Akwáwa language

Akwáwa is a Tupi–Guarani dialect cluster spoken in Pará in western Brazil.

Akwáwa
Native toBrazil
RegionPará
EthnicitySuruí do Pará, Asuriní, Parakanã
Native speakers
1,500 (2012)[1]
Tupian
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
asu – Asuriní
mdz – Suruí
pak – Parakanã
Glottologtupi1284
ELP

Dialects

There are three distinct dialects:[2]

  • Asuriní (of Tocantins or Trocará), or Akwawa
  • Suruí (of Tocantins or Pará), or Akewara
  • Parakanã, Awaeté

Both the name Asuriní and Suruí are used for related peoples and their languages: Suruí of Jiparaná, Suruí of Rondônia, Asuriní of Xingú, etc.

Phonology

The following is the Parakanã dialect:[3]

Vowels
Front Central Back
Close i ɨ
Mid e o
Open a
  • Vowel sounds are realized as nasalized when preceding nasal consonants.
  • /e/ can also be heard as [ɛ] when in stressed position.
  • /ɨ/ can also be heard as [ə] when preceding a vowel.
  • /a/ can be heard as back [ʌ] when in word-final position. In its nasal form, it is heard as back [ʌ̃].
  • /o/ can be heard as [u] when in unstressed position.

Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
plain lab.
Plosive p t tʃ k kʷ ʔ
Fricative β h
Nasal m n ŋ
Tap ɾ
  • /β/ can also be heard as a glide [w].
  • /tʃ/ can be realized as a glide [j] in final position, and as voiced [dʒ] in intervocalic positions.

Notes
  1. Asuriní at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
    Suruí at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
    Parakanã at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) closed access
  2. Cheryl Jensen, 1999, "Tupí-Guaraní", in Dixon & Aikhenvald, The Amazonian Languages
  3. Souza e Silva, Auristéa Caetana (1999). Aspectos da referência alternada em Parakanã. Universidade Federal do Pará.



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