2012
2012 (MMXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2012th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 12th year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 3rd year of the 2010s decade.
From left, clockwise: damage to Casino Pier in Seaside Heights, New Jersey as a result of Hurricane Sandy; Typhoon Bopha made landfall at its highest intensity and hit Mindanao, Philippines, causing 1,901 deaths; NASA's Curiosity Rover lands on the surface of Mars; the Higgs boson, an elementary particle, is discovered by CERN and revolutionizes quantum physics; K-pop artist Psy performs his hit single "Gangnam Style", which became a cultural phenomenon in 2012; a crowd of protesters at the 2012 Sydney Anti-Islamic Film Demonstration protest against the film Innocence of Muslims; Tuareg militants, seen driving near Timbuktu, Mali during the Mali war; the 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, United Kingdom.
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | |
| Decades: | |
| Years: |
| 2012 by topic: |
|---|
| Arts |
| Music |
| Politics and government |
| Religion |
| Religious leaders |
| Science and technology |
|
| Environment |
|
| Transportation |
| Sports |
|
| By place |
|
| By international organization |
|
| Categories |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2012.
2012 was designated as:
- International Year of Cooperatives[1]
- International Year of Sustainable Energy for All[2]
Events
January
- January 4 – The Cicada 3301 internet hunt begins.
- January 12 – Violent protests occur in Bucharest, Romania, as two-day-old demonstrations continue against President Traian Băsescu's economic austerity measures. Clashes are reported in numerous Romanian cities between protesters and law enforcement officers.
- January 13 – The passenger cruise ship Costa Concordia runs aground off the coast of Italy, causing 32 deaths.[3][4]
- January 23 – Iran–European Union relations: the European Union adopts an embargo against Iran in protest of its continued effort to enrich uranium.[5]
February
- February 1 – Egypt's deadliest football incident known as the Port Said Stadium riot is sparked after local Port Said Al Masry fans attack supporters of Cairo-based team Al Ahly SC. The massacre results in 74 deaths: 72 Al Ahly fans, 1 Al Masry fan and 1 police officer. Most of the deaths are caused by stabbing, fans thrown off the stands and a stampede.
- February 6
- Queen Elizabeth II celebrates her "Diamond Jubilee," marking 60 years as Queen of the United Kingdom.
- A magnitude 6.7 earthquake strike in the central Philippines island of Negros, leaving 112 people dead.[6]
- February 19 – Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France, following sanctions put in place by the European Union and the United States in January.[7]
- February 21 – Greek government-debt crisis: Eurozone finance ministers reach an agreement on a second, €130-billion Greek bailout.[8]
- February 27 – Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh formally transfers power to Vice President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, after a year of mass protests, ending his 33-year-long reign.
March
- March 1 – Sauli Niinistö is inaugurated as the 12th President of Finland.[9]
- March 4 – A series of explosions is reported at a munitions dump in Brazzaville, the capital of the Republic of the Congo, with at least 250 people dead.[10]
- March 5 – Air date of KONY 2012 (viral documentary film) on YouTube[11][12][13]
- March 12 – A coach carrying school pupils and teachers crashes while travelling through Sierre Tunnel on the A9 motorway in western Switzerland. Of the 52 people on board, 28 are killed, among them 22 children.
- March 13 – After 246 years since its first publication, the Encyclopædia Britannica discontinues its print edition.[14]
- March 15 – Communist party chief of Chongqing Bo Xilai, well known for his neo-Maoist leanings and policies, is removed from his post after a large scandal involving the murder of British businessman Neil Heywood and an incident involving the Chongqing police chief Wang Lijun.[15]
- March 22
- The President of Mali, Amadou Toumani Touré, is ousted in a coup d'état after mutinous soldiers attack government offices.[16]
- Pakistan wins the 2012 Asia Cup cricket tournament.
April
- April 6 – The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad unilaterally declares the independence of Azawad from Mali.[17]
- April 11 – An 8.6 earthquake strikes Indonesia triggering a small tsunami that hits the coast of Aceh.
- April 12 – Mutinous soldiers in Guinea-Bissau stage a coup d'état and take control of the capital city, Bissau. They arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and leading presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Júnior in the midst of a presidential election campaign.[18]
- April 13 – Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3, a North Korean Earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch. The United States and other countries had called the impending launch a violation of United Nations Security Council demands.[19] The launch was planned to mark the centenary of the birth of Kim Il Sung, the founder of the republic.[19]
- April 20 – Bhoja Air Flight 213 crashes near Rawalpindi, Pakistan, killing all 127 people on board.[20]
- April 25 – Former Liberian President Charles Taylor is found guilty on 11 counts of aiding and abetting war crimes and crimes against humanity during the Sierra Leone Civil War.[21]
May
- May 2 – A pastel version of The Scream, by the Norwegian painter Edvard Munch, sells for US$120 million in a New York City auction, setting a new world record for an auctioned work of art.[22][23]
- May 6 – Legislative elections are held in Greece to elect all 300 members of the Hellenic Parliament and the New Democracy party led by Antonis Samaras, comes out as the largest party winning 108 out of 300 seats.[24][25]
- May 7 – Vladimir Putin is elected President of Russia.
- May 12–August 12 – The 2012 World Expo takes place in Yeosu, South Korea.[26]
- May 19 – Chelsea wins the 2011-12 UEFA Champions League held in Munich, Germany by beating the home side Bayern Munich in the final.[27]
- May 20 – An annular solar eclipse visible from Asia and North America is the 58th solar eclipse from 73 solar eclipses of Solar Saros 128.
- May 22 – Tokyo Skytree, the tallest self-supporting tower in the world at 634 metres high, is opened to the public.[28]
- May 22–26 – The Eurovision Song Contest 2012 takes place in Baku, Azerbaijan, and is won by Swedish entrant Loreen with the song "Euphoria".
June
- June 5–6 – The century's second and last solar transit of Venus occurs. The next pair are predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.[29]
- June 6 – 2012 Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus outbreak first identified.
- June 7 – Morley and Dianella in Perth, Western Australia, have a once in a decade tornado.
- June 8 - UEFA Euro 2012, hosted by Poland and Ukraine, begins in Warsaw, with a match between Poland and Greece, which ends 1-1.
- June 17 – Snap legislative elections are held in Greece, following failure to form a government, to elect all 300 members of the Hellenic Parliament and the New Democracy party, led by Antonis Samaras, comes out as the largest party winning 129 out of 300 seats.[30][31]
- June 18 – Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first-ever female, docks manually with orbiting module Tiangong-1, making this the third country, after the United States and Russia, successfully to perform the mission.[32]
- June 21 – The Congress of Paraguay approves the impeachment of president Fernando Lugo.
- June 22 – Fernando Lugo is removed from power. Vice President Federico Franco becomes the new president of Paraguay.
- June 24 – Lonesome George, the last known individual of the Pinta Island tortoise subspecies, dies in Galápagos National Park, thus making the subspecies extinct.[33]
- June 30 – Mohamed Morsi, a member of the Muslim Brotherhood, is elected 5th President of Egypt, the first elected democratically by the Egyptian people, sparking mixed reactions and protests throughout the country.[34]
July
- July 1 - The final match of the UEFA Euro 2012 takes place in Kyiv between Spain and Italy. Spain wins 4-0, achieving victorious from the third international tournament in a row, after winning UEFA Euro 2008 and the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
- July 4
- CERN announces the discovery of a new particle with properties consistent with the Higgs boson after experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.[35][36][37][38][39]
- Sport Club Corinthians Paulista wins the Copa Libertadores by beating the Boca Juniors
- July 20 – 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting: 12 people are killed and 58 are injured in a mass shooting at a movie theater in Aurora, Colorado. The shooter, James Holmes, opens fire on a crowd during a screening of The Dark Knight Rises.[40]
- July 21 – Turkish adventurer Erden Eruç becomes the first person in history to complete a solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.
- July 23 – The Solar storm of 2012 is an unusually large coronal mass ejection emitted by the Sun which barely misses the Earth by nine days. If it had hit, it would have caused up to US$2.6 trillion in damages to electrical equipment worldwide.[41]
- July 27–August 12 – The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London, England, United Kingdom.[42]
- July 30–31 – In the worst power outage in world history, the 2012 India blackouts leave 620 million people without power.[43][44][45]
August
- August 6 – Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on Mars.[46]
- August 24 – The House of Representatives of Japan passes a resolution criticizing the President of South Korea Lee Myung-bak's visit to the disputed Liancourt Rocks.[47]
- August 31 – Armenia severs diplomatic relations with Hungary, following the extradition to Azerbaijan and subsequent pardoning of Ramil Safarov, who was convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004. The move is also met with fierce criticism from other countries.[48]
September
- September 7 – Canada officially cuts diplomatic ties with Iran by closing its embassy in Tehran, and orders the expulsion of Iranian diplomats from Ottawa, over support for Syria, nuclear plans and human rights abuses.[49]
- September 11–27 – A series of terrorist attacks are directed against United States diplomatic missions worldwide, as well as diplomatic missions of Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the US, opinions are divided over whether the attacks are a reaction to a YouTube trailer for the film Innocence of Muslims. In Libya, among the dead is US ambassador J. Christopher Stevens.[50][51][52][53][54]
- September 22 – The United Kingdom informs the World Health Organization about a novel coronavirus case originating from Saudi Arabia.[55]
October
- October 14 – Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier without any machine assistance, during a record space dive out of the Red Bull Stratos helium-filled balloon from 128,000 ft (24 miles (39 km)) over Roswell, New Mexico in the United States.[56][57][58]
- October 16 – Seven paintings worth $25 million are stolen from the Kunsthal in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.[59][60][61][62]
- October 22–November 2 – Hurricane Sandy, the largest Atlantic hurricane on record (as measured by diameter, with tropical-storm-force winds spanning 900 miles (1,400 km)), wreaks havoc, resulting in 233 total deaths and $68.7 billion (2012 USD) damage.[63]
- October 28 – Jorge Lorenzo becomes the World Champion of the 2012 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season.
November
- November 6 – 2012 United States presidential election: Barack Obama is reelected President of the United States, defeating his Republican challenger Mitt Romney.
- November 13 – A total solar eclipse occurs in parts of Australia and the South Pacific. It is the 45th of 72 solar eclipses of Solar Saros 133.
- November 14–21 – Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense against the Palestinian-governed Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. In the following week 140 Palestinians and five Israelis are killed in an ensuing cycle of violence. A ceasefire between Israel and Hamas is announced by Egyptian Foreign Minister Mohamed Kamel Amr and US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton after the week-long escalation in hostilities in Southern Israel and the Gaza Strip.[64][65][66][67][68]
- November 25–December 9 – Typhoon Bopha, known as "Pablo" in the Philippines, kills at least 1,067 with around 838 people missing. The typhoon causes considerable damage in the island of Mindanao.[69][70][71]
- November 29 – The UN General Assembly approves a motion granting Palestine non-member observer state status.[72]
December
- December 6 – The U.S. state of Washington becomes the first jurisdiction in the modern world officially to legalize the possession of cannabis for personal use.[73]
- December 8 – The UN Climate Change Conference in Qatar agrees to extend the Kyoto Protocol until 2020.[74]
- December 12
- North Korea successfully launches satellite Kwangmyongsong-3 Unit 2.[75]
- December 12 is the last time in the 21st century that the month, day and final two digits of the year are the exact same (12/12/12). The next time this will happen will be on New Year’s Day in 2101 (01/01/01).
- December 14 – Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting: Twenty-eight people, including the gunman, are killed in Sandy Hook, Connecticut.
- December 16 – The Sport Club Corinthians Paulista wins FIFA Club World Cup against Chelsea in Yokohama
- December 17 – Spanish bank Grupo Santander announces the acquisition of the remaining 10% of Banesto it did not yet own, effectively absorbing it into Banco Santander.[76]
- December 18 – At least 55 people drown after an overcrowded boat capsizes off the coast of Somalia.[77]
- December 21 – 2012 phenomenon: End of 13th b'ak'tun in the Mayan calendar, supposed end of the world according to new age beliefs. Festivities took place to commemorate the event in the countries that were part of the Maya civilization (Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador), with main events at Chichén Itzá in Mexico and Tikal in Guatemala.[78][79][80]
Births and deaths
Nobel Prizes
- Chemistry – Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka, for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.
- Economics – Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley, for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design.
- Literature – Mo Yan, who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary.
- Peace – European Union, for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe.
- Physics – Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland, for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
- Physiology or Medicine – John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka, for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent.
New English words
See also
References
- "2012 - International Year of Cooperatives". United Nations. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
- "2012 - International Year of Sustainable Energy for All". United Nations. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
- "Italy cruise ship Costa Concordia accident eyewitness accounts". BBC News. January 14, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- "Costa Concordia: Five more bodies found". BBC News. March 22, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- Jonathan Marcus (January 23, 2012). "BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- "Deaths from Earthquakes in 2012". USGS. Archived from the original on March 27, 2013. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
- "Iran suspends oil exports to Britain and France". CNN News. February 19, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
- "Euro zone strikes deal on Greece bailout". www.smh.com.au. Reuters. February 21, 2012. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- "Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president". Yle. February 5, 2012. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
- "Brazzaville munitions dump blasts 'kill scores'". BBC News. March 4, 2012.
- Neylon, Stephanie (March 7, 2012). "Kony fever hits York!". The Yorker. Archived from the original on March 8, 2012.
- Molloy, Mark (March 7, 2012). "Kony 2012: Campaign Shedding light on Uganda Conflict a Huge Online Success". Metro. Archived from the original on March 9, 2012.
- Nelson, Sara C. (March 7, 2012). "Kony 2012: Invisible Children Documentary Sheds Light On Uganda Conflict". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 18, 2014.
- McCarthy, Tom (March 13, 2012). "Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years". The Guardian. London. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- "Bo Xilai removed by China from Chongqing leader post". BBC News. March 15, 2012.
- Adam Nossiter (March 22, 2012). "Soldiers Declare Coup in Mali". The New York Times. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
- "Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali". France 24. April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- "Guinea-Bissau prime minister arrested". Associated Press. April 13, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.
- Choe, Sang-hun (March 16, 2012). "North Korea Says It Will Launch Satellite Into Orbit". The New York Times. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
- "ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-236A AP-BKC Islamabad-Benazir Bhutto International Airport (ISB)". www.aviation-safety.net. Retrieved March 31, 2022.
- "Taylor Sierra Leone war crimes verdiact welcomed". BBC. April 26, 2012. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
- "Edvard Munch's iconic artwork The Scream sold for $120m". BBC News. BBC. May 3, 2012. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- Michaud, Chris (May 3, 2012). ""The Scream" sells for record $120 million at auction". Reuters. Retrieved May 3, 2012.
- "Parliamentary Elections 2012". ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- "Angry Greeks reject bailout, risk euro exit | Reuters". Reuters. May 7, 2012. Archived from the original on May 7, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- 2012 World Expo (English) Archived May 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- "Chelsea 1-1 Bayern Munich (aet, 4-3 pens)". BBC Sport. Retrieved January 4, 2021.
- "High winds mar opening of Tokyo's Skytree tower". BBC News. May 22, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- NASA. "NASA Transit of Venus". Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- "Parliamentary Elections June 2012". ekloges-prev.singularlogic.eu. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- "Greek pro-bailout parties secure ruling majority | Reuters". Reuters. June 18, 2012. Archived from the original on June 18, 2012. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
- Barbosa, Rui (June 18, 2012). "China's Shenzhou-9 successfully docks with Tiangong-1". NASASpaceflight.com. Retrieved April 29, 2015.
- "Famed Galapagos tortoise dies". USA Today. June 24, 2012. Archived from the original on July 6, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
- Kirkpatrick, David D. (June 24, 2012). "Mohamed Morsi of Muslim Brotherhood Declared as Egypt's President". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
- "CERN experiments observe particle consistent with long-sought Higgs boson" (Press release). CERN. July 4, 2012. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
- Taylor, Lucas (July 4, 2012). "Observation of a New Particle with a Mass of 125 GeV". CMS Public Website. CERN.
- "Latest Results from ATLAS Higgs Search". ATLAS. July 4, 2012. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- Video (04:38) Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine – CERN Announcement (4 July 2012) Of Higgs Boson Discovery.
- Overbye, Dennis (July 4, 2012). "A New Particle Could Be Physics' Holy Grail". The New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- "Colorado Movie Theater Shooting: 70 Victims The Largest Mass Shooting". Yahoo!. Gma.yahoo.com. July 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
- Phillips, Tony (July 23, 2014). "Near Miss: The Solar Superstorm of July 2012". Science@NASA. NASA. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
- "London 2012". Archived from the original on February 28, 2013. Retrieved January 23, 2012.
- Helen Pidd (July 31, 2012). "India blackouts leave 700 million without power". The Guardian. London. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- Hriday Sarma and Ruby Russell (July 31, 2012). "620 million without power in India after 3 power grids fail". USA Today. Retrieved July 31, 2012.
- "India's Mass Power Failure Worst Ever in World History". Outlook. Press Trust of India. August 1, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2012.
- "NASA's Next Mars Rover Hoisted Atop Rocket". Space.com. November 4, 2011. Retrieved November 4, 2011.
- "Login - Kyodo News".
- Gorondi, Pablo (August 31, 2012). "Azerbaijani military officer serving life for murder in Hungary is freed when sent home". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on November 11, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- "Canada cuts diplomatic ties with Iran". The Guardian. London. September 7, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.
- "U.S., Libyan Versions Of Consulate Attack Diverge". NPR. September 20, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- "Consulate attack in Libya". Baltimore Sun. October 12, 2012. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- Arrabyee, Nasser; Cowell, Alan; Gladstone, Rick (September 13, 2012). "Turmoil Over Contentious Video Spreads to Yemen and Iran". The New York Times. Retrieved September 13, 2012.
- "Widespread protests against U.S. over anti-Muslim film". CBS News. September 14, 2012. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- Sanchez, Raf (September 14, 2012). "Middle East protests against US embassies - live". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
- "Novel coronavirus infection in the United Kingdom". World Health Organization. September 23, 2012. Archived from the original on October 2, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2020.
- (CNN) Archived April 20, 2021, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2012.
- NYDaily News:Red Bull Stratos Archived October 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- "Felix Baumgartner's jump from space's edge watched by millions". Associated Press. October 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
- Kreijger, Gilbert (October 16, 2012). "Dutch art heist nets works by Monet, Picasso, Matisse". Reuters.
- Monet and Picasso among works stolen from Dutch museum. Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine BBC News. October 16, 2012
- Thieves grab Picasso, Monets from Dutch museum in early-hours heist. The Washington Post. October 16, 2012.
- Stolen Paintings Include Picasso And Freud. Sky News. October 16, 2012.
- "Superstorm Sandy Anniversary: Remembering Hurricane Sandy Two Years Later". The Weather Channel.
- "Hamas military chief killed in Israeli attack". Al Jazeera English. November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- "Hamas remain defiant as Israeli strikes hit Gaza". Euronews. November 15, 2012. Archived from the original on October 31, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
- USA Today News Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Report on Conflict Treaty. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- The New York Times Archived December 15, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Report on Conflict Treaty. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- CNN Report Archived November 14, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Report on Conflict Treaty. Retrieved November 23, 2012.
- "Philippine typhoon toll continues to climb". Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
- "Philippines, leftist rebels declare truces in disaster areas". Reuters. December 10, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
- "'Pablo:' 890 missing, 714 dead - NDRRMC". Rappler. December 11, 2012. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
- Vick, Karl (November 22, 2012). "Why Palestine Will Win Big at the UN". Time. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
- Myers, Laura L. (December 6, 2012). "Marijuana goes legal in Washington state". Reuters – via www.reuters.com.
- "Climate talks: UN forum extends Kyoto Protocol to 2020". BBC News. December 8, 2012.
- Archived book Archived December 13, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
- "Santander absorbs Banesto and Banif and shuts branches". BBC. December 17, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2020.
- "Dozens of migrants dead or lost off Somalia". www.aljazeera.com.
- "Miles llegan a Chichén Itzá con la esperanza de una nueva era mejor" [Thousands arrive to Chichén Itzá with the hope of a new better era]. La Nación (Costa Rica) (in Spanish). Agence France-Presse. December 21, 2012. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- Randal C. Archibold (December 21, 2012). "As Doomsday Flops, Rites in Ruins of Mayan Empire". The New York Times. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
- Mark Stephenson (December 21, 2012). "End Of The World 2012? Not Just Yet". Huffington Post. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.