Bhairavi (Carnatic)

Bhairavi is a janya rāgam in Carnatic music (musical scale of South Indian classical music). Though it is a sampoorna rāgam (scale having all 7 notes), it has two different dhaivathams in its scale making it a Bhashanga Ragam, and hence is not classified as a melakarta rāgam (parent scale).

Bhairavi
MelaNatabhairavi
TypeSampurna
ArohanamS R₂ G₂ M₁ P D₂ N₂ 
AvarohanamS N₂ D₁ P M₁ G₂ R₂ 
Similar

This is one of the ancient rāgams, said to have been prevalent about 1500 years ago. There are numerous compositions in this rāgam.

Though a Raga called Bhairavi also exists in Hindusthani music, it is very different from the Carnatic version. Hindustani's Bhairavi, in terms of its aroha and avaroha alone, corresponds to Carnatic music's Thodi.

It is considered a janya of the 20th melakarta Natabhairavi. Its ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa structure is as follows (see swaras of Carnatic music for details on below notation and terms):

The other set of ārohaṇa and avarohaṇa used is:

The notes used are chathusruthi rishabham, sadharana gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham & shuddha dhaivatham and kaishika nishadham. Note the use of both dhaivathams, chathusruthi (D2) in ārohaṇa and shuddha (D1) in avarohaṇa.

While a janya of Natabhairavi melam, Bhairavi takes the anya swaram D2 in the ascent in the phrase P D2 N2 S. In descent as well as in the phrase P D N D P the D1 of the parent scale is used. Only R2 and M1 can be prolonged without gamakam. In the ascent G2 is held in conjunction with R2 with short or wide range of oscillation-the later as S G R G M. The gamakam on G ends in R. In descent the phrase M P G R is also used and G2 slides from M1 and oscillates. The phrase S G R G in the ascent and the ending of gamakam on G at R help to avoid flavour of Kharaharapriya which does not use S G R G and in which gamakam on G can end in G itself. Bhairavi is distinguished from Mukhaari by the use of the phrases P D2 N2 S and S G2 R2 G2 M1. The deft use of gamakams in handling G2 N2 D2 and D1 gives the raagam its flavour.

Bhairavi is one of the most popular ragas on the concert stage, due to its very wide scope for improvisation. This raga can be elaborated to beautiful effect in all three sthayis, but shines particularly well in the upper madhya and thara sthayis. The nishada, an important jeeva swara, can be rendered with varying degrees of gamaka, depending on which daivatha is used. The weight of this raga and the lack of vakra sancharas make brighas and slower phrases equally appealing. This characteristic also means that the raga is well-suited to thanam, kanakku, and sarvalaghu swaras. Bhairavi is also one of the most common ragas in which ragam-thanam-pallavi is rendered, due to the scope for elaboration. There is a near-infinite number of compositions in this raga, which can be sung at any time of day. Ragas which have similar murchanas and/or anya swara patterns to Bhairavi include Manji, Mukhari, and Huseni.

Bhairavi has been decorated with numerous compositions by almost all composers. Viriboni varnam in ata talam by Pacchimiriam Adiyappa is commonly sung at the beginning of a concert and is very popular. Given below are a few very popular compositions among the 100s in this ragam.

TypeCompositionComposertalam
VarnamViriboniPacchimiriam Adiyappa Khandajathi Ata
KritiUpacharamu jēsevarunnaraniThyagarajaRupakam
KritiKoluvaiyunnadeThyagarajaAdi
KritiUpacharamulanu ChekonavayyaThyagarajaAdi
KritiEnati nomu phalamoThyagarajaAdi
KritiLalithe Sri PravriddheThyagarajaAdi
KritiSri Kamalambayah ParamMuthuswami DikshitarMisra Jhampa
KritiChintaya MakandaMuthuswami DikshitarRupakam
KritiBalagopala PalayashumamMuthuswami DikshitarAdi
SwarajatiKamakshi AmbaSyama ShastriMisra Chapu
KritiYaro Ivar YaroArunachala KaviAdi
KritiNee PaadamulePatnam Subramania IyerAdi
KritiJanani Mamava (5th navaratri kriti)Swathi ThirunalMisra Chapu
KritiRaghukula ThilamayiSwathi ThirunalAdi
Kriti Eththanai kaettaalumOottukkadu Venkata KaviMisra Chapu
KritiSatyavantarigidu KalavallaPurandara DasaKhanda chapu
KritiOdi barayya (4th Navaratna Malike)Purandara DasaruAdi
KritiOlaga SulabhavoVyasatirthaMishra chapu
KritiIndu enage govindaRaghavendra SwamiMishra Chapu
KritiIkanannu brovakunnaPallavi SeshayyarAdi
Thiruppavai 7" Keesu Keesendru"Lyrics by Andal, set to Bhairavi by Ariyakudi Ramanuja Iyengar"Adi"
PadamRama Rama Prana sakhiKshetragna"Adi"
JavaliElarAdAyanE kAminiChinnaiah"Adi"
Kriti Sri Kamakshi Spencer Venugopal Misra Chapu

Film Songs

Language:Tamil

Song Movie Composer Singer
Unnai Kandu Mayangatha Ashok Kumar Alathur V. Subramanyam M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar
Thiruparkadalil Swami Ayyappan G. Devarajan K. J. Yesudas
Athisaya Raagam (starting from line "Oru Puram") Apoorva Raagangal M. S. Viswanathan
Aadi Aadi Asainthal Yaar Jambulingam T. R. Pappa Bombay Sisters
Thai Thai Thakka Arul Seiy Periyar Vidyasagar Vijayalakshmi Subramaniam

See also

  • Kumar, Ranee (23 November 2012). "How well do we know Bhairavi?". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 September 2018.

Notes

  1. Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: S R  M P D  
    • Western: C D E F G A B C
  2. Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani:   P M  R S
    • Western: B A G F E D C
  3. Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani: S  R  M P D  
    • Western: C E D E F G A B C
  4. Alternate notations:
    • Hindustani:    P M  R S
    • Western: C B A G F E D C

References

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