Ghanaians

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The ethnogenesis of Ghanaians is traced back to nomadic migration from Nubia along the Sahara desert then south to the Gold Coast, and the Ghanaian ethnogenesis taking place on the Ghanaian Gold Coast region from the 10th to 16th century AD.[33] Early Ghanaians were involved in a lucrative trade with gold bars and other natural minerals to the Portuguese in 1471; these Ghanaian states were among the wealthiest on the African continent from the 17th century onwards following successful further expansion of lucrative Ghanaian gold bars trading to the Dutch, Prussian and Scandinavians from the 16th century through to the 20th century.[34]

Early Ghanaians established a number of powerful kingdoms and empires from the 10th to 17th century, some of which became great powers in the west African region.[34] By 1902, the kingdoms had been annexed by the United Kingdom to the Gold Coast colony following a series of Anglo-Ghanaian conflicts in the 19th century.[34] Ghanaians gained their independence from British colonial rule in 1957, and renamed their sovereign state "Ghana (Warrior King)" because the various Ghanaian kingdoms were a warrior-based society according to contemporary and historical historiography.[35] The Republic of Ghana was the first African country to gain independence from European colonial rule.[36]

More than 90% of the Ghanaian citizens in Ghana live in urban areas—a figure higher than the world average. The rate of Ghana's population growth is at the world average.[25] Most Ghanaians move to urban areas seeking well-paid jobs. Ghanaians have high level of education in science, technology, mathematics and vocational studies. However, the rural areas have large productivity in agricultural produce.

According to a 2005 Y-DNA study, indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana carry 61% E1b1a.[37][nb 1] Indigenous Ghanaians also belong to paternal lineages at 2.2% E1a.[37] Indigenous Ghanaians in Ghana are 1.1% E1b1b clade bearers, a haplogroup that is most common in North Africa and the Horn of Africa. 1.1% carry West Eurasian haplogroup R1b.[37]

The inhabitants of Ghana possessing Ghanaian passports are 20 million persons, including an additional 3‒4 million persons abroad. Ghana has a diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples who have populated the region from ancient times to the present, with the historic amalgam of the main groups forming the basis of Ghana's current demographics. Native West Africans make up 98% of the population.[38][39][40] There is also a new population of Asians, Middle Easterners, Europeans and other recent immigrants.

To obtain Ghanaian nationality, one must be naturalized after seven years of Ghana Card permanent residency. The Asians, Middle Easterners and Europeans who have lived in Ghana for most of their lives have acquired Ghanaian citizenship, which is granted without any discrimination. 67% of Ghanaians speak English.[25][41] There are over 100 ethnic groups, each with its own distinct language.[42] However, languages that belong to the same ethnic group are usually mutually intelligible. There are nine language family groups and 11 languages from these groups are officially sponsored by the government: Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Ewe, Fante, Ga, Dangme, Dagbani, Nzema,ahanta language(ahantas) Dagaare, Gonja and Kasena.[43]

During the colonial era, a number of Europeans intermarried with Africans and had offspring, who include such notable Gold Coasters as Carel Hendrik Bartels and James Bannerman. Most European settlers left the Gold Coast after it won independence. Currently, the most significant immigrant populations in Ghana are Africans from other countries on the continent, Asians (Indians and Chinese), some of them Europeans (Britons, Portuguese, Dutch, French, Italians, Latin Americans, Poles, Scandinavians, and Germans), and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese and Syrians.

The Ghanaian nationalism was suspended by the Ghanaian government during the time of World War II, but was resumed in 1945.[44] The Ghanaians allied with the Allies in World War II.[44] The Fifth Pan-African Congress held in October 1945, served to form the support for the liberalization of Ghanaian colonial domination on 4 August 1947.[44][45] On 12 June 1949, Kwame Nkrumah, formed the first governing party in the history of the Gold Coast, which refused to cooperate with the colonial authorities and which led to the achievement of Ghanaian independence and the opposition to the 1951 Constitution, in which Nkrumah was incarcerated together with his collaborators.[45]

On 8 February 1951, the first elections in the history of the Gold Coast were held; Nkrumah's win was confirmed on 12 February 1951.[45] Ghanaian nationalism was initiated in organisation with the Ghanaian nationlist movement, the Big Six and through the Gold Coast Aborigines' Rights Protection Society; then strikes and mass riots were formed on the streets of the Gold Coast by its natives for Gold Coast independence, the colonial governor at the time, the Earl of Listowel, proclaimed Gold Coast's independence on 6 March 1957.[46] Nkrumah became the first prime minister.[47] On 1 July 1960, Nkrumah drew up the first Constitution of Ghana; the British monarch ceased to be head of state, and Ghana became a republic.[47]

Approximately 5 per cent of Ghanaian citizens live in rural areas and 95 per cent in urban areas. The rate of urbanization estimated for the period 2010–2015 is 4 per cent per annum,[48] one of the highest among developing countries.

Region (2010)[25]	Region population	Area (km2)[25]		City (2010)[49]	City population	Administrative divisions of Ghana
Ashanti Region	4,780,380	24,389		Kumasi	1,989,062	Administrative Divisions of Ghana.
Brong-Ahafo Region	2,310,983	39,557		Sunyani	87,642
Central Region	2,201,863	9,826		Cape Coast	217,032
Eastern Region	2,633,154	19,323		Koforidua	127,334
Greater Accra Region	4,010,054	3,245		Accra	2,291,352
Northern Region	2,479,461	70,384		Tamale	537,986
Upper East Region	1,046,545	8,842		Bolgatanga	66,68
Upper West Region	702,110	18,476		Wa	102,446
Volta Region	2,118,252	20,570		Ho	96,213
Western Region	2,376,021	23,921		Sekondi-Takoradi	445,205
Total Ghana	24,658,823	238,533

There are 3–4 million Ghanaians in the diaspora.[31]

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Ghana's cultural diversity is most evident in cuisine, arts, literature, heritage, music, dance, clothing, and sports.[52][53]

Kente is a Ghanaian ceremonial cloth traditionally used as the national costume. Kente is hand-woven on a horizontal treadle loom in strips measuring about 4 inches wide, which are sewn together into larger pieces of cloth. Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs, which have different meanings, and are worn on important social occasions.[52] During the 13th century, Ghanaians developed their unique art of adinkra printing.

Notable Ghanaian authors include novelists Ayi Kwei Armah (The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born), Ama Ata Aidoo (Our Sister Killjoy: or Reflections from a Black-eyed Squint) and J. E. Casely Hayford, author of Osiris Rising. In addition to novels, other literary genres such as theatre and poetry have been well developed at a national level.

Ghanaian music incorporates several distinct types of instruments, including talking drums, the atenteben and koloko lute, the atumpan, and log xylophones used in asonko music. The most well-known genre to come from Ghana is highlife.[54] Highlife originated in the late 19th century and early 20th century. In the 1990s, a new genre of music, hiplife, was created through the combination of highlife, Afro-reggae, dancehall and hip hop.[55] Hiplife is the most popular Ghanaian music,[56] followed by the other genre of Ghanaian music, highlife.[57] Ghanaian dance is globally well known and performed worldwide.[55] The dances are varied and may involve complex and co-ordinated movement of the arms, torso, hips, feet and head, performed to different Ghanaian music forms for entertainment, celebrating at festivals, and other occasions. Some popular dances include Adowa and Azonto.[58] Other traditional dances from Ghana are Kpanlogo, Klama and Bamaya.[58]

Sports in Ghana is dominated by association football represented by the Ghana Premier League and the Ghana national football team.[59] The rich culture in Ghana led to the annual festival held at the capital region, Greater Accra at the James Town township which is celebrated along with the Homowo festival. This new festival called CHALEWOTE[60] has caught the eyes of many who seek to experience the true Ghanaian culture and festival for themselves.

Ghanaian girl in traditional Ghanaian kente clothing and national costume.

In Ghanaian society polygyny – marriages in which men are permitted to have more than one wife at the same time[61] – has been traditionally practised, especially among well-to-do Ghanaian men.[61] Among matrilineal groups, such as the Akan, married women continued to reside at their maternal homes.[61] Meals prepared by the wife would be carried to the husband at his maternal house.[61] In polygynous situations, visitation schedules would be arranged.[61] The separate living patterns reinforced the idea that each spouse is subject to the authority of a different household head, and because spouses are always members of different lineages, each is ultimately subject to the authority of the senior men of his or her lineage.[61] The wife, as an outsider in the husband's family, would not inherit any of his property, other than that granted to her by her husband as gifts in token appreciation of years of devotion.[61] The children from this matrilineal marriage would be expected to inherit from their mother's family.[61] Today, the percentage of women in polygynous marriages in Ghana's rural areas (23.9 per cent) is almost double that of women in Ghana's urban areas (12.4 per cent).[62] The age group with the most women in polygynous marriages is 45–49, followed by the 15–19 age group and the 40–44 group.[62] Rates of polygynous marriages decrease as education level and wealth level increase.[62]

During 2008–2012, the national literacy rate for women aged 15–24 was 83.2 per cent, only slightly lower than that for males of the same age group (88.3 per cent).[63] However, literacy rates fluctuate across Ghana country and socioeconomic statuses.[62][63] By regions of Ghana, literacy rates for females range from 44 per cent to 81 per cent.[62] Women living at the highest socioeconomic status exhibit the highest literacy rates at 85 per cent, while only 31 per cent of women living at the lowest socioeconomic status are literate.[62] Over the timespan of 2008–12, there were 4 per cent more females enrolled in preschool than males.[63] Net enrolment and attendance ratios for primary school were both about the same for males and females, net enrollment standing at about 84 per cent and net attendance at about 73 per cent.[63] Enrolment in secondary school for females was slightly lower than for males (44.4 per cent vs. 48.1 per cent), but female attendance was higher by about the same difference (39.7 per cent vs. 43.6 per cent).[63]

As of 2011, women made up 66.9 per cent of economically active population in Ghana.[64] Within the informal sector, women usually work in personal services.[64] There are distinct differences in artisan apprenticeships offered to women and men, as well.[64] Men are offered a much wider range of apprenticeships, such as carpenters, masons, blacksmiths, mechanics, painters, repairers of electrical and electronic appliances, upholsters, metal workers, car sprayers, etc.[64] In contrast, most female artisans are involved in either hairdressing or dressmaking.[64] Women generally experience a disparity in earnings, receiving a daily average of 6,280 cedis compared to 8,560 cedis received by men, according to the Ghana Living Standards Survey.[64] Women are flourishing in teaching professions.[61]

Ghana Armed Forces (GAF) Military Female Sergeant at a GAF military exercise, 2013 in Ghana.

Early 1990s' data showed that about 19 per cent of the instructional staff at the nation's three universities in 1990 was female.[61] Of the teaching staff in specialized and diploma-granting institutions, 20 per cent was female; elsewhere, corresponding figures were 21 per cent at secondary-school level; 23 per cent at middle-school level, and as high as 42 per cent at primary-school level.[61] Women also dominated the secretarial and nursing professions in Ghana.[61] When women were employed in the same line of work as men, they were paid equal wages, and they were granted maternity leave with pay.[61] However, women in research professions report experiencing more difficulties than men in the same field, which can be linked to restricted professional networks for women because of lingering traditional familial roles.[65]

Feminist organizing has increased in Ghana as women seek to obtain a stronger role in the nation's democratic government.[66] In 2004, a coalition of women created the Women's Manifesto for Ghana, a document that demands economic and political equality as well as reproductive health care and other rights.[66] The National Council for Women and Development (NCWD) is fervent in its stance that the social and economic well-being of women, who compose slightly more than half of the nation's population, cannot be taken for granted.[61] The Council sponsored a number of studies on women's work, education, and training, and on family issues that are relevant in the design and execution of policies for the improvement of the condition of women.[61] Among these considerations the NCWD stressed family planning, child care, and female education as paramount.[61][67]

The government of Ghana in 2007 took legal proceedings to prosecute men who abuse their women.[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]

President of the Republic of Ghana and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces: Nkrumah, Rawlings, Kufuor, Mills and Mahama.

In 1966, Nkrumah was deposed, after which Ghana entered a period of military rule. On 31 December 1981, the regime led by Flight lieutenant Jerry John Rawlings installed the Provisional National Defence Council (PNDC), of which he became chairman. In 1992, Rawlings retired from the military and set up the National Democratic Congress (NDC), and was subsequently elected for two terms as president.

In 2002, John Agyekum Kufuor succeeded Rawlings as Ghanaian head of state until the year 2008. Kufuor was replaced as Ghanaian head of state by John Atta Mills until 2012.[76] In 2013, John Dramani Mahama succeeded Mills as the Republic of Ghana President and Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces.[76]

On 7 January 2017, Nana Akufo-Addo took office as President.[77]

• List of Ghanaians
• Lists of rulers of Ghana
• Akan people
• Mole-Dagbon
• Kingdom of Dagbon

Wikiquote has quotations related to Ghanaians.

• Ghanaian Culture, National Identity and Development Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine