Cytokine receptor

Cytokine receptors are receptors that bind to cytokines.[1]

Key steps of the JAK-STAT pathway for type 1 and 2 cytokine receptors
Signal transduction. (Cytokine receptor at center left.)

In recent years, the cytokine receptors have come to demand the attention of more investigators than cytokines themselves, partly because of their remarkable characteristics, and partly because a deficiency of cytokine receptors has now been directly linked to certain debilitating immunodeficiency states. In this regard, and also because the redundancy and pleiotropy of cytokines are a consequence of their homologous receptors, many authorities are now of the opinion that a classification of cytokine receptors would be more clinically and experimentally useful.

Classification

A classification of cytokine receptors based on their three-dimensional structure has been attempted. (Such a classification, though seemingly cumbersome, provides several unique perspectives for attractive pharmacotherapeutic targets.)

Comparison

TypeExamplesStructureMechanism
type I cytokine receptor Certain conserved motifs in their extracellular amino-acid domain. Connected to Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases. Many have a FN-III superfamily domain and an immunoglobulin-like fold. JAK phosphorylate and activate downstream proteins involved in their signal transduction pathways
type II cytokine receptor
Many members of the immunoglobulin superfamily Share structural homology with immunoglobulins (antibodies), cell adhesion molecules, and even some cytokine. Includes with the two classes above.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor family cysteine-rich common extracellular binding domain
chemokine receptors Seven transmembrane helix, rhodopsin-like receptor[2] G protein-coupled
TGF-beta receptor family Serine/threonine kinase receptors Dimeric TGFBR2 binds to TGFB and phosphorylates TGFBR1, which phosphorylates the SMADs. See TGF beta signaling pathway.

Solubility

Cytokine receptors may be both membrane-bound and soluble. Soluble cytokine receptors are extremely common regulators of cytokine function. Soluble cytokine receptors typically consist of the extracellular portions of membrane-bound receptors. .[3]

See also

References

  1. Brooks, Andrew J.; Dehkhoda, Farhad; Kragelund, Birthe B. (2017). "Cytokine Receptors". Principles of Endocrinology and Hormone Action. Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–29. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27318-1_8-2. ISBN 9783319273181.
  2. Arimont A, Sun S, Smit MJ, Leurs R, de Esch IJ, de Graaf C (2017). "Structural Analysis of Chemokine Receptor-Ligand Interactions". J Med Chem. 60 (12): 4735–4779. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01309. PMC 5483895. PMID 28165741.
  3. Heaney ML1, Golde DW (1998). "Soluble receptors in human disease". Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 64 (2): 135–146. doi:10.1002/jlb.64.2.135. PMID 9715251. S2CID 34021597.


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