April 1971

The following events occurred in April 1971:

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April 19, 1971: The Earth's first space station, Salyut 1, is launched into orbit by the Soviet Union
April 18, 1971: Sadat, Gaddafi and Assad pledge to merge Egypt, Libya and Syria into "Federation of Arab Republics"

April 1, 1971 (Thursday)
  • The United Kingdom lifted all restrictions on gold ownership with the Exchange Control (Gold Coins Exemption) Order 1971.[1]
  • The postal code used in Canada was started with a test in Ottawa, with plans to introduce it in Manitoba in the autumn, Saskatchewan in the spring of 1972, and other provinces between 1972 and 1974.[2]
  • The day after U.S. Army Second Lieutenant William Calley was sentenced to life in prison in his court-martial for 22 murders, he was transferred from prison to house arrest by order of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon.[3]
  • An attempted coup d'etat in Ecuador ended only hours after it started, without any violence. The night before, Army General Luis Jacome Chavez and about 50 Ecuadorian War Academy officers several disgruntled soldiers announced that they were commencing a revolt against President José Velasco Ibarra and his nephew, Defense Minister Jorge Acosta Velasco. Acosta's assistant announced on Thursday morning that Jacome had surrendered.[4]
  • The city of Bizen was founded in the Okayama Prefecture of Japan. As of 2017, it had a population of almost 36,000 people.
  • Born:

April 2, 1971 (Friday)
  • The Tripoli Agreement was signed in the Libyan city of Tripoli by representatives of oil companies from around the world and by oil ministers of OPEC (the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), providing for higher prices to be paid to OPEC nations for petroleum until 1976.[7]
  • The cult classic U.S. TV soap opera Dark Shadows broadcast its 1,226th and final episode.[8]
  • Born: Todd Woodbridge, Australian professional tennis player and half of the Grand Slam doubles winning team of Woodbridge and Woodforde (11 titles), and Woodbridge and Bjorkman (5 titles); in Sydney[9]

April 3, 1971 (Saturday)

April 4, 1971 (Sunday)

April 5, 1971 (Monday)
  • In Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the Marxist-Leninist group Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People's Liberation Front) began a rebellion against the government of Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike, starting with plans for a simultaneous surprise attack on police stations nationwide at 11:00 at night and a plot to kidnap Bandaranaike from her residence. Because of a failure to attend a planning meeting on April 2, and a misunderstanding of a specific time for the uprising to start, a unit assigned to assault the police station at Wellawaya launched its attack on the morning of April 5 and ruined the JVP's plan to catch the rest of Ceylon's police off guard.[17][18]
  • Frances Phipps became the first woman to travel to the North Pole as she and her husband Welland Phipps, co-owners of the Atlas Aviation charter service, flew a Twin Otter ski plane to install a radar beacon at the Pole.[19]
  • A major eruption of Mount Etna in Sicily began. In the course of the eruption, lava buried the Etna Observatory (built in the late 19th century), destroyed the first generation of the Etna cable-car, and seriously threatened several small villages on Etna's east flank.[20]
  • Chile and East Germany established diplomatic relations.
  • Yu Song-gun, a diplomat of South Korea's Embassy in West Germany, was kidnapped by North Korean agents while he and his wife were visiting West Berlin.[21]

April 6, 1971 (Tuesday)
  • "Ping-pong diplomacy" began when the People's Republic of China sent an invitation to the U.S. national table tennis team to visit as the first Americans to be invited to mainland China since the Communist government had taken over in 1949. For more than 20 years, mainland China had been closed to the U.S. and other Western nations.[22] The American team was in Nagoya, Japan for the world championships at the same time that the People's Republic was participating in the competition for the first time since 1965. Earlier, Glenn Cowan of the U.S. team was befriended by three-time men's world champion Zhuang Zedong of China and the press coverage led to the invitation. Rufford Harrison, the captain of the U.S. team accepted the invitation on behalf of the team the next day.[23]
  • West Germany's Chancellor, Willy Brandt, wrote to French President Georges Pompidou to reiterate his determination to re-open negotiations for the United Kingdom to join the European Community.[24]
  • Born: Lou Merloni, American baseball player and radio personality, in Framingham, Massachusetts[25]
  • Died: Igor Stravinsky, 88, Russian composer, conductor and pianist[26]
Stravinsky

April 7, 1971 (Wednesday)

April 8, 1971 (Thursday)

April 9, 1971 (Friday)
  • The Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was enlarged from 11 members to 15 as the Central Committee voted to approve the promotion of four men to full Politburo status. Dinmukhamed A. Kunayev, Vladimir V. Scherbitsky and Viktor V. Grishin were promoted from candidate members to full members, and the CPSU's secretary in charge of agriculture Fyodor D. Kulakov was added to the group that held the de facto power in the U.S.S.R., while the original 11 were elected to new terms.[35] Party General Secretary Leonid I. Brezhnev was re-elected as the CPSU General Secretary.[36]
  • Troops of the Pakistan Army invaded the home of Zakir Husain, a native Bengali and a former Governor of East Pakistan, killing most of his staff. Husain himself and his eldest son were almost executed on the scene until the unit's commanding officer realized what was happening and stopped the act.
  • Born: Jacques Villeneuve, Canadian racing driver, 1995 CART World Series champ, 1995 Indianapolis 500 winner and 1997 Formula One world champion; in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec[37]

April 10, 1971 (Saturday)
  • Sixteen members of the U.S. national table tennis team became the first contingent of Americans in more than 20 years to be welcomed to the People's Republic of China as nine players, four team officials and two wives walked across a bridge from British Hong Kong at the invitation of the Chinese government for an eight-day visit described as ping-pong diplomacy.[38] The team and accompanying reporters were flown from Guangzhou to Tokyo seven days later after their historic visit.[39]
  • A provisional Bangladeshi government took its oath of office in Meherpur Kushtia.[40][41]
Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia

April 11, 1971 (Sunday)

April 12, 1971 (Monday)
  • Elizabeth Hazelhurst, a 21-year-old US student from Flagstaff, Arizona, fell about 350 feet (110 m) to her death from the edge of Mojave Point during a visit to Grand Canyon National Park.[47] She and three friends had climbed over a safety railing in order to have a picnic on a rock ledge overlooking the Canyon.[48]
  • Palestinians retreated from Amman to the north of Jordan.
  • Died: Igor Tamm, 75, Russian physicist and Nobel Prize laureate[49]

April 13, 1971 (Tuesday)
  • American chemists Patsy O'Connell Sherman and her co-worker, Samuel Smith, and the 3M company was awarded U.S. Patent No. 3,574,791 for their invention, "Block and graft co-polymers containing water-solvatable polar groups and fluoroaliphatic groups",[50] now a stain repellent marketed by 3M as Scotchguard.[51]

April 14, 1971 (Wednesday)

April 15, 1971 (Thursday)

April 16, 1971 (Friday)
  • Computer scientist Abhay Bhushan wrote RFC 354, the first File Transfer Protocol for ARPANET, the U.S. Department of Defense computer communication network that was the predecessor to the Internet.
  • Born:

April 17, 1971 (Saturday)

April 18, 1971 (Sunday)

April 19, 1971 (Monday)
  • The first space station in Earth's history, Salyut 1, was launched by the Soviet Union from Baikonur at 6:40 in the morning local time (0140 UTC).[68] On June 7, the crew of the ill-fated Soyuz 11 mission would be the first humans to enter a space station, staying until their disastrous return on June 30. Salyut 1 would remain in orbit until October 11.
  • Sierra Leone, governed for the first ten years of its existence by a Prime Minister and a Governor-General representing the Queen of the United Kingdom, became a republic governed by a president.[69] Christopher Okoro Cole, the Governor-General since March 31, briefly continued as the Sierra Leonean head of state until Siaka Stevens took office two days later.
  • Judge Charles H. Older followed the March 29 sentencing recommendation of a jury and sentenced all four defendants in the Tate–LaBianca murders — Charles Manson, Susan Atkins, Patricia Krenwinkel and Leslie Van Houten — to execution. The U.S. Supreme Court would find the death penalty to be unconstitutional and the four defendants' sentences would be reduced to life imprisonment.[70]
  • Died: Niclas y Glais (pen name for Thomas Evan Nicholas), 91, Welsh poet[71]

April 20, 1971 (Tuesday)

April 21, 1971 (Wednesday)
  • Prime Minister Siaka Stevens of Sierra Leone was inaugurated as the first president of the West African nation as the new constitution was ratified by the parliament.[77]
  • Herbert Choy, the American-born son of Korean parents, was confirmed by the U.S. Senate as the first federal judge of Asian descent. Choy would serve as a judge of the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals until his death in 2004.
  • In its first decision on a law against abortion, United States v. Vuitch, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld, by a margin of 5 to 2, the constitutionality of a District of Columbia statute that outlawed all abortions except for those performed by a physicians when "necessary for the preservation of the mother's life or health". Justice Hugo L. Black, writing for the majority set the precedent that in prosecution of an abortion, a government had the burden of proving that the healthy of the mother was not in danger and that in considering the mother's health, a physician could consider "psychological as well as physical well-being" of the mother, even if she had no previous history of mental defects.[78]
  • The Bank of France, the nation's central bank, announced that the portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte would no longer be on French currency and that the 100-franc note bearing his picture would no longer be considered legal tender except to be exchanged for the new 100-franc note, bearing the portrait of playwright Pierre Corneille.[79]
  • In the United States, a hijacker commandeered Eastern Airlines Flight 403, flying from Newark, New Jersey, to Miami, Florida, with 59 people on board and demanded to be flown to Italy.[80]
  • The Stork, a British naval hydrographic survey launch, attached to the survey ship HMS Hecate, was towed out to sea, bombed, and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean off Baltimore, Ireland, by a Provisional Irish Republican Army unit.[81]
  • Died: François Duvalier ("Papa Doc"), 64, President of Haiti.[82][83]

April 22, 1971 (Thursday)

April 23, 1971 (Friday)
Soyuz 10 insignia
  • Soyuz 10 was launched by the Soviet Union with cosmonauts Vladimir Shatalov, Aleksei Yeliseyev and Nikolai Rukavishnikov at 5:54 in the morning from Baikonur (2354 UTC April 22) as the first mission in human history to an orbiting space station.[85]
  • The Army of Pakistan and the paramilitary Razakar group killed as many as 3,000 civilians in one day in the Jathibhanga massacre as refugees from 12 villages in Thakurgaon District of what is now northwest Bangladesh in order to flee across the border to India.[86]
  • New York City became the first government in the United States to require that a definitive expiration date be placed on packages of perishable foods. While food distributors had information printed on packages to allow store managers to determine the date of shipment of an article of food as part of knowing when to withdraw it from the shelf), these had been in the form of "codes indecipherable to the average shopper." Violations of the law were punishable by fines ranging from $25 to $250.[87]
  • Vietnam Veterans Against the War, led by former U.S. Navy Lieutenant and future U.S. Senator John F. Kerry, concluded a week-long protest against continued U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War with a group of about 700 veterans throwing away their medals and other recognition for Vietnam service.[88]
  • A USAF F-111E, 67-0117, from Edwards AFB, California, crashed in the Mojave Desert during a test flight;[89] both the pilot, Major James W. Hurt, 34, and co-pilot WSO Major Robert J. Furman, 31, of New York City, were killed when the parachute on the escape module failed to open until just before ground impact.
  • The Shangri-La Hotel, now the prime luxury resort in Singapore and site of diplomatic summits, opened for the first time.[90] Among the historic events it would later host would be the meeting between the leaders of the People's Republic of China and of Taiwan in 2015.[91]
  • The Rolling Stones' album Sticky Fingers was released.[92]

April 24, 1971 (Saturday)
Protests against the Vietnam War in Washington, D.C., on April 24, 1971
  • At least 200,000 people in Washington, D.C.,[93] and 125,000 in San Francisco marched in protest against the Vietnam War.
  • The Soyuz 10 cosmonauts made the first ever attempt by a spacecraft to dock with a space station, achieving a partial docking with Salyut 1 at 01:47 UTC (4:47 a.m. Moscow time). For the next five and a half hours, the Soyuz 10 crew tried to complete the docking so that they could form the secure airlock necessary to safely board the station, then spent more time trying to extricate the Soyuz craft so that it could return to Earth.[94][95]
  • One of the least successful musicals in Broadway history, Frank Merriwell, or Honor Unchallenged opened at the Longacre Theatre and closed the same evening.[96] The critics' reviews the next day, which both noted that the show had closed after its single performance, and included comments like "the music is the least admirable aspect of a modestly deplorable adventure" and "all too forgettable"[97] and "incredibly silly" and "there is no trace of imagination".[96]
  • David Lewis was elected to succeed Tommy Douglas as leader of Canada's third major party (after the Liberals and the Conservatives), the New Democratic Party (NDP).[98][99]
  • Born: Alejandro Fernández, Mexican singer, in Guadalajara[100]

April 25, 1971 (Sunday)
  • The 1971 United Kingdom census was taken.[101] Final results showed the population of the UK to be 55,573,956 people, of whom 45,879,670 were from England; 5,228,963 from Scotland; 2,724,275 from Wales; 1,536,065 from Northern Ireland; and 174,983 from the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man.[102]
  • By mutual agreement, the exclusive 1914 lease by the United States of Nicaragua's Corn Islands (Las Islas del Maíz) was terminated. The 99-year lease, made by the Bryan–Chamorro Treaty, had given the U.S. the right to place military bases on the islands, and had originally been set to expire on August 4, 2013.[103]
  • Franz Jonas was re-elected as President of Austria for another six-year term, defeating Kurt Waldheim.[104] The Austrian chancellor, Bruno Kreisky, faced elections scheduled for October 10 for the Nationalrat.
  • Parliamentary elections were held in Hungary. For the first time under Hungary's Communist government, voters had a choice between members of the nation's Communist Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party (MSzMP) and non-official challengers, with 402 candidates running for the 352 seats of the Országgyűlés. In 49 races, voters had a choice between two candidates.[105] The non-official challengers were still required to pledge support to the MSzMP's agenda, and eight of the Communist incumbents were defeated for re-election by a non-MSzMP opponent.[106] For 168 seats, the non-Communist candidate was unopposed. Of those elected, 224 were members of the Communist nation's sole legal political organization, the other 178 were independents. Party General Secretary János Kádár, Hungary's de facto leader, continued as its de jure leader as well as Chairman of the Council of Ministers.
  • Todor Zhivkov was re-elected as leader of the Bulgarian Communist Party. The 110-member Central Committee of the Party also re-elected the 11 full members of the Politburo, but dropped Deputy Premier Lachezar Avramov from the Politburo.[107][108] The vote came at the conclusion of the 10th Party Congress, which had opened four days earlier.[109]
  • After its unsuccessful attempt to dock with the Salyut 1 space station, and then to unhook from the space station, Soyuz 10 returned to Earth, landing in the Kazakh SSR at 5:40 in the morning local time (2340 UTC 4/24) almost exactly 48 hours after it had launched.
  • Died: T. V. Soong (Soong Tse-ven), 76, Chinese banker and former Premier of the Republic of China from 1945 to 1947, choked to death at a dinner party at the home of Edward Eu, the chairman of the U.S. branch of the Bank of Canton.[110]

April 26, 1971 (Monday)
  • U.S. Air Force Majors Thomas B. Estes and Dewain C. Vick set a supersonic flight endurance record, spending 10 hours and 30 minutes in the air in a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird and traveling in excess of 15,000 miles (24,000 km) (equivalent to halfway around the world) and slowing to subsonic speeds only for refueling.[111] At times, the aircraft exceeded Mach 3.[112] The SR-71 averaged 1,429 miles per hour (2,300 km/h) or Mach 1.86.
  • A Muslim unit of the Pakistani Army, commanded by Abdul Alim, carried out the massacre of 370 Hindu villagers in five villages in the Joypurhat District of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). In succession, troops looted and burned houses in Karai Kadipur, Chakpara, Sonarpara, Jogipara and Palpara and then lined up civilian men and women and shot them. The International War Crimes Tribunal would bring charges against Alim 40 years later.[113]
  • MV Ostrich, a ship of the Bangladeshi Provisional Government, was sunk by Pakistan Air Force F-86 Sabre aircraft.[114]
  • The government of Turkey declared a state of siege in 11 provinces, including Ankara, because of violent protest demonstrations.[115][116]
  • The British government approved a plan for a Thames Estuary Airport, near Foulness Island, to serve as London's third major airport, after Heathrow and Gatwick, despite its 55 mi (89 km) distance from the city.[117]
  • A 50-member U.S. Presidential Commission, chaired by Henry Cabot Lodge, issued a report recommending that the United States drop further opposition to Communist China's admission into the United Nations, but also advised that the U.S. should oppose the dismissal of Nationalist China (Taiwan) from the UN. "However difficult the People's Republic of China's membership in the U.N. might become," Lodge wrote, "the commission believes there is more hope for peace in its interaction in the organization than in its continued isolation from the U.N., and from the United States."[118]
  • Died: Ted Studebaker, 26, U.S. pacifist and Christian missionary in rural South Vietnam, executed by North Vietnamese troops who had invaded the village of Di Linh in the Lam Dong province.[119]

April 27, 1971 (Tuesday)

April 28, 1971 (Wednesday)

April 29, 1971 (Thursday)
The Grateful Dead in rehearsal

April 30, 1971 (Friday)

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  2. "Postal code service for Canada to be inaugurated on April first", The Stanstead Journal (Rock Island QC), March 18, 1971, p.5.
  3. "President Orders Calley Released from Stockade", The New York Times, April 2, 1971, p1
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  11. European Broadcasting Union (1971). EBU Review: Programmes, Administration, Law. Administrative Office of the European Broadcasting Union. p. 43.
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  106. "Hungarian Voters Unseat 8 Deputies", The New York Times, April 28, 1971, p2
  107. "Zhivkov Renamed as Head of Communists in Bulgaria", The New York Times, April 26, 1971, p2
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  118. "Panel urges U.S. Seek Early Entry of Peking to U.N.; But Special Committee Says Ouster of Taiwan Regime Must Be Opposed", by Tad Szulc, The New York Times, April 27, 1971, p1
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  120. "Korean Vote Count Gives Park Big Lead In Bid for 3d Term", by Takashi Oka, The New York Times, April 28, 1971, p1
  121. "'No vote' campaign against anti-liberation elements— Family members of Kaliganj massacre victims decide at meeting", The Daily Star (Chittagong, Bangladesh), December 8, 2008
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  126. "Shepard and a Negro Named Admirals", The New York Times, April 29, 1971, p20
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  134. "Bucks Sweep Bullets, Take Crown; Robertson Star As Milwaukee Wins, 118-106", The New York Times, May 1, 1971, p23
  135. Sporting News; Sporting News Staff (August 1991). The Sporting News Official NBA Guide, 1991-1992. Sporting News Publishing Company. p. 422. ISBN 978-0-89204-425-2.
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