Local government in Scotland

Local government in Scotland comprises thirty-two local authorities, commonly referred to as councils. Each council provides public services, including education, social care, waste management, libraries and planning.[1] Councils receive the majority of their funding from the Scottish Government, but operate independently and are accountable to their local electorates.[2] Councils raise additional income via the Council Tax, a locally variable domestic property tax, and Business rates, a non-domestic property tax.[3][4]

This article is part of a series within the
Politics of the United Kingdom on the
Politics of Scotland
The Crown

Charles III

William, Duke of Rothesay
Executive

Yousaf government

The Rt Hon Humza Yousaf MSP

Shona Robison MSP
Legislature

Sixth session

Alison Johnstone MSP
Law and justice

Keith Brown MSP

Dorothy Bain KC

The Rt Hon Lord Carloway KC PC
Elections and referendums
Scottish Parliament elections

United Kingdom Parliament elections

European Parliament elections

Local elections

Referendums
Scotland and the United Kingdom

Sunak ministry

The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP

The Rt Hon Alister Jack MP
Administration

Councils are made up of councillors who are directly elected by the residents of the area they represent. Each council area is divided into a number of wards, and three or four councillors are elected for each ward.[1] There are currently 1,227 elected councillors in Scotland.[5] Local elections are normally held every five years and use the single transferable vote electoral system.[1] The most recent election was the 2022 Scottish local elections and the next election will be the 2027 Scottish local elections.

Council administrations typically comprise a group of councillors within the council who are able to command majority support.[6] Minority administrations and majority administrations may be formed.[7] Although coalition administrations are more typical, occasionally a majority administration is formed by a single political party, but this is uncommon due to the proportional voting system used in Scottish local elections.[7] Despite being uncommon on the Scottish mainland, it is possible for independent politicians to form an administration.[6]

The Convention of Scottish Local Authorities (COSLA) is an umbrella organisation formed in 1975 to represent the views of Scotland's thirty-two councils to central government.[8]

History
Main article: History of local government in Scotland

Origins

The history of Scottish local government mainly surrounds involves the counties of Scotland. The counties have their origins in the sheriffdoms or shires over which a sheriff (a contraction of shire reeve) exercised jurisdiction.

Malcolm III appears to have introduced sheriffs as part of a policy of replacing native "Celtic" forms of government with Anglo Saxon and French feudal structures.[9] This was continued by his sons Edgar, Alexander I and in particular David I. David completed the division of the country into sheriffdoms by the conversion of existing thanedoms.[10][11]

From the seventeenth century the shires started to be used for local administration apart from judicial functions. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were appointed in each sheriffdom to collect the land tax.[12] The commissioners eventually assumed other duties in the county. In 1858, police forces were established in each county under the Police (Scotland) Act 1857.

As a result of the dual system of local government, burghs (of which there were various types) often had a high degree of autonomy.

Modern history

Between 1890 and 1975 local government in Scotland was organised with county councils (including four counties of cities) and various lower-level units. Between 1890 and 1929, there were parish councils and town councils, but with the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, the functions of parish councils were passed to larger district councils and a distinction was made between large burghs (i.e. those with a population of 20,000 or more) and small burghs. This system was further refined by the passing of the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1947.

Effective from 1975, the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 passed by the Conservative government of Edward Heath introduced a system of two-tier local government in Scotland (see Local government areas of Scotland 1973 to 1996), divided between large regional councils and smaller district councils. The only exceptions to this were the three island councils, Western Isles, Shetland and Orkney which had the combined powers of regions and districts. The Conservative government of John Major (1990–1997) decided to abolish this system and merge their powers into new unitary authorities. The new councils vary wildly in size – some are the same as counties, such as Clackmannanshire, some are the same as former districts, such as Inverclyde, and some are the same as the former regions, such as Highland. The changes took effect in 1996 with shadow councillors elected in 1995 to oversee the smooth transition of control.

In 2007, council elections moved to the single transferable vote system, with wards represented by either three or four councillors. The transition has resulted in no uncontested seats and has ended single-party controlled councils.[13]

In 2016 there were ward boundary changes in 25 local authority areas, following the Scottish Government accepting some of the recommendations of Local Government Boundary Commission for Scotland.[14]

The Islands (Scotland) Act 2018 and the Scottish Elections (Reform) Act 2020 have given Boundaries Scotland increased flexibility to vary the size of wards. Mainland wards may now have between 2 and 5 councillors, and single councillor wards are permitted where such a ward includes an inhabited island.[15]

Responsibilities

Map of council areas
  1. Inverclyde
  2. Renfrewshire
  3. West Dunbartonshire
  4. East Dunbartonshire
  5. Glasgow City
  6. East Renfrewshire
  7. North Lanarkshire
  8. Falkirk
  9. West Lothian
  10. City of Edinburgh
  11. Midlothian
  12. East Lothian
  13. Clackmannanshire
  14. Fife
  15. Dundee City
  16. Angus
  17. Aberdeenshire
  18. Aberdeen City
  19. Moray
  20. Highland
  21. Na h-Eileanan Siar
  22. Argyll and Bute
  23. Perth and Kinross
  24. Stirling
  25. North Ayrshire
  26. East Ayrshire
  27. South Ayrshire
  28. Dumfries and Galloway
  29. South Lanarkshire
  30. Scottish Borders
  31. Orkney
  32. Shetland

Governance and administration

The power vested in local authorities is administered by elected councillors. There are currently 1,227 councillors,[14] each paid a part-time salary for the undertaking of their duties. In total, there are 32 unitary authorities, the largest being the Glasgow City with more than 600,000 inhabitants, the smallest, Orkney, with just over 20,000 people living there (population of 21,670 in 2015).[18]

Councillors are subject to a Code of Conduct instituted by the Ethical Standards in Public Life etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 and enforced by the Standards Commission for Scotland.[19] If a person believes that a councillor has broken the code of conduct they make a complaint to the Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland (CESPLS). The Commissioner makes a determination on whether there is a need for an investigation, and then whether or not to refer the matter to the Standards Commission.[20]

Convener (Provost)

Each council elects a convener from among the members of the council to chair meetings and to act as a figurehead for the area.[21] A council may also elect a depute convener, though this is not required. In the four cities of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Dundee the convener is called a Lord Provost, whilst in other councils the council may choose another title for their conveners.[21] Most councils use the term 'provost', some use the term 'convener'.

The office of provost or convener is roughly equivalent to that of a mayor in other parts of the United Kingdom. Traditionally these roles are ceremonial and have no significant administrative functions. Lord provosts in the four city councils have the additional duty of acting as Lord Lieutenant for their respective city.

Leader of the Council

Since 2007 each council has been required to designate a "leader of the council" and a "civic head", who receive additional remuneration for holding those roles. The regulations direct that unless a council decides otherwise the leader is the convener and the civic head is the depute convener. In practice, most authorities appoint someone other than the convener as leader of the council, such that the political leader of the council is not also presiding over the debate at council meetings. The convener or provost usually takes the civic head role. The leader of the council is usually the leader of the largest political group, or in a coalition the leader of the largest party in that coalition. The Leader of the Council has no executive or administrative powers designated by statute.[22] Prior to 2007 many authorities recognised the leader of the largest political group or coalition administration as being leader of the council, but there was no legislative basis for the role.

Officers

Officers of a council are administrative, non-political staff of the council. Generally the composition of the council's officers are a matter for the council, but there are a number of statutory officers whose roles are defined by the central government.

The most significant of these officers is the Head of Paid Service, usually titled the Chief Executive. The Chief Executive is similar in function to a city manager, though certain councillors have executive authority and there is no clear division of powers.[23]

There is also a statutory Monitoring Officer, who usually heads the Legal Services division of the council, as well as a Chief Financial Officer.[23]

2022 election results
Main article: 2022 Scottish local elections
Summary of the May 2022 Scottish council election results
Party First-preference votes Councils 2017 seats 2022 seats
Count Of total (%) Change Count Change Count Of total (%) Count Of total (%) Change
No overall control — 27 Decrease2 — —
SNP 633,252 34.1% Increase1.8% 1 Increase1 431 37.0% 453 35.1% Increase22
Labour 403,243 21.7% Increase1.6% 1 Increase1 262 21.4% 281 23.1% Increase19
Conservative 364,824 19.6% Decrease5.7% 0 Steady 276 22.5% 214 17.5% Decrease62
Liberal Democrats 159,815 8.6% Increase1.7% 0 Steady 67 5.5% 87 7.1% Increase20
Independents 156,815 8.4% Decrease2.0% 3 Steady 168 14.1% 152 12.2% Decrease15
Green 110,791 6.0% Increase1.9% 0 Steady 19 1.6% 35 2.9% Increase16
Alba 12,335 0.7% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Scottish Family 6,857 0.4% 0 Steady 0.0% New
West Dunbartonshire Community 1,462 0.1% 0 Steady 1 0.1% Steady
Scottish Socialist 1,058 0.1% Increase0.1% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
TUSC 1,022 0.1% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
British Unionist 859 0.1% 0 Steady 1 0.1% Increase1
Rubbish 787 0.0% 0 Steady 1 0.1% Steady
Independence for Scotland 742 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Libertarian 698 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
Freedom Alliance 555 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Volt UK 421 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Socialist Labour 381 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
UKIP 372 0.0% Decrease0.2% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
Women's Equality 228 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Social Democratic 222 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% Steady
Sovereignty 154 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Communist 119 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Pensioner's 75 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Vanguard 74 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Workers 61 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Scottish Eco-Federalist 24 0.0% 0 Steady 0.0% New
Total 1,889,658 100.0 ±0.0 32 Steady 1,223 1,227 1,227 100.00 Steady

Council control

Last updated 10 March 2023.[24]

Council Control Web
Aberdeen City NOC SNP-LD coalition URL
Aberdeenshire NOC Con-LD-ind. coalition URL
Angus NOC SNP-ind. coalition URL
Argyll & Bute NOC LD-Con-ind. coalition URL
Clackmannanshire NOC SNP minority URL
Dumfries & Galloway NOC Con minority URL
Dundee City SNP Majority URL
East Ayrshire NOC SNP minority URL
East Dunbartonshire NOC SNP minority URL
East Lothian NOC Lab minority URL
East Renfrewshire NOC Lab-ind. minority URL
City of Edinburgh NOC Lab minority URL
Falkirk NOC SNP minority URL
Fife NOC Lab minority URL
Glasgow City NOC SNP minority URL
Highland NOC SNP-ind. coalition URL
Inverclyde NOC Lab minority URL
Midlothian NOC SNP minority URL
Moray NOC Con minority URL
Na h-Eileanan Siar Ind Majority URL
North Ayrshire NOC SNP minority URL
North Lanarkshire NOC Lab minority URL
Orkney Ind. Ind-Grn coalition URL
Perth & Kinross NOC SNP minority URL
Renfrewshire NOC SNP minority URL
Scottish Borders NOC Con-ind. coalition URL
Shetland Ind. Majority URL
South Ayrshire NOC Con minority URL
South Lanarkshire NOC Lab-LD-ind. minority URL
Stirling NOC Lab minority URL
West Dunbartonshire Lab Majority URL
West Lothian NOC Lab minority URL

2017 election results
Main article: 2017 Scottish local elections

Following boundary changes:

[25]

Summary of the 3 May 2017 Scottish council election results
Party First-preference votes Councils +/- 2012 seats 2017 seats Seat change
Seats won Notional Seats won Seat % vs Notional
Scottish National Party 610,454 32.3% Steady0.0 0 Decrease1 425 438 431 35.1% Decrease7
Conservative 478,073 25.3% Increase12.0% 0 Steady 115 112 276 22.5% Increase164
Labour 380,957 20.2% Decrease11.4% 0 Decrease3 394 395 262 21.4% Decrease133
Independents 199,261 10.5% Decrease1.3% 3 Steady 196 198 172 14.1% Decrease26
Liberal Democrats 128,821 6.8% Increase0.2% 0 Steady 71 70 67 5.5% Decrease3
Scottish Greens 77,682 4.1% Increase1.8% 0 Steady 14 14 19 1.6% Increase5
No Overall Control — — — 29 Increase4 — — — — —
Total 1,889,658 100.0 ±0.0 32 Steady 1,223 1,227 1,227 100.00 Steady

Note: There were boundary changes in many of these councils. Notional seats and seat change are based on a notional 2012 result calculated by the BBC.[26] The methodology was officially revealed on 9 May 2017. The relevant explanation is available on the BBC Website. Comparisons with the actual results from 2012 are inconsistent, as the number of seats and seat changes will be different because of an increase in council seats across the country from 1,223 to 1,227 and the different boundaries.

[27]

The BBC notional calculation is as follows:
Party 2012 seats 2012 notional
Scottish National Party 425 438
Conservative 115 112
Labour 394 395
Liberal Democrats 71 70
Scottish Greens 14 14
Others 204 198
Total 1,223 1,227

Council control
Further information: Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom § Scotland

Political control may be held by minority governments (min), coalitions (co), joint leadership arrangements (j.l.) or partnership working arrangements (p.w.).[28]

Last update 13 February 2022.[29][24]

Council Control Web Total SNP CON LAB LD SGP Alba Other Vacant Upcoming by-elections
Aberdeen City NOC CON+ALAB[s 1]+IND co URL 45 19 10 9[s 1] 3 4
Aberdeenshire NOC CON+LD+IND co URL 70 19 20 1 13 1 3 16
Angus NOC CON+IND+LD co URL 28 9 8 1 10
Argyll & Bute NOC CON+LD+IND+ISP co[30] URL 36 11 8 5 11 1
Clackmannanshire NOC SNP min[31] URL 18 7 5 4 1 1
Dumfries & Galloway NOC LAB+SNP co URL 43 10 16 10 1 6
Dundee City NOC SNP min URL 29 13 3 8 2 3
East Ayrshire NOC SNP min URL 32 14 6 9 3
East Dunbartonshire NOC LD+CON co[32] URL 22 7 5 2 6 1 1
East Lothian NOC LAB min URL 22 6 7 9
East Renfrewshire NOC SNP+LAB co URL 18 5 5 4 4
City of Edinburgh NOC SNP+LAB co[33] URL 63 16 17 11 6 7 5 1
Falkirk NOC SNP+IND co[34] URL 30 13 7 7 3
Fife NOC SNP+LAB j.l.[35] URL 75 29 13 23 7 2 1
Glasgow City NOC SNP min[36] URL 85 35 7 30 6 2 5
Highland NOC IND+LD+LAB co URL 74 19 10 3 11 1 29 1
Inverclyde NOC LAB min URL 22 5 2 8 1 2 4
Midlothian NOC LAB min URL 18 7 5 6
Moray NOC SNP min URL 26 7 9 1 8 1
Na h-Eileanan Siar IND IND URL 31 6 1 1 1 22
North Ayrshire NOC LAB min URL 33 9 8 11 5
North Lanarkshire NOC LAB min URL 77 26 8 31 3 9
Orkney IND IND URL 21 2 19
Perth & Kinross NOC CON min URL 40 13 18 1 5 3
Renfrewshire NOC SNP min URL 43 19 8 13 1 2
Scottish Borders NOC CON+IND co URL 34 8 15 2 9
Shetland IND IND URL 22 1 21
South Ayrshire NOC SNP+LAB+IND p.w. URL 28 9 12 5 2
South Lanarkshire NOC SNP min URL 64 25 11 17 3 8
Stirling NOC SNP+LAB URL 23 7 9 4 1 1 1
West Dunbartonshire NOC SNP+IND URL 22 9 2 8 1 2
West Lothian NOC LAB min URL 33 14 7 11 1
  1. 9 Aberdeen Labour (Councillors suspended by Labour from party for their coalition with Conservatives).

2012 election results
Main article: 2012 Scottish local elections

Council control
Further information: Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom § Scotland

The 32 unitary authorities were controlled as follows. The figures incorporate the results from the 2012 local government election, plus gains and losses from subsequent local by-elections, and party defections.

Council Political control [37] Lab SNP LD Con Grn Ind/Oth Total
Aberdeen City Lab-Con-Ind 17 16 5 2 0 3 43
Aberdeenshire[38] Conservative/Liberal Coalition 2 26 10 16 1 13 68
Angus SNP (minority) 1 14 1 4 0 9 29
Argyll and Bute Ind-LD-Con 1 8 4 3 0 20 36
Clackmannanshire Lab (minority) 8 9 0 1 0 0 18
Dumfries and Galloway Lab-Ind (minority) 13 9 1 9 0 15 47
Dundee City SNP 10 16 1 1 0 1 29
East Ayrshire SNP-Con 14 15 0 2 0 1 32
East Dunbartonshire Lab-Con-LD 9 8 3 2 0 2 24
East Lothian Lab-Con-Ind 10 8 0 3 0 2 23
East Renfrewshire Lab-SNP 8 4 0 6 0 2 20
City of Edinburgh Lab-SNP 21 17 2 11 5 2 58
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Outer Hebrides) Ind 2 4 0 0 0 25 31
Falkirk Lab-Ind-Con 14 13 0 2 0 3 32
Fife Lab (minority) 33 26 10 3 0 6 78
Glasgow City Lab 40 30 1 1 4 2 78
Highland SNP-Lab 7 17 13 0 0 42 80
Inverclyde Lab (minority) 9 6 2 1 0 2 20
Midlothian SNP-Ind (minority) 8 8 0 0 1 1 18
Moray Ind-Con 2 11 0 3 0 10 26
North Ayrshire Lab (minority) 12 11 0 1 0 6 30
North Lanarkshire Lab (minority) 31 22 0 0 0 17 70
Orkney Ind 0 0 0 0 0 21 21
Perth and Kinross SNP (minority) 4 18 5 11 0 3 41
Renfrewshire Lab 20 16 1 1 0 2 40
Scottish Borders Ind-SNP-LD 0 8 6 9 0 11 34
Shetland Ind 0 0 0 0 0 22 22
South Ayrshire Con-Lab 9 9 0 10 0 2 30
South Lanarkshire Lab 38 21 1 3 0 4 67
Stirling Lab-Con 8 9 0 4 1 0 22
West Dunbartonshire Lab 38 21 1 3 0 4 22
West Lothian Lab (minority) 16 15 0 1 0 1 32
TOTAL - 379 401 66 110 12 254 1222

2007 election results
Main article: 2007 Scottish local elections

Following the introduction of the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 local elections are held using the single transferable vote, with this taking place for the first time in 2007. This change in voting system saw all but five councils end up with no one party in control. Labour retained control of Glasgow City and North Lanarkshire, while Orkney, Shetland and Na h-Eileanan Siar continue to be controlled by Independent councillors.

Council control
Further information: Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom § Scotland

The 32 unitary authorities are controlled as follows. The figures incorporate the results from the 2007 local government election, plus gains and losses from subsequent local by-elections, and party defections.

Council Political control [37] Lab SNP LD Con Grn Oth Total
Aberdeen City LD-SNP 10 13 15 4 0 1 43
Aberdeenshire SNP 2 28 12 14 1 11 68
Angus Con-LD-Lab-Oth 2 13 3 5 0 6 29
Argyll and Bute Oth-LD-Con 0 10 8 3 0 15 36
Clackmannanshire Lab (minority) 8 8 0 1 0 1 18
Dumfries and Galloway Con-LD (minority) 14 10 3 18 0 2 47
Dundee City SNP (minority) 8 14 2 3 0 2 29
East Ayrshire SNP (minority) 14 14 0 3 0 1 32
East Dunbartonshire Con-Lab (minority) 6 8 3 5 0 2 24
East Lothian SNP-LD 7 7 6 2 0 1 23
East Renfrewshire Lab-SNP-Oth-LD 7 3 1 7 0 2 20
City of Edinburgh LD-SNP 15 12 17 11 3 0 58
Comhairle nan Eilean Siar (Outer Hebrides) Ind 2 4 0 0 0 25 31
Falkirk Lab-Oth-Con 14 13 0 2 0 3 32
Fife SNP-LD 24 23 21 5 0 5 78
Glasgow City Lab 46 22 5 1 5 0 79
Highland Oth-LD-Lab 7 18 21 0 0 34 80
Inverclyde Lab-Con-Oth 9 5 4 1 0 1 20
Midlothian Lab (minority) 9 6 3 0 0 0 18
Moray Oth-Con 2 9 0 3 0 12 26
North Ayrshire Lab (minority) 12 8 2 3 0 5 30
North Lanarkshire Lab 40 23 1 1 0 5 70
Orkney Oth 0 0 0 0 0 21 21
Perth and Kinross SNP-LD 3 18 8 12 0 0 41
Renfrewshire SNP-LD 17 17 4 2 0 0 40
Scottish Borders Oth-Con-LD 0 6 10 11 0 7 34
Shetland Oth 0 0 0 0 0 22 22
South Ayrshire Con (minority) 9 8 0 12 0 1 30
South Lanarkshire Lab-Con-LD 30 24 2 8 0 3 67
Stirling Lab-Con 8 9 0 4 0 1 22
West Dunbartonshire SNP-Oth 10 9 0 0 0 3 22
West Lothian SNP-Oth 14 13 0 1 0 4 32
TOTAL - 348 363 166 143 8 194 1222

Community councils
Main article: List of community council areas in Scotland
See also: Community council § Scotland

Community councils represent the interests of local people. Local authorities have a statutory duty to consult community councils on planning, development and other issues directly affecting that local community. However, the community council has no direct say in the delivery of services. In many areas they do not function at all, but some work very effectively at improving their local area. Elections for community councils are determined by the local authority but the law does state that candidates cannot stand on a party-political ticket.

See also

References
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  2. "Local government revenue". Scottish Government. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  3. "Scottish budget: Councils given 'complete flexibility' to raise tax rates". BBC News. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  4. "Fact check: the final BBC Scottish leaders' debate". The Ferret. 5 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  5. "Scottish council elections 2022: SNP finishes as biggest party". BBC News. 6 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  6. Xander Richards (11 May 2022). "Who controls Scotland's councils? Which party will take power and where". The National. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  7. "Local government". Institute for Government. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  8. "About COSLA". COSLA. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  9. John of Fordun wrote that Malcolm II introduced the shire to Scotland and also the thane class. Shires are certainly mentioned in charters by the reign of King Malcolm III, for instance that to the Church of Dunfermline, AD 1070–1093.
  10. Wallace, James (1890). The Sheriffdom of Clackmannan. A sketch of its history with a list of its sheriffs and excerpts from the records of court compiled from public documents and other authorities with preparatory notes on the office of Sheriff in Scotland, his powers and duties. Edinburgh: James Thin. pp. 7–19.
  11. The earliest sheriffdom south of the Forth which we know of for certain is Haddingtonshire, which is named in a charters of 1139 as "Hadintunschira" (Charter by King David to the church of St. Andrews of the church of St. Mary at Haddington) and of 1141 as "Hadintunshire" (Charter by King David granting Clerchetune to the church of St. Mary of Haddington). In 1150 a charter refers to Stirlingshire ("Striuelinschire"). (Charter by King David granting the church of Clackmannan, etc., to the Abbey of Stirling.)
  12. The sheriffdoms listed were Edinburgh (i.e. Midlothian), Hadingtoun (i.e. East Lothian), Berwick, Roxburgh, Selkirk, Peebles, Lanerk, Dumfreize, "the sherifdome of Wigtoun and stewartrie of Kirkcudbright", Air, Dumbartan, Bute, Renfrew, Striviling (i.e. Stirlingshire), Linlithgow (i.e. West Lothian), Perth, Kincairdine, Aberdene, Inverness and Ross, Nairne, Cromarty, Argyle, Fyfe and Kinross, Forfar (i.e. Angus), Bamf (i.e. Banff), Sutherland, Caithnes, Elgine (i.e. Moray), Orkney and Zetland (i.e. Shetland), Clakmannan. "Act of the convention of estates of the kingdome of Scotland etc. for ane new and voluntar offer to his majestie of seventie two thousand pounds monethlie for the space of twelve moneths". Records of the Parliaments of Scotland. University of St Andrews. 23 January 1667. Retrieved 23 July 2010.
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  16. Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 Overview on the website legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  17. Renting your property out - Your responsibilities Overview on mygov.scot, 15 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  18. "Orkney Islands Council Area - Demographic Factsheet" (PDF). National Records of Scotland. September 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2016.
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  20. Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland "Commissioner for Ethical Standards in Public Life in Scotland". Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  21. s.4, Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994.
  22. Scottish Parliament. The Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 (Remuneration) Regulations 2007 as made, from legislation.gov.uk.
  23. http://www.gov.scot/library/documents3/ethic-07.htm%5B%5D
  24. "Open Council Data UK - compositions councillors parties wards elections".
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  26. "Scotland Results". BBC News.
  27. "How the BBC calculates local election results". 9 May 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  28. "Political control | COSLA". www.cosla.gov.uk. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  29. "Councils". 24 January 2020.
  30. Campbell, Rita (19 May 2017). "Economic growth and education priorities in Argyll". The Press and Journal. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  31. "Cooperation and collaboration on the agenda at Clacks Council". Alloa and Hillfoots Advertiser. 7 June 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  32. "Protests as new Lib Dem/Tory coalition takes control at East Dunbartonshire Council". Kirkintilloch Herald. 22 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
  33. Gordon, Rebecca (15 June 2017). "Leaders sign coalition agreement to run the Capital". edinburgh.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  34. "Council control - Falkirk". Falkirk Council. Retrieved 4 January 2022.
  35. "Fife Council agree to SNP and Labour joint partnership". Dunfermline Press. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  36. Glasgow Young Scot, 20 Trongate (18 May 2017). "Councillor Eva Bolander chosen as Glasgow's Lord Provost". Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  37. "COSLA". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  38. "Aberdeenshire Council - Local Election Results 2012". Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
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