Crown Heights, Brooklyn

Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn. Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Ralph Avenue to the east, and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue to the south. It is about one mile (1.6 km) wide and two miles (3.2 km) long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush and Prospect Lefferts Gardens to the south, Brownsville to the east, and Bedford–Stuyvesant to the north.

For the hamlet in Dutchess County, see Crown Heights, New York.

Crown Heights
Neighborhood
Typical Crown Heights row houses
Typical Crown Heights row houses
Location in New York City
Coordinates: 40.673°N 73.946°W / 40.673; -73.946
Country United States
State New York
CityNew York City
BoroughBrooklyn
Community DistrictBrooklyn 8,[1] Brooklyn 9[2]
Area
[3]
 • Total3.67 km2 (1.418 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[3]
 • Total143,000
 • Density39,000/km2 (100,000/sq mi)
Ethnicity
 • Black48,8%
 • White30,8%
 • Hispanic14,1%
 • Asian3,2%
Economics
 • Median income$45,776
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, 11238
Area code718, 347, 929, and 917

The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway, a tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles (3.2 km) east–west. Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill. It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Washington Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue.[4] The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916.[5]

The northern half of Crown Heights is part of Brooklyn Community District 8 and is patrolled by the 77th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD).[1][6] The southern half is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 and is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD.[2][7] Crown Heights's primary ZIP Codes are 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, and 11238. Politically, it is represented by the New York City Council's 35th, 36th, and 41st Districts.

History

Early history

Although no known physical evidence remains in the Crown Heights vicinity, large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by the Lenape Native Americans. The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams, and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops.

The first recorded contact between the indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 in the service of France when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape. The next contact was in 1609 when the explorer Henry Hudson arrived in what is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen (Half Moon) commissioned by the Dutch Republic.

European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into the western end of Long Island. In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje[8] purchased about 335 acres (1.36 km2) around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company purchased title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants.

Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Peter Stuyvesant and the directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as “a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there” on the condition that they situate their houses “within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet.”[9][10]

19th century

In the 19th century, the area was rural.[11] The Crow Hill penitentiary and various orphanages were located in the area at the time. In 1884, Alexander Jefferson was killed during a prolonged hanging after being convicted of the Crow Hill Murders. Appeals seeking to overturn his death sentence documented the significant poverty in the area at the time.[11]

Early and mid-20th century
Imperial Apartments on Bedford Avenue, built in 1892

Crown Heights had begun as a fashionable residential neighborhood, a place for secondary homes in which Manhattan's growing bourgeois class could reside. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in a subway configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line (2, ​3, ​4, and ​5 trains), in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, which had elevated lines. Conversion to a commuter town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street and Nostrand Avenue.[12]

Beginning in the early 1900s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from the parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations.

The former Jewish Hospital of Brooklyn, now an apartment house

From the early 1920s through the 1960s, Crown Heights was an overwhelmingly white neighborhood and predominantly Jewish.[13] In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with some 50 to 60 percent of the white population, or about 75,000 people, being Jewish, but new arrivals from the West Indies and the American South created a growing Black presence. By 1957, there were about 25,000 Blacks in Crown Heights, making up about one-fourth of the population. Around the same time, suburbanization began to rapidly affect Crown Heights and Brooklyn. Robert Moses expanded the borough's access to eastern Long Island through expressway construction; by way of the G.I. Bill, many families moved east. Most of these opportunities were limited to whites. Levittown in Nassau County, for example, prohibited applications from Black families. As the Jewish, Irish and Italian populations of Crown Heights moved out of the neighborhood, black people from the south and immigrants from the Caribbean continued to move there. The 1957 departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the destruction of Ebbets Field for public housing for its Black population symbolically served as the end of the old white ethnic Crown Heights[14] and in the 1960s the neighborhood experienced mass white flight. The demographic change was astounding; in 1960 the neighborhood was 70% white, by 1970 it was 70% Black. The one exception to this pattern were Lubavitch Hasidic Jews.[13]

There were thirty-four large synagogues in the neighborhood, including the Bobov, Chovevei Torah, and 770 Eastern Parkway, home of the worldwide Lubavitch movement. There were also three prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street, the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, and the Reines Talmud Torah.

Late 20th century

The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations in the area: With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflict plagued some of its neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, with its racially and culturally mixed populations. At the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the neighborhood's mostly white and relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim stayed in the community as other whites were leaving.[15][16]

In 1964 the Labor Day Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture was moved to the neighborhood when its license to run in Harlem was revoked. It now attracts between one and three million people and is held on the first Monday in September.

During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition due to lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness, and a relatively high concentration of elderly residents. Violence broke out several times in the neighborhood during the late 20th century, including during the New York City blackout of 1977: More than 75 area stores were robbed, and thieves used cars to pull up roll-down curtains in front of stores.

In 1991, there was a three-day outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot, which started between the neighborhood's West Indian/African American and Jewish communities. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after Gavin Cato, the son of two Guyanese immigrants, was struck and killed by a car in the motorcade of prominent Hasidic rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson. A mob began to attack a Jewish volunteer ambulance, which withdrew. Rumors, which later proved to be unfounded, circulated that the ambulance refused to treat Gavin Cato's injuries while removing members of Schneerson's motorcade instead. Yankel Rosenbaum, a visiting rabbinical student from Australia, was killed in the riot, while Jews were assaulted, and there was property damage amid rock throwing in the ensuing riots. The riot unveiled long-simmering tensions between the neighborhood's Black and Jewish communities, which impacted the 1993 mayoral race and ultimately led to a successful outreach program between Black and Jewish leaders that somewhat helped improve race relations in the city.[17][18] Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in the city and urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect including in Crown Heights.

Early 21st century

In the 2010s, Crown Heights experienced rapid gentrification.[19][20] In some areas the increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents.[21][22][23] Not only did rents for each apartment increase drastically but building management firms such as BCB Realty, affiliated with companies that buy up buildings in the neighborhood, aimed to remove long-term residents by buying them out or pressuring them to move by "failing to adequately maintain apartments", according to a housing activist, with the aim of forcing out the rent-stabilized. Other tactics include relocating residents from their apartments claiming renovation and locking them out, as employed by another realtor in the neighborhood, ZT Realty.[24] In 2017, real estate developer Isaac Hager faced opposition from activists when he proposed building a 565-unit apartment complex in Crown Heights;[25] in April 2019, a judge issued a restraining order against the project.[26]

In the wake of the 2010 opening of Basil Pizza & Wine Bar, a series of upscale, kosher, foodie restaurants opened in Crown Heights, which The Jewish Week described as "an eating destination."[27]

In November 2013, a series of attacks on Jewish residents were suspected to be part of "knockout games". Media attention to knockout attacks increased following the incidents in Crown Heights.[28][29][30][31][32][33] In response to the violence, the Jewish community hosted an event for African-American teens, designed to promote greater understanding of Jews and their beliefs. The event, hosted by the Jewish Children's Museum, was coordinated by local Jewish organizations, public schools, and by the NYPD's 71st and 77th precincts.[34]

Demographics

Crown Heights is divided into two neighborhood tabulation areas, Crown Heights North and Crown Heights South, which collectively comprise the population of Crown Heights.[35]

Crown Heights has a majority West Indian and African American population according to the 2010 census. Reflecting the most varied U.S. population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival. The vivid ostentation goes along Eastern Parkway, from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza. According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the parade each year.[36]

Crown Heights also contains a significant number of Hasidic Jews.[37] It is the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway. An Orthodox Jewish community which established itself in Crown Heights in the 1940s has continued to thrive around that location.

Crown Heights North

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Crown Heights North was 103,169, a change of -293 (-0.3%) from the 103,462 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 1,185.56 acres (479.78 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 87 inhabitants per acre (56,000/sq mi; 21,000/km2).[38]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 49% African American, 31% White, 3% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of the population.[39]

The entirety of Community District 8, which covers Crown Heights North, had 97,130 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.2 years.[40]: 2, 20  This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods.[41]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [42] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 37% between 25 and 44, and 22% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively.[40]: 2 

As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 8 was $60,107.[43] In 2018, an estimated 21% of Crown Heights North residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 50% in Crown Heights North, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Crown Heights North is considered to be gentrifying.[40]: 7 

According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning, there is still an overwhelming Black population majority of 40,000 or more residents, but there is a diverse cultural population with each the White and Hispanic populations at between 10,000 and 19,999 residents.[44][45]

Crown Heights South

Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Crown Heights South was 39,670, a change of -2,700 (-6.8%) from the 42,370 counted in 2000. Covering an area of 366.94 acres (148.50 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 108.1 inhabitants per acre (69,200/sq mi; 26,700/km2).[38]

The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 62.8% (24,921) African American, 25.8% (10,221) White, 0.7% (285) Asian, 0.2% (81) Native American, 0% (12) Pacific Islander, 0.3% (127) from other races, and 1.5% (601) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% (3,422) of the population.[39]

The entirety of Community District 9, which covers Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years.[46]: 2, 20  This is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods.[41]: 53 (PDF p. 84) [42] Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25 and 44, and 25% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively.[46]: 2 

As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 9 was $51,072.[47] In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018, Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying.[46]: 7 

As of the 2020 census according to New York City Department of City Planning, there were between 20,000 and 29,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 White residents. The concentration of Black residents in South Crown Heights is slightly lower than North Crown Heights.[44][45]

Politics

The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district, represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke since 2013.[48] It is also part of the 19th and 20th State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Roxanne Persaud and Zellnor Myrie,[49][50] and the 43rd and 57th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Diana Richardson and Phara Souffrant Forrest.[51][52] Crown Heights is located in New York's 35th and 36th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Chi Ossé.[53][54]

Crown Heights is served by Brooklyn Community Board 8 north of Eastern Parkway and Brooklyn Community Board 9 south of Eastern Parkway.

Police and crime

Crown Heights is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD.[55] Crown Heights North is covered by the 77th Precinct, located at 127 Utica Avenue,[6] while Crown Heights South is patrolled by the 71st Precinct, located at 421 Empire Boulevard.[7]

The 77th Precinct ranked 42nd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010,[56] while the 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest.[57] As of 2018, with a non-fatal assault rate of 85 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 73 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South, both areas' rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of the city as a whole. The incarceration rates of 872 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 598 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South are both greater than that of the city as a whole.[40]: 8 [46]: 8 

The 77th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 85.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 32 rapes, 180 robberies, 297 felony assaults, 158 burglaries, 397 grand larcenies, and 72 grand larcenies auto in 2018.[58] The 71st Precinct also has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018. [59]

Fire safety

The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations in Crown Heights:[60]

  • Engine Company 234/Ladder Company 123/Battalion 38 – 1352 St Johns Place[61]
  • Rescue 2 – 1472 Bergen Street[62]
  • Engine Company 280/Ladder Company 132 – 489 St Johns Place[63]
  • Engine Company 227 – 423 Ralph Avenue[64]

Health

As of 2018, preterm births in Crown Heights and births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights North are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights South are less common than in other places citywide. There were 92 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide). Additionally, there were 24.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide).[40]: 11 [46]: 11  Both neighborhoods have a relatively high population of residents who are uninsured, or who receive healthcare through Medicaid.[65] In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12% in Crown Heights North and 16% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide rate of 12%.[40]: 14 [46]: 14 

The concentration of fine particulate matter, the deadliest type of air pollutant, is 0.008 milligrams per cubic metre (8.0×10−9 oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights North and 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8×10−9 oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights South, slightly higher than the citywide and boroughwide averages.[40]: 9 [46]: 9  Eighteen percent of Crown Heights North residents and eight percent of Crown Heights South residents are smokers, compared to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers.[40]: 13 [46]: 13  In Crown Heights North, 26% of residents are obese, 13% are diabetic, and 33% have high blood pressure—compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively.[40]: 16  By comparison, in Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure.[46]: 16  In addition, 19% of children are obese in both Crown Heights North and South, compared to the citywide average of 20%.[40]: 12 [46]: 12 

Eighty-four percent of Crown Heights North and eighty-one percent of Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of Crown Heights North and 84% of Crown Heights South residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to than the city's average of 78%.[40]: 13 [46]: 13  For every supermarket, there are 25 bodegas in Crown Heights North and 21 bodegas in Crown Heights South.[40]: 10 [46]: 10 

Post offices and ZIP Codes

Crown Heights North is covered by ZIP Codes 11238, 11216, 11213, and 11233 from west to east, while Crown Heights South is covered by ZIP Codes 11225 and 11213 from west to east.[66] The United States Postal Service operates two post offices nearby: the Saint Johns Place Station at 1234 St Johns Place,[67] and the James E Davis Station at 315 Empire Boulevard.[68]

Education

Crown Heights generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to the rest of the city as of 2018. In Crown Heights North, 44% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. In Crown Heights South, 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have a college education or higher.[40]: 6 [46]: 6  The percentage of Crown Heights North students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 22 percent to 47 percent within the same time period.[69] In Crown Heights South, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within the same time period.[70]

Crown Heights' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 28% in Crown Heights North and 22% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students.[41]: 24 (PDF p. 55) [40]: 6 [46]: 6  Additionally, 71% of high school students in Crown Heights North and 77% of high school students in Crown Heights South graduate on time, compared to the citywide average of 75% of students.[40]: 6 [46]: 6 

Schools
Medgar Evers College, Building A

Among the public schools are the International Arts Business School, The League School, The School for Human Rights, The School for Democracy and Leadership and the High School for Public Service: Heroes of Tomorrow, all on the campus of the now-closed George W. Wingate High School, and Success Academy Crown Heights, part of Success Academy Charter Schools. M.S. 587, New Heights Middle School, Achievement First Crown Heights Elementary School, and Achievement First Crown Heights Middle School are all located in Crown Heights, housed in the Mahalia Jackson School building. Explore Empower Charter School[71] is also located in Crown Heights.

Medgar Evers College is an institution of higher education in the neighborhood.[72]

The orthodox Jewish community is serviced by gender-segregated schools. Among the girls schools are Beth Rivkah Academy, founded in 1941 by the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson, as the oldest Chasidic school for girls;[73] the school now hosts preschool through higher learning institutions. Newer schools include Bnos Menachem, Bais Chaya Mushka, Bnos Chomesh and Chabad Girls Academy. The boys are educated at Oholei Torah, Yeshiva Tomchei Temimim Lubavitch, Cheder Ohr Menachem, Gan Academy, Darchei Menachem and various other smaller schools.[74]

Libraries

The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has three branches in Crown Heights:

  • The Crown Heights branch, on the border with Flatbush/Prospect Lefferts Gardens, is located at 560 New York Avenue near Maple Street. The branch was built in 1958 as part of a plan by mayor Abraham Beame.[75]
  • The Brower Park branch is located on the ground floor of the Brooklyn Children's Museum.[76] The original Brower Park branch at 725 St. Marks Avenue was built in 1963 under the Beame plan; at the time, it was northern Brooklyn's first new library in four decades.[77] A new library was announced in 2017,[78] and the original building at 725 St. Marks Avenue was vacated in 2020.[79] Brower Park Library reopened for lobby service in the Brooklyn Children's Museum in 2021,[79][80] with full service resuming in 2023.[76]
  • The Eastern Parkway branch and Eastern Parkway Learning Center is located at 1044 Eastern Parkway at Schenectady Avenue. It is a two-story, limestone-clad Carnegie library branch with 12,000 square feet (1,100 m2) of floor space. The branch was renovated at least four times, most recently in 2016.[81]

Transportation
Crown Heights–Utica Avenue station

Crown Heights is served by the New York City Subway's IRT Eastern Parkway Line, with stations at Franklin Avenue (2, ​3, ​4, and ​5 trains), Nostrand Avenue (3 train), Kingston Avenue (3 train), and Utica Avenue (3​ and 4 trains). It is also served by the IRT Nostrand Avenue Line at President and Sterling Streets (2 and ​5 trains). The subway's BMT Franklin Avenue Line, served by the S train contains stations at Botanic Garden and Park Place.[82] The IND Fulton Street line runs on its namesake street, 2 blocks north of the border between Crown Heights and Bedford-Stuyvesant, stopping in the Crown Heights area from Clinton-Washington Avenues to Ralph Avenue and Broadway Junction. Just east of the Utica Avenue station, on the border with Brownsville, there is a park called Lincoln Terrace (also known as Arthur S. Somers Park), which slopes gently down toward the southern Brooklyn coastline; the IRT New Lots Line transitions from a tunnel to an elevated structure within this park.[83]

Several bus lines serve the area, including the B12, B14, B15, B17, B43, B44, B44 SBS, B45, B46, B46 SBS, B47 and B65.[84]

Recreation

Crown Heights has one botanical garden:

There are also four museums in Crown Heights:

Crown Heights has several parks:

Landmarks

Notable people

Film

Television

Music
  • The 2004 song "King Without a Crown" by Matisyahu
  • The song "Act Like U Want It" by Black Moon references Franklin Avenue
  • The video "Moshpit" by Baby Keem

References
  1. "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  2. "NYC Planning | Community Profiles". communityprofiles.planning.nyc.gov. New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 18, 2019.
  3. "Crown Heights neighborhood in New York". Retrieved August 13, 2018.
  4. "The Eastern District of Brooklyn" by Eugene Armbruster, 1912, updated 1941.
  5. "Crown Heights" from the 1939 WPA Guide to New York City
  6. "NYPD – 77th Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  7. "NYPD – 71st Precinct". www.nyc.gov. New York City Police Department. Retrieved October 3, 2016.
  8. "Notes for: Jan Joris Jansen (Rapalje) De_Rapalie" from the Janssen Verheul families in Canada and Holland database
  9. "Crown Heights North Historic District: Designation Report Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine" prepared by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission April 24, 2007 (pdf)
  10. "Chapter 3.1: Woodland to City Neighborhood: 300 Years of Change" by Jerome Krase, Brooklyn College Sociology Department "Self and Community in the City", University Press of America 1982
  11. Kelly, Wilhelmena Rhodes (2009). Crown Heights and Weeksville. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-6598-9.
  12. Brooklyn Museum open collection Crow Hill Penitentiary gate
  13. Goldschmidt, Henry (2006). Race And Religion Among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights By Henry Goldschmidt. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813538976.
  14. Golenbock, Peter (2000). Bums: An oral history of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Lincolnwood, Ill: Contemporary Books.
  15. "Crown Heights from the 1950s to today", Remembering Crown Heights. Accessed March 5, 2023. "Following secular Jewish emigration away from Crown Heights in the 1950s and 1960s, the then Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson was faced with the choice or re-locating elsewhere or remaining in a fast changing neighborhood. During Passover in 1969 the Rebbe chose the latter and, citing various religious sources, declared 'the wholesale emigration from Jewish neighborhoods' to be 'a plague.' He deemed it a religious duty to remain in Crown Heights and in the midst of unprecedented white flight, the Lubavitch population increased year on year."
  16. Kaplan, Juliana. "The Rebbe’s Passover Declaration Against White Flight", The Forward, June 20, 2018. Accessed August 27, 2023. "Schneerson’s role in shaping the racial makeup of Crown Heights, which now faces the imminent threat of gentrification, cannot be understated.... But in 1969, as the racial dynamics of the neighborhood were changing, the rebbe spoke out against white flight on the final day of Passover.... As white flight continued from Crown Heights, the Orthodox Jewish population remained strong, only increasing year after year."
  17. Edward S. Shapiro, "Interpretations of the Crown Heights riot." American Jewish History (2002) 90#2 pp: 97-122.
  18. Edward S. Shapiro, Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot (U. Press of New England, 2006).
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  21. New York Community Media Alliance, May 9, 2007: "Desperately seeking an apartment: Haitians continue to double up as rents soar". Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
  22. New York Times – City Room, November 16, 2007: Chan, Sewell (November 16, 2007). "Landlord Eviction Trick Backfired, Investigators Say". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2010. (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
  23. INPRINT, August 10, 2004: "The Uncertain Fate of an Old Brooklyn Nook". Archived from the original on July 8, 2011. Retrieved December 6, 2009. (Accessed on December 6, 2009)
  24. Marsh, Ian, "Pressured to Move, Low-Income Tenants Resist Buyouts", Brooklyn Bureau (bkbureau.org), May 27, 2014
  25. "Isaac Hager takes Crown Heights rezoning off the table ... for now developer to take second look at rezoning lots for 565 apartments". The Real Deal. April 20, 2017.
  26. Croghan, Lore (April 18, 2019). "Judge issues restraining order to halt development near Brooklyn Botanic Garden". Brooklyn Eagle.
  27. Levin, Chaim; Dreyfus, Hanna (March 9, 2017). "Crown Heights Now Artisanal Kosher Haven". The Jewish Week. Retrieved May 26, 2019.
  28. "Jewish Man Assaulted as Part of Sick 'Knockout' Game". CrownHeights.info. November 10, 2013.
  29. "Police Added in Brooklyn Neighborhood Amid "Knockout Game" Attacks". WNBC. November 20, 2013. Retrieved November 23, 2013.
  30. Jonathan Mark (November 20, 2013). "Mark, Jonothan. 'Knockout' Attacks A Concern. The Jewish Week. November 10, 2013". Thejewishweek.com. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
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  86. Gay, Jason. "Taking a Ride With Boxing's Big Cheese", The Wall Street Journal, November 30, 2011. Accessed August 24, 2021. "Arum grew up in Brooklyn, on Montgomery Street in Crown Heights, the son of an accountant who had clients like the vaudeville-turned-Broadway act Olsen and Johnson."
  87. Marzlock, Ron. "All Abe Beame wanted was to be the mayor of NYC", Queens Chronicle, October 27, 2022. Accessed January 29, 2023. "Young Abe married Mary Ingerman on Feb. 18, 1928 and graduated from City College with a degree in accounting the same year. They had two sons, Edmund and Bernard, and bought a home on Carroll Street in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn."
  88. Bennett, Robert S. In the Ring: The Trials of a Washington Lawyer, p. 4. Crown Publishers, 2008. ISBN 9780307394439. Accessed November 2, 2017. "I was the first child of Nancy Walsh Bennett and F. Robert Bennett. Mother was a housewife and Dad worked for a bank. We lived at 698 St. Marks Avenue in what is now known as the Bedford-Stuyvesant section." Note that Bennett inaccurately describes the 698 St. Marks Avenue address as being in Bedford-Stuyvesant (not Crown Heights).
  89. Cohen, Joyce. "After a Life Together, Living Apart", The New York Times, February 12, 2006. Accessed August 24, 2021. "As identical twins, Uché and Oni Blackstock were always together. They lived together, studied together, earned their M.D. degrees together.... The twins, whose parents gave them Nigerian names, grew up in a four-story brownstone on St. Marks Avenue in Crown Heights, Brooklyn."
  90. Amore, Dom (September 19, 2018). "Meet James Bouknight, Top Basketball Player From Crown Heights". Hartford Courant.
  91. Markman, Rob. "Joey Badass Reigns Over Brooklyn's 'New Golden Age,' Buckshot Says; 'Rapfix Live' Trekked To Coney Island With Veteran MC Buckshot And Newcomer Joey Badass To Explore Brooklyn's Past And Its Hip-Hop Future.", MTV, August 21, 2013. Accessed August 24, 2021. "It's hard to look at Joey Bada$$ and not see remnants of Buckshot, the veteran Brooklyn MC who first captivated the world 20 years ago as a part of Black Moon with their debut album Enta da Stage. Buck hails from the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, while the younger Joey reigns from the neighboring Flatbush."
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  93. Duffy, Thom. "'Celebrate Brooklyn' Readies Summer Lineup", Billboard, May 7, 2004. Accessed October 27, 2007. "My life totally revolved around Brooklyn, says Davis, recalling his boyhood in a working-class Jewish neighborhood of Crown Heights, watching the Brooklyn Dodgers play at Ebbet's Field and listening to Martin Block's Make Believe Ballroom on WNEW."
  94. Saulny, Susan. "Councilman Is Subpoenaed Over Finances For Campaign", The New York Times, August 9, 2002. Accessed February 3, 2022. "Councilman James E. Davis has received subpoenas for the financial records of two organizations with which he has been affiliated, his lawyer confirmed yesterday.... 'I will be vindicated,' Mr. Davis, a first-term councilman from Crown Heights, Brooklyn, said during a news conference yesterday."
  95. Williams, Amy Bennett. "'Almost an oxymoron': Rising star Byron Donalds is a Black conservative aiming for national office", Fort Myers News-Press, September 25, 2020. Accessed February 3, 2022. "The middle child of three born to a single mom – he has an older and a younger sister – Donalds grew up in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, a roughly square-mile neighborhood of row houses where violent confrontations between Lubavitch-Chaba Hasidic Jews and African Americans captured national attention when Donalds was a young teenager."
  96. Strasburg, Jenny. "Hedge-Fund Titan Englander Preps for Future in Sale Talks", The Wall Street Journal, July 26, 2011. Accessed January 25, 2020. ""A child of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, Mr. Englander, the devoutly Jewish head of a firm with a 22-year history. A child of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, Mr. Englander now lives in Manhattan, but still sometimes crosses the East River to attend services with rabbis and scholars he considers close confidantes."
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  98. Connley, Courtney. "Meet Phara Souffrant Forrest, 31-year-old nurse who is now a member of the New York State Assembly", CNBC, November 27, 2020. Accessed August 24, 2021. "As a Brooklyn, New York native and nurse, Phara Souffrant Forrest, who was recently elected to represent the 57th district in the New York State Assembly, knows the needs of her community. Three years ago, when her landlord informed her and her neighbors that their rent-stabilized apartment building in Crown Heights, Brooklyn was being turned into luxury condos, Forrest fought back and implemented change."
  99. Bleich, Chananya. "Duet of Hope// Two popular Jewish performers— one chasidic, the other secular—come together in an unusual display of unity", Ami magazine, July 21, 2021. Accessed January 31, 2022. "The first name that came to Geffen’s mind was Avraham Fried, the wildly popular entertainer from Crown Heights."
  100. Odenheimer, Natan. "The Kabbalist Who Would Be King of a New Jewish Monarchy in Israel", The Forward, October 14, 2016. Accessed August 24, 2021. "It was also around this time that Ginsburgh discovered Chabad. The encounter inspired him to journey to the heart of the movement, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn."
  101. Goldstein, Patrick. "The Wheeler-Dealer of Rock ‘n’ Roll", Los Angeles Times, November 22, 1998. Accessed August 24, 2021. "Even in his baby pictures, Grubman has the look of a lovable rogue, a young man with a Sammy Glick-sized hunger for success. Growing up in the then-heavily Jewish neighborhood of Crown Heights in Brooklyn, he was obsessed with show business."
  102. Haberman, Maggie. "Our Woman in New York: Primary Day, at Last", The New York Times, April 19, 2016. Accessed February 3, 2022. "A native of the Upper West Side who lives in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, she has covered 10 election cycles, from mayoral contests to presidential campaigns, including the 2016 race, which turns to New York on Tuesday for its primary. Join us for live primary updates."
  103. Alli, Chanel. "Crown Heights’s Jamie Hector of HBO’s The Wire runs organization for young actors", BK Reader, April 15, 2016. Accessed January 31, 2022. "When choosing an area to house this dynamic organization, Hector choose to go back to his roots as he explains that he grew up in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn."
  104. Salzberg, Charles. From Set Shot to Slam Dunk: The Glory Days of Basketball in the Words of Those Who Played It, p. 15. University of Nebraska Press, 1998. ISBN 9780803292505. Accessed January 31, 2022. "I grew up in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and started playing basketball as a kid by shooting through the rungs of a ladder attached to a fire escape, using a stocking hat stuffed with paper as a basketball."
  105. Murphy, Anne. "The Accountant Is In; Regina Herzlinger ‘65 has strong medicine for the health-care industry.", MIT Technology Review, March 12, 2007. Accessed February 3, 2022. "When Regina Elbinger left Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in 1961, having been voted most outstanding senior at her small Orthodox yeshiva, she was the first girl from the school to attend MIT or even, she says, to leave the confines of her immigrant Jewish enclave."
  106. "Rabbi and wife killed at Mumbai Jewish center", Reuters, November 28, 2008. Accessed August 24, 2021. "Gavriel Holtzberg, 29, was born in Israel and moved to the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn with his parents when he was nine."
  107. Chandler, Kisha. "JI The Prince of New York; Claiming The Throne of the Streets of New York", The Next Level. Accessed January 31, 2022. "Growing up in Crown Heights, he found that music ran through his veins and he had a story to tell so he would practice freestylin’ with his brothers."
  108. Samuel, Terence. "Scribe keeping teachings of Hasidic leader alive", The Philadelphia Inquirer, April 6, 1996. Accessed June 4, 2023, via Newspapers.com. "He was born in Crown Heights, where he still lives and works. His parents, both Russian-born, were religious people, and Rabbi Jacobson has been a Lubavitcher all his life. Growing up in Crown Heights, where the Lubavitcher movement is based, he was at the heart of a worldwide movement dedicated to some ancient teachings and centered on a single man."
  109. Resnick, Molly. "'My Aim Is To Unlock Minds, Not To Win Arguments': An Interview with Renowned Lecturer Rabbi YY Jacobson", The Jewish Press, January 23, 2019. Accessed August 24, 2021. "The Jewish Press: Please tell us a bit about your background. Rabbi Jacobson: I was born and raised in Crown Heights."
  110. Frey, Kevin. "'Adversity makes you stronger': Brooklyn's Hakeem Jeffries poised to become House Democrats' leader", NY1, November 30, 2022. Accessed January 29, 2023. "Jeffries was raised in Crown Heights and is a graduate of New York City public schools. He said growing up in Brooklyn taught him how to confront adversity. 'That was certainly the case for me coming of age as someone from Crown Heights in the midst of the crack-cocaine epidemic,' he said."
  111. Ellin, Abby. "When a Child’s Anxieties Need Sorting", The New York Times, June 3, 2011. Accessed January 31, 2022. "When the 10-year-old son of Brooke Garber Neidich, a chairwoman at the Whitney Museum, was having difficulty in school, there was only one person who was able to give him a proper diagnosis: Dr. Harold Koplewicz.... He was born in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, a son of Holocaust survivors."
  112. Kendall, Laurie. "Carol Laderman (1932-2010)", American Anthropologist, Vol. 113, No. 2., published 2011. Accessed August 24, 2021. "Carol Ciavati was born on October 25, 1932, in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York."
  113. Ahmed, Insanul. "50 Things You Didn't Know About Nas", Complex, December 3, 2012. Accessed November 1, 2017. "He lived in Crown Heights, Brooklyn before he lived in Queensbridge."
  114. McGrath, Charles. "Norman Mailer, Towering Writer With a Matching Ego, Dies at 84", The New York Times, November 11, 2007. Accessed November 1, 2017. "When Norman was 9, the family moved to Crown Heights, in Brooklyn. Pampered and doted on, he excelled at both Public School 161 and Boys High School, from which he graduated in 1939."
  115. Mead, Rebecca. "Mr. Brooklyn; Marty Markowitz-the man, the plan, the arena.", The New Yorker, April 25, 2005. Accessed August 3, 2016. "Markowitz was one of those Brooklyn children who rarely went to Manhattan: he grew up in Crown Heights, where his father worked as a waiter in a kosher delicatessen; his main entertainment was hanging out on the streets with other kids. His father died when he was nine, and several years later Markowitz's widowed mother moved to public housing in Sheepshead Bay with Marty and his two younger sisters."
  116. Morrison, Tim. "Matisyahu: The Former 'Hasidic Reggae Superstar' Talks to Time; His trademark beard and forelocks are gone, and his music is taking a new direction. Matisyahu tells Time about his new album, his faith and how he defines himself now.", Time, July 16, 2012. Accessed November 1, 2017. "It's been a year of transition for Matisyahu. Since the beginning of 2011 he's gone from being primarily known for his blistering, rock-influenced live reggae shows to the man behind the global pop anthem 'One Day' — NBC's official song of the Vancouver Olympics. He's left behind the Hasidic Jewish enclave of Crown Heights, Brooklyn, and moved to Los Angeles."
  117. Telpha, Carol. "Neighborhoods: Close-Up on Crown Heights Archived December 10, 2007, at the Wayback Machine", The Village Voice, December 12, 2002. Accessed October 18, 2007. "Actress and singer Stephanie Mills and rapper Skoob of Das EFX are Crown Heights natives."
  118. "White Boy: A Memoir", Publishers Weekly. Accessed February 3, 2022. "Growing up in then mostly Jewish and Italian Crown Heights, Brooklyn, in the 1950s and '60s, Naison saw white flight transform his neighborhood and make his previously liberal Jewish parents openly racist."
  119. Smith, Roberta. "Linda Nochlin, 86, Groundbreaking Feminist Art Historian, Is Dead", The New York Times, November 1, 2017. Accessed November 1, 2017. "She was born Linda Natalie Weinberg on Jan. 30, 1931, in Brooklyn and grew up in Crown Heights as a member of a wealthy extended family."
  120. Beyer, Gregory. "Comedy Central, by Way of the Torah", The New York Times. January 13, 2008. Accessed November 1, 2017. "Mr. Pellin, a garrulous 25-year-old, was beginning yet another segment as the host of The Mendy Report, an Internet news broadcast on the Web site ChabadTube.com. He runs the broadcast out of his childhood bedroom, now cluttered with production lights and videotape cassettes, in his family's fourth-floor walk-up apartment on Kingston Avenue in a Hasidic enclave of Crown Heights, Brooklyn."
  121. Tavernise, Sabrina. "Mary Pinkett, First Black Councilwoman, 72", The New York Times, December 5, 2003. Accessed February 3, 2022. "Mrs. Pinkett, whose maiden name was Glover, lived her entire life in Brooklyn. She spent her childhood in Crown Heights, attended Brooklyn College and later moved to Clinton Hill."
  122. Labaton, Stephen. "Praise to Scorn: Mercurial Ride Of S.E.C. Chief", The New York Times, November 10, 2002. Accessed June 3, 2023. "Harvey Lloyd Pitt was born on Feb. 28, 1945, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn, 11 years after the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission."
  123. "Dutch Jews investigate Brooklyn rabbi on molestation charges", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, January 8, 2018. Accessed January 29, 2023. "That year, Meyer Seewald, a Crown Heights activist against accused child molesters in religious Jewish communities, published an online account of the alleged abuse he says he suffered in 2000 as a boy attending a summer camp belonging to the Chabad-run Gan Israel Camping Network, where Levine had worked as a counselor."
  124. Staff. (November 19, 2015 ) "Rabbi Receives No-Jail Sentence in Forced 'Get' Case", Crown Heights.info. Accessed July 9, 2019.
  125. Ogunnaike, Lola. "Rapper Didn't Beat the Rap, but He Gets a Record Deal", The New York Times, April 19, 2004. Accessed January 29, 2023. "Born Jamal Barrow in Belize and reared in Crown Heights, Brooklyn, Shyne was discovered rapping in a Brooklyn barbershop by a local talent scout."
  126. Martin, Douglas. "Carl Sigman, 91, Songsmith Who Made Generations Hum", The New York Times, September 30, 2000. Accessed January 17, 2022. "Carl Sigman was born on Sept. 24, 1909, in the Crown Heights section of Brooklyn."
  127. Carlson, Jen. "Beverly Sills, 1929-2007", Gothamist, July 3, 2007. Accessed January 17, 2022. "Sills, born Belle Miriam Silverman (and called 'Bubbles' in her youth), was a Brooklyn-born soprano, and one of the best known American opera singers. Raised in Crown Heights, the first of many apartments she recalled living in was a one-bedroom, shared by her parents and two older brothers."
  128. "Feb 18: Brooklyn Black History Maker, Dr. Susan McKinney Steward", Brooklyn Reader, February 18, 2021. Accessed January 17, 2022. "A true American pioneer, Dr. Susan McKinney Steward was the first Black woman to earn a medical degree in the state of New York. Born in Crown Heights, then known as Crown Hill, in 1847, McKinney Steward was the seventh of ten children born to Sylvanus and Anne Smith, early settlers of Weeksville and prosperous pork farmers."
  129. Harshbarger, Rebecca. "Reddit founder Aaron Swartz found dead in suicide at Brooklyn apartment", New York Post, January 13, 2013. Accessed January 17, 2022. "The Internet genius behind the popular Web site Reddit.com committed suicide at his Brooklyn home, police sources and friends said. Cops found Aaron Swartz, 26, unconscious at 9:30 a.m. Friday in the bedroom of his Sullivan Place apartment building in Crown Heights, law-enforcement sources said."
  130. Martin, Douglas. "William Taylor, Vigorous Rights Defender, Dies at 78", The New York Times, June 29, 2010. Accessed June 30, 2010.
  131. Miller, Rochelle Maruch. "Yoni Z.: Raising the Bar In Jewish Music", Five Towns Jewish Times, October 3, 2018. Accessed November 21, 2018. "Although the journey to success was long and challenging, the congenial Crown Heights resident, who is a member of the Chabad community, remained undeterred."
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