43Tim Harden United States07 March 1999Maebashi
176.43Su #206 February 2018Düsseldorf
206.44Harden #227 February 1999Atlanta
Harden #311 March 2001Lisbon
10206.44Asafa Powell Jamaica18 March 2016Portland[12]
206.44Powell #218 March 2016Portland[13]
Baker #203 March 2018Birmingham
Baker #319 February 2020Liévin
Baker #421 February 2020Madrid
10206.44Marvin Bracy United States19 March 2022Belgrade[10]
12 6.45Bruny Surin Canada13 February 1993Liévin
6.45 A Leonard Myles-Mills Ghana20 February 1999Colorado Springs
Terrence Trammell United States17 February 2001Pocatello
6.45 Justin Gatlin United States01 March 2003Boston
Ronald Pognon France13 February 2005Karlsruhe
6.45 ATrell Kimmons United States26 February 2012Albuquerque
6.45Terrence Jones Bahamas15 January 2022Lubbock[14]
19 6.46Jon Drummond United States01 February 1998Stuttgart
6.46 AMarcus Brunson United States30 January 1999Flagstaff
6.46 Jason Gardener Great Britain07 March 1999Maebashi
Tim Montgomery United States11 March 2001Lisbon
Leonard Scott United States26 February 2005Liévin
24 6.47 Linford Christie Great Britain19 February 1995Liévin
Shawn Crawford United States28 February 2004Boston
Dwight Phillips United States24 February 2005Madrid
Lerone Clarke Jamaica18 February 2012Birmingham
James Dasaolu Great Britain15 February 2014Birmingham [15]
Kim Collins Saint Kitts and Nevis17 February 2015Łódź [16]
Samuele Ceccarelli Italy04 March 2023Istanbul [17]

Note: The following athletes have had their performances annulled due to doping offences:

Time (s) Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
6.41Ben Johnson Canada7 March 1987Indianapolis[18]

Outdoor best performances

+ = en route to 100 m mark

Rank Time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
1 6.29+ (calculated) +0.9 Su Bingtian  China 1 August 2021 Tokyo [19][20]
2 6.31+ (calculated) +0.9 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 16 August 2009 Berlin [21]
3 6.32+ (calculated) +1.7 Asafa Powell  Jamaica 9 September 2007 Rieti [22]
+1.7 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 31 May 2008 New York City [23]
0.0 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 16 August 2008 Beijing [24]
+0.2 Asafa Powell  Jamaica 2 September 2009 Lausanne [25]
+1.5 Usain Bolt  Jamaica 5 August 2012 London [26]
+0.6 Christian Coleman  United States 28 September 2019 Doha [27]
9 6.33+ (calculated) −0.2 Maurice Greene  United States 5 August 2001 Edmonton [28]
−0.1 Yohan Blake  Jamaica 23 August 2012 Lausanne [29]
11 6.34+ (calculated) +0.9 Justin Gatlin  United States 23 August 2015 Beijing [30]

Note: The following athletes have had their associated 100 m performances annulled due to doping offences:

Time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
6.33+ (calculated) +1.1 Ben Johnson  Canada 24 September 1988 Seoul [31]

Women

Updated March 2023.[32]

Ath.#Perf.#Time (s)AthleteNationDatePlaceRef.
116.92Irina Privalova Russia11 February 1993Madrid
16.92Privalova #209 February 1995Madrid
36.93Privalova #313 February 1994Liévin
46.94Privalova #419 February 1995Liévin
2 4 6.94 A Aleia Hobbs  United States 18 February 2023 Albuquerque [33]
Julien Alfred  Saint Lucia 11 March 2023 Albuquerque [34]
466.95Gail Devers United States12 March 1993Toronto
66.95Privalova #506 February 1994Vienna
Privalova #614 February 1995Moscow
466.95Marion Jones United States07 March 1998Maebashi
6106.96Merlene Ottey Jamaica14 February 1992Madrid
106.96Privalova #711 February 1993Madrid
6106.96Ekaterini Thanou Greece07 March 1999Maebashi
Mujinga Kambundji  Switzerland18 March 2022Belgrade[35]
10 6.96 A Alfred #2 10 March 2023 Albuquerque [36]
156.97Privalova #814 February 1992Madrid
Privalova #912 March 1993Toronto
Privalova #1011 February 1994Madrid
Privalova #1112 February 1995Ghent
Ottey #219 February 1995Liévin
Ottey #310 March 1995Ghent
9156.97LaVerne Jones-Ferrette United States Virgin Islands06 February 2010Stuttgart
Murielle Ahouré Ivory Coast02 March 2018Birmingham[37]
15 6.97 Alfred #3 25 February 2023 Lubbock [38]
246.98Privalova #1227 February 1993Moscow
Devers #221 February 1999Liévin
11246.98Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce Jamaica09 March 2014Sopot[39]
Elaine Thompson-Herah Jamaica18 February 2017Birmingham[40]
24 6.98 Hobbs #2  United States 28 January 2023 Fayetteville [41]
136.99Ewa Swoboda Poland05 March 2022Toruń[42]
Mikiah Brisco United States18 March 2022Belgrade [35]
15 7.00 Nelli Cooman Netherlands23 February 1986Madrid
Veronica Campbell-Brown Jamaica14 March 2010Doha
Dafne Schippers  Netherlands 13 February 2016 Berlin [43]
Barbara Pierre  United States 12 March 2016 Portland [44]
19 7.01 Savatheda Fynes Bahamas07 March 1999Maebashi
Me'Lisa Barber United States10 March 2006Moscow
Lauryn Williams United States10 March 2006Moscow
22 7.02 Gwen Torrence United States02 February 1996New York City
Christy Opara-Thompson Nigeria12 February 1997Ghent
Chioma Ajunwa Nigeria22 February 1998Liévin
Philomena Mensah Canada07 March 1999Maebashi
7.02 ACarmelita Jeter United States28 February 2010Albuquerque
7.02Tianna Madison United States11 February 2012Fayetteville
7.02 AJavianne Oliver United States18 February 2018Albuquerque [45]
7.02 Marie-Josée Ta Lou  Ivory Coast 20 February 2019 Düsseldorf [46]

Outdoor best performances

+ = en route to 100 m mark

Rank Time (s) Wind (m/s) Athlete Nation Date Place Ref
1 6.81+ (calculated) +0.1 Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce  Jamaica 29 September 2019 Doha [47]
2 6.85+ (calculated) −0.1 Marion Jones  United States 22 August 1999 Seville
3 6.87+ (calculated) 0.0 Florence Griffith-Joyner  United States 16 July 1988 Indianapolis [48]
+0.9 Elaine Thompson-Herah  Jamaica 21 August 2021 Eugene [49]
5 6.91+ (calculated) +0.1 Dina Asher-Smith  Great Britain 29 September 2019 Doha [47]

Olympic medalists
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1900 Paris
  Alvin Kraenzlein (USA)  Walter Tewksbury (USA)  Stan Rowley (AUS)
1904 St. Louis
  Archie Hahn (USA)  William Hogenson (USA)  Fay Moulton (USA)

World Indoor Championships medalists

Men
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Parisa
  Ben Johnson (CAN)  Sam Graddy (USA)  Ronald Desruelles (BEL)
1987 Indianapolis
  Lee McRae (USA) b  Mark Witherspoon (USA)  Pierfrancesco Pavoni (ITA)
1989 Budapest
  Andrés Simón (CUB)  John Myles-Mills (GHA)  Pierfrancesco Pavoni (ITA)
1991 Seville
  Andre Cason (USA)  Linford Christie (GBR)  Chidi Imo (NGR)
1993 Toronto
  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Frankie Fredericks (NAM)  Talal Mansour (QAT)
1995 Barcelona
  Bruny Surin (CAN)  Darren Braithwaite (GBR)  Robert Esmie (CAN)
1997 Paris
  Haralabos Papadias (GRE)  Michael Green (JAM)  Davidson Ezinwa (NGR)
1999 Maebashi
  Maurice Greene (USA)  Tim Harden (USA)  Jason Gardener (GBR)
2001 Lisbon
  Tim Harden (USA)  Tim Montgomery (USA)  Mark Lewis-Francis (GBR)
2003 Birmingham
  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Kim Collins (SKN)  Jason Gardener (GBR)
2004 Budapest
  Jason Gardener (GBR)  Shawn Crawford (USA)  Georgios Theodoridis (GRE)
2006 Moscow
  Leonard Scott (USA)  Andrey Epishin (RUS)  Terrence Trammell (USA)
2008 Valencia
  Olusoji Fasuba (NGR)  Kim Collins (SKN)
 Dwain Chambers (GBR)		 none awarded
2010 Doha
  Dwain Chambers (GBR)  Mike Rodgers (USA)  Daniel Bailey (ATG)
2012 Istanbul
  Justin Gatlin (USA)  Nesta Carter (JAM)  Dwain Chambers (GBR)
2014 Sopot
  Richard Kilty (GBR)  Marvin Bracy (USA)  Femi Ogunode (QAT)
2016 Portland
  Trayvon Bromell (USA)  Asafa Powell (JAM)  Ramon Gittens (BAR)
2018 Birmingham
  Christian Coleman (USA)  Su Bingtian (CHN)  Ronnie Baker (USA)
2022 Belgrade
  Marcell Jacobs (ITA)  Christian Coleman (USA)  Marvin Bracy (USA)

a The event was known as the World Indoor Games in 1985.
b Ben Johnson of Canada originally won the gold medal, but he was disqualified in 1989 after admitting to steroid use between 1981 and 1988.

Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)98320
2 Great Britain (GBR)33410
3 Canada (CAN)3014
4 Italy (ITA)1023
 Nigeria (NGR)1023
6 Greece (GRE)1012
7 Cuba (CUB)1001
8 Jamaica (JAM)0303
9 Saint Kitts and Nevis (SKN)0202
10 China (CHN)0101
 Ghana (GHA)0101
 Namibia (NAM)0101
 Russia (RUS)0101
14 Qatar (QAT)0022
15 Antigua and Barbuda (ATG)0011
 Barbados (BAR)0011
 Belgium (BEL)0011
Totals (17 entries)19201857

Women
Games Gold Silver Bronze
1985 Parisa
  Silke Gladisch (GDR)  Heather Oakes (GBR)  Christelle Bulteau (FRA)
1987 Indianapolis
  Nelli Fiere-Cooman (NED)  Anelia Nuneva (BUL) b  Angela Bailey (CAN)
1989 Budapest
  Nelli Fiere-Cooman (NED)  Gwen Torrence (USA)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)
1991 Seville
  Irina Sergeyeva (URS)  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Liliana Allen (CUB)
1993 Toronto
  Gail Devers (USA)  Irina Privalova (RUS)  Zhanna Tarnopolskaya (UKR)
1995 Barcelona
  Merlene Ottey (JAM)  Melanie Paschke (GER)  Carlette Guidry (USA)
1997 Paris
  Gail Devers (USA)  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)  Frederique Bangue (FRA)
1999 Maebashi
  Ekaterini Thanou (GRE)  Gail Devers (USA)  Philomena Mensah (CAN)
2001 Lisbon
  Chandra Sturrup (BAH)  Angela Williams (USA)  Chryste Gaines (USA)
2003 Birmingham
  Angela Williams (USA) c  Torri Edwards (USA)  Merlene Ottey (SLO)
2004 Budapest
  Gail Devers (USA)  Kim Gevaert (BEL)  Yulia Nestsiarenka (BLR)
2006 Moscow
  Me'Lisa Barber (USA)  Lauryn Williams (USA)  Kim Gevaert (BEL)
2008 Valencia
  Angela Williams (USA)  Jeanette Kwakye (GBR)  Tahesia Harrigan (IVB)
2010 Doha
  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Carmelita Jeter (USA)  Ruddy Zang Milama (GAB)
2012 Istanbul
  Veronica Campbell-Brown (JAM)  Murielle Ahouré (CIV)  Tianna Madison (USA)
2014 Sopot
  Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM)  Murielle Ahouré (CIV)  Tianna Bartoletta (USA)
2016 Portland
  Barbara Pierre (USA)  Dafne Schippers (NED)  Elaine Thompson (JAM)
2018 Birmingham
  Murielle Ahouré (CIV)  Marie-Josée Ta Lou (CIV)  Mujinga Kambundji (SUI)
2022 Belgrade
  Mujinga Kambundji (SUI)  Mikiah Brisco (USA)  Marybeth Sant-Price (USA)

a The event was known as the World Indoor Games in 1985.
b Angella Issajenko of Canada originally won the silver medal, but she was disqualified in 1989 after admitting to steroid use between 1982 and 1988.
c Zhanna Block originally won the gold medal, but she was disqualified after her results from November 2002 onwards were deleted in 2011 for long-term drug use.

Medal table
RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1 United States (USA)77519
2 Jamaica (JAM)4127
3 Netherlands (NED)2103
4 Ivory Coast (CIV)1304
5 Bahamas (BAH)1102
6  Switzerland (SWI)1012
7 East Germany (GDR)1001
 Greece (GRE)1001
 Soviet Union (URS)1001
10 Great Britain (GBR)0202
11 Belgium (BEL)0112
12 Bulgaria (BUL)0101
 Germany (GER)0101
 Russia (RUS)0101
15 Canada (CAN)0022
 France (FRA)0022
17 Belarus (BLR)0011
 British Virgin Islands (IVB)0011
 Cuba (CUB)0011
 Gabon (GAB)0011
 Slovenia (SLO)0011
 Ukraine (UKR)0011
Totals (22 entries)19191957

Season's bests

See also

Notes and references
  1. Jon Hendershott (18 February 2018). "Coleman breaks world indoor 60m record at US Indoor Championships in Albuquerque". IAAF. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  2. Pierre-Jean Vazel (2 November 2021). "Athletics - Final Results". Analyzing the Olympic 100-meter sprints.
  3. Jonas Mureika. "Wind / Altitude Adjustment Calculator". jmureika. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  4. Pierre-Jean Vazel (2 November 2021). "Athletics - Final Results". Analyzing the Olympic 100-meter sprints.
  5. "Men's indoor 60 metres | Records". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  6. "Women's indoor 60 metres | Records". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  7. "All time Top Lists Senior Indoor 60 Metres Men". World Athletics. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  8. Jon Hendershott (18 February 2018). "Coleman breaks world indoor 60m record at US Indoor Championships in Albuquerque". IAAF. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  9. "Men's 60m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 3 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  10. "60m Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 19 March 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  11. "Bol clocks 49.96 and 22.87 in Metz, Bromell breezes to 6.42 in Clemson". World Athletics. 11 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  12. "60m Round 1 Results" (PDF). IAAF. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  13. "60m Semifinal Results" (PDF). IAAF. 18 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  14. Jon Mulkeen (16 January 2022). "Jones, Harrison and Usoro get their 2022 campaigns off to a strong start". Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  15. "60 Metres Results". IAAF. 23 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  16. "60 Metres Results". IAAF. 22 February 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  17. "60m Semifinals Results Summary" (PDF). European Athletics. 4 March 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
  18. Janofsky, Michael (6 September 1989). "Rule That Will Strip Johnson of His World Records Is Approved". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  19. Pierre-Jean Vazel (2021-11-02). "Athletics - Final Results". Analyzing the Olympic 100-meter sprints.
  20. Omega Official (2021-08-08). "Su Bingtian 60m-6.29". Wanda Diamond League China.
  21. "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres" (PDF). IAAF. 16 August 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  22. Pierre-Jean Vazel (8 September 2008). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres 9.72 Asafa Powell". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  23. X-King (12 June 2008). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres 9.72 Usain Bolt". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  24. Pierre-Jean Vazel (16 August 2009). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres 9.69 Usain Bolt". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  25. Pierre-Jean Vazel (8 September 2008). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres 9.72 Asafa Powell". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  26. Pierre-Jean Vazel (5 August 2020). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres 9.63 Usain Bolt". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  27. "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres". La Libre. 29 September 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  28. nsx_pf (14 February 2022). "TOP 20 FASTEST 60M SPLITS IN 100M RACES". Speed Analysis Channel. Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  29. Leslie Ray Jeffrey (24 December 2022). "Biomechanical Analysis 100 Metres Yohan Blake 9.69". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  30. Magician wlx (14 February 2022). "Justin Gatlin's 9 77 split time in Beijing in 2015". Retrieved 17 March 2023.
  31. "Maurice Greene equals 60m indoors world record mark". World Athletics. 1 February 1998. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  32. "Toplists - All time Top lists - Senior Indoor 60 Metres Women". World Athletics. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  33. "Hobbs and Hall go No.2 all time at US Indoor Championships in Albuquerque". World Athletics. 18 February 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2023.
  34. "Alfred, Garland and Wilson threaten world records at NCAA Indoor Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2023-03-12.
  35. "60m Final Results" (PDF). World Athletics. 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  36. "Collegiate records fall on first day of NCAA Indoor Championships | REPORT | World Athletics". www.worldathletics.org. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  37. "Women's 60m Results" (PDF). IAAF. 2 March 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2018.
  38. "Weekend Recap: All-Time Marks Canvas Conference Championships Weekend". USTFCCCA. 25 February 2023. Retrieved 4 March 2023.
  39. "60m Results Summary" (PDF). IAAF. 9 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  40. "60m Results" (PDF). British Athletics. 18 February 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  41. "Hodgkinson breaks world indoor 600m best, Kincaid and Nuguse lead fast times in Boston". World Athletics. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
  42. Gary Smith (5 March 2022). "Ewa Swoboda flashes to 6.99 at 2022 Polish Indoor Championships". world-track.org. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  43. "Dafne Schippers: Profile". IAAF.org. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  44. "60m Dash Results". flashresults.com. 12 March 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  45. Jon Hendershott (18 February 2018). "Coleman breaks world indoor 60m record at US Indoor Championships in Albuquerque". IAAF. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
  46. Ramsak, Bob (20 February 2019). "Ta Lou dashes 7.02, J. Ingebrigtsen defeats Tefera in Dusseldorf". iaaf.org. IAAF. Retrieved 20 February 2019.
  47. Lindstrom, Sieg (October 2019). "World Champs Women's 100 — Let's Hear It For Motherhood". Track & Field News. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2021.
  48. Brüggemann, Gert-Peter; Glad, Bill; International Amateur Athletic Federation; International Athletic Foundation (1990), Scientific research project at the games of the XXIVth Olympiad - Seoul 1988. Final report, Biomechanical analyses of the jumping events, time analyses of the sprint and hurdle events, IAAF, retrieved 16 May 2020
  49. Evelyn Watta (8 September 2021). "Elusive world record now within reach for Elaine Thompson-Herah". Olympics.com. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
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