Cullin

Cullins are a family of hydrophobic scaffold proteins which provide support for ubiquitin ligases (E3). All eukaryotes appear to have cullins. They combine with RING proteins to form Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs) that are highly diverse and play a role in myriad cellular processes, most notably protein degradation by ubiquitination.[1][2]

Not to be confused with Cuillin, a mountain range in Scotland, or with Culin.
Cullin
structure of the cul1-rbx1-skp1-f boxskp2 scf ubiquitin ligase complex
Identifiers
SymbolCullin
PfamPF00888
InterProIPR001373
PROSITEPDOC00967
SCOP21ldj / SCOPe / SUPFAM
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary
Cullin protein neddylation domain
structure of the cul1-rbx1-skp1-f boxskp2 scf ubiquitin ligase complex
Identifiers
SymbolCullin_Nedd8
PfamPF10557
InterProIPR019559
Available protein structures:
Pfam  structures / ECOD  
PDBRCSB PDB; PDBe; PDBj
PDBsumstructure summary

The human genome contains eight cullin genes

There is also a more distant member called ANAPC2 (or APC2), part of the Anaphase-promoting complex.

CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5 and 7 each form part of a multi-subunit ubiquitin complex.

Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases

Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases (CRLs), such as Cul1 (SCF) play an essential role in targeting proteins for ubiquitin-mediated destruction; as such, they are diverse in terms of composition and function, regulating many different processes from glucose sensing and DNA replication to limb patterning and circadian rhythms.[3] The catalytic core of CRLs consists of a RING protein and a cullin family member. For Cul1, the C-terminal cullin-homology domain binds the RING protein. The RING protein appears to function as a docking site for ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s). Other proteins contain a cullin-homology domain, such as CUL9, also known as p53 cytoplasmic anchor PARC, and the ANAPC2 subunit of the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome; both CUL9 and ANAPC2 have ubiquitin ligase activity. The N-terminal region of cullins is more variable, and is used to interact with specific adaptor proteins.[4][5][6]

Modification by NEDD8

With the exception of ANAPC2, each member of the cullin family is modified by Nedd8 and several cullins function in Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, a process in which the 26S proteasome recognises and subsequently degrades a target protein tagged with K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains. Nedd8/Rub1 is a small ubiquitin-like protein, which was originally found to be conjugated to Cdc53, a cullin component of the SCF (Skp1-Cdc53/CUL1-F-box protein) E3 Ub ligase complex in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast), and Nedd8 modification has now emerged as a regulatory pathway of fundamental importance for cell cycle control and for embryogenesis in metazoans. The only identified Nedd8 substrates are cullins. Neddylation results in covalent conjugation of a Nedd8 moiety onto a conserved cullin lysine residue.[7]

References
  1. Bosu, Dimple R.; Kipreos, Edward T. (2008). "Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases: Global regulation and activation cycles". Cell Division. 3: 7. doi:10.1186/1747-1028-3-7. PMC 2266742. PMID 18282298.
  2. Bruce, Alberts (2014-11-18). Molecular biology of the cell (Sixth ed.). New York, NY. ISBN 9780815344322. OCLC 887605755.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. Kipreos ET, Lander LE, Wing JP, He WW, Hedgecock EM (June 1996). "cul-1 is required for cell cycle exit in C. elegans and identifies a novel gene family". Cell. 85 (6): 829–39. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81267-2. PMID 8681378. S2CID 15805562.
  4. Petroski MD, Deshaies RJ (January 2005). "Function and regulation of cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases" (PDF). Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1038/nrm1547. PMID 15688063. S2CID 24159190.
  5. Zheng N, Schulman BA, Song L, Miller JJ, Jeffrey PD, Wang P, Chu C, Koepp DM, Elledge SJ, Pagano M, Conaway RC, Conaway JW, Harper JW, Pavletich NP (April 2002). "Structure of the Cul1-Rbx1-Skp1-F boxSkp2 SCF ubiquitin ligase complex". Nature. 416 (6882): 703–9. Bibcode:2002Natur.416..703Z. doi:10.1038/416703a. PMID 11961546. S2CID 4423882.
  6. Goldenberg SJ, Cascio TC, Shumway SD, Garbutt KC, Liu J, Xiong Y, Zheng N (November 2004). "Structure of the Cand1-Cul1-Roc1 complex reveals regulatory mechanisms for the assembly of the multisubunit cullin-dependent ubiquitin ligases". Cell. 119 (4): 517–28. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.10.019. PMID 15537541. S2CID 1606360.
  7. Pan ZQ, Kentsis A, Dias DC, Yamoah K, Wu K (March 2004). "Nedd8 on cullin: building an expressway to protein destruction". Oncogene. 23 (11): 1985–97. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1207414. PMID 15021886.
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR001373
This article incorporates text from the public domain Pfam and InterPro: IPR019559


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