Action of 27 February 1941

The action of 27 February 1941 was a single ship action between the British cruiser HMS Leander and the Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb I. It began when Leander ordered an un-flagged freighter to stop for an inspection. The freighter raised the Italian colours and engaged Leander which sank Ramb I shortly after. Most of the Italian crew were rescued and taken to Addu Atoll, thence to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Leander patrolled southwards to investigate more reports of commerce raiders.

Action of 27 February 1941
Part of the Indian Ocean theatre of the Second World War

Maldive Islands (orthographic projection)
Date27 February 1941
Location
off Maldives, Indian Ocean
1°0′N 68°30′E
Result New Zealand victory
Belligerents
 New Zealand  Italy
Commanders and leaders
Robert Bevan Alfredo Bonezzi
Strength
1 cruiser 1 auxiliary cruiser
Casualties and losses
1 cruiser slightly damaged 1 auxiliary cruiser sunk
1 killed
103 captured
of whom: 4 wounded
(1 died of wounds)

Background

East African Campaign
Main article: East African Campaign

In January 1941, British forces simultaneously advanced from Sudan and Kenya into Eritrea, Abyssinia and Italian Somaliland, as the navy blockaded and bombarded Italian harbours. The port of Kismayu in Italian Somaliland was occupied on 14 February and sixteen Italian and German ships there were sunk or captured, except for one vessel. Merka and Mogadishu were occupied on 25 February and several hundred Allied merchant sailors were liberated. As Allied forces closed on Massawa, the Italian Red Sea Flotilla was ordered to break out and run for friendly ports. A group of Italian vessels consisting of the colonial ship Eritrea and the auxiliary cruisers Ramb I (Lieutenant commander Alfredo Bonezzi) and Ramb II attempted to operate as commerce raiders while en route to Japan.[1] The Italian squadron managed to evade the British blockade on 20 February and scattered into the Indian Ocean, Ramb I heading for the Dutch East Indies.[2]

HMS Leander

HMS Leander was the leader of the Leander class of cruisers, armed with eight 6 in (150 mm) guns, ten 4 in (100 mm) guns, twelve .50 in (12.7 mm) Vickers machine guns in quadruple mounts and eight 21 in (530 mm) torpedo tubes. Leander also had armour plating over her turrets, deck and magazines and a top speed of 32.5 kn (37.4 mph; 60.2 km/h).[3]

Ramb I
See also: Massawa
Location map of Italian Somaliland, 1940

Ramb I (3,667 gross register tons (GRT) was an auxiliary cruiser, a merchant ship adapted for naval service and lacked armour protection. Ramb I was armed with two 120 mm (4.7 in) guns and eight 13.2 mm (0.52 in) anti-aircraft machine guns.[4] Ramb I was slower than Leander, with a maximum speed of 18.5 kn (21.3 mph; 34.3 km/h). The ship had departed Suez on 10 June 1940 for Massawa on the Red Sea coast, from where the ship made short cruises along the coast of Eritrea but was mainly used for anti-aircraft defence of the port. As British and Commonwealth troops neared the port, Ramb I and Coburg (7,400 GRT), a German freighter, escaped from Massawa on the night of 20/21 February 1941 and passed into the Gulf of Aden. One ship was sighted near the island of Socotra off the Horn of Africa but it was considered too dangerous a location to attack.[5]

Prelude
HMS Leander

Acting on reports of commerce raiders in the area, Leander detached from convoy US 9 off Bombay on 22 February.[6] Passing west of the Laccadive and Maldive islands, to a patrol area west of Huvadhu Kandu (One and a Half Degree Channel). At 7:00 a.m. on 27 February, Leander was steaming east, about 28 nmi (52 km; 32 mi) north of the Equator and 320 nmi (590 km; 370 mi) west of the Maldives. Captain Robert Bevan, altered course to the north to head for One and a Half Degree Channel, because news of the capture of Mogadishu had been received by radio on the previous day. Italian ships in the port might have sailed along that route for the Far East.[2]

Action

At 10:37 a.m., a ship was sighted ahead and Leander increased speed to 23 kn (26 mph; 43 km/h), gradually overhauling the vessel. As Leander closed, a gun was seen on the ship's forecastle and the silhouette of the ship resembled an Italian Ramb-class fruit carrier. Leander went to action stations at 11:15 a.m. and when ordered to identify itself ten minutes later, the vessel hoisted a British merchant flag. When ordered to give its signal letters, the ship hoisted four letters which were not listed in British signal books. Leander made the secret challenge but received no reply and the ship maintained its course and speed. A boarding party was standing by and at 11:45 a.m., the ship was ordered to stop instantly but no reply was received. A few minutes later, the ship hoisted the Italian merchant flag and trained its guns on Leander. The cruiser was broad on the beam of the Italian ship and at 3,000 yd (1.5 nmi; 1.7 mi; 2.7 km) was an easy target for its guns and torpedoes. At 11:53 a.m., the Italian ship opened fire and thirty seconds later, Leander replied. The Italian fire was inaccurate and it was estimated that only about three shells were fired from each gun.[7]

Ramb I sinking, February 1941

A few shell splinters hit Leander, which fired five salvoes in a minute, then ceased fire to observe results. Leander made the flag signal "Do you surrender?", the Merchant flag was seen to be lowered and the crew began to abandon ship. Leander had hit the ship several times in the forepart and a fire burned, visible through a large hole in the side. A boat was lowered from Leander with a boarding party to try to save the ship and two lifeboats were seen leaving the vessel as men jumped overboard or scrambled down the side. An Italian officer in the water called out that the boarding party should not approach the ship, as it was burning and laden with ammunition. The boarding party laid off and as the fire spread, a big explosion before the bridge shot flames and smoke high into the sky, the ship settling bows first. As the fire burned, there was another explosion and five minutes later the ship sank under a cloud of black smoke. Leander recovered the boarding party and the Italian lifeboats, while edging away.[7]

Aftermath

One Italian sailor had been killed by shellfire during the engagement; the Italian captain, ten officers and 92 sailors were rescued, of whom one man was seriously wounded, four were slightly injured.[5] The seriously wounded man died in surgery during the afternoon and was buried at sunset. The prisoners said that Ramb I had been badly damaged by the shell hits and as Leander closed, the order to abandon ship had been given. Leander proceeded eastward and arrived at Addu Atoll the next morning. The Italian prisoners were transferred to the oiler Pearleaf with an armed guard of nineteen ratings and an officer; the ship made for Colombo, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Leander was sent to investigate wireless direction-finding indications that Axis ships were in the vicinity of the Saya de Malha Bank, several hundred miles south-east of the Seychelles Islands and north-east of Madagascar.[8] Coburg with a prize, Ketty Brovig, a Norwegian tanker, was spotted south-east of the Seychelles by a reconnaissance aircraft from HMAS Canberra and both ships were scuttled when Canberra and Leander approached them.[6]

Footnotes
  1. Jackson 2006, p. 281.
  2. Waters 1956, p. 96.
  3. Campbell 1985, p. 34; Lenton & Colledge 1968, p. 39.
  4. Roskill 1957, p. 605.
  5. Waters 1956, p. 98; Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 51.
  6. Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 51.
  7. Waters 1956, p. 97.
  8. Waters 1956, p. 98.

References
  • Campbell, J. (1985). Naval Weapons of World War Two. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-459-2.
  • Jackson, A. (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. New York: Continuum International. ISBN 978-1-85285-417-1.
  • Lenton, H.T.; Colledge, J. J. (1968) [1964]. British and Dominion Warships of World War Two (orig. pub. Warships of World War II ed.). Garden City, NY: Doubleday. OCLC 440734.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (2nd rev. ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-105-9.
  • Roskill, S. W. (1957) [1954]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). The Defensive. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series: The War at Sea 1939–1945. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. OCLC 881709135.
  • Waters, S. D. (1956). The Royal New Zealand Navy. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–45 (online ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. OCLC 11085179. Retrieved 23 February 2016 – via New Zealand Electronic Text Centre.

Further reading
  • Actions with Enemy Disguised Raiders 1940–1941 (PDF). Battle Summary. London: Tactical, Torpedo and Staff Duties Division, Historical Section, Naval Staff, Admiralty. 1942. pp. 5–6. OCLC 221288026. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  • Olson, Wesley (2003). Bitter Victory: The Death of HMAS Sydney. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-066-5.
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