Global Gender Gap Report

The Global Gender Gap Report is an index designed to measure gender equality. It was first published in 2006 by the World Economic Forum.[1]

Cover of the 2008 report

It "assesses countries on how well they are dividing their resources and opportunities among their male and female populations, regardless of the overall levels of these resources and opportunities," the Report says.[2] "By providing a comprehensible framework for assessing and comparing global gender gaps and by revealing those countries that are role models in dividing these resources equitably between women and men, the Report serves as a catalyst for greater awareness as well as greater exchange between policymakers."[2]

According to the World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Report 2023, it will take exactly 131 years for the gender gap to close.[3][4]

Methodology

The report's Gender Gap Index ranks countries according to calculated gender gap between women and men in four key areas: health, education, economy and politics to gauge the state of gender equality in a country.

The report examines four overall areas of inequality between men and women in 130 economies around the globe, over 93% of the world's population:

  • Economic participation and opportunity – outcomes on salaries, participation levels and access to high-skilled employment
  • Educational attainment – outcomes on access to basic and higher-level education
  • Political empowerment – outcomes on representation in decision-making structures
  • Health and survival – outcomes on life expectancy and sex ratio. In this case parity is not assumed, there are assumed to be fewer female births than male (944 female for every 1,000 males), and men are assumed to die younger. Provided that women live at least six percent longer than men, parity is assumed. But if it is less than six percent it counts as a gender gap.[5]

Thirteen out of the fourteen variables used to create the index are from publicly available "hard data" indicators from international organizations, such as the International Labour Organization, the United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization.[6]

Upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index

1. Economic participation and opportunity
 ratiolimit[7]weight[8]value
* Labour force participation1.00.1990.199
* Wage equality for similar work1.00.3100.310
* Estimated earned income1.00.2210.221
* Legislators, senior officials and managers1.00.1490.149
* Professional and technical workers1.00.1210.121
 sum1.01.0
2. Educational attainment
 ratiolimit[7]weight[8]value
* Literacy rate1.00.1910.191
* Enrolment in primary education1.00.4590.459
* Enrolment in secondary education1.00.2290.229
* Enrolment in tertiary education1.00.1210.121
 sum1.01.0
3. Health and survival
 ratiolimit[7]weight[8]value
* Sex ratio at birth0.944[9]0.6930.654
* Healthy life expectancy1.060[10]0.3070.325
 sum1.00.980
4. Political empowerment
 ratiolimit[7]weight[8]value
* Women in parliament1.00.3100.310
* Women in ministerial positions1.00.2470.247
* Years with female head of state1.00.4430.443
 sum1.01.0
Compilation
1. Economic participation and opportunity1.000
2. Educational attainment1.000
3. Health and survival0.980
4. Political empowerment1.000
sum  3.980

Gender Gap Index: 3.98 / 4 = 0.9949

This is the upper limiting value of the Gender Gap Index (limes superior) for the female-to-male ratio and for the male-to-female ratio.

WEF Global Gender Gap Index rankings

The highest possible score is 1.0 (equality or better for women, except for lifespan (106% or better for women) and gender parity at birth (94.4% or better for women[11]) and the lowest possible score is 0. Data for some countries are unavailable.[12][13][14] The three highest-ranking countries have closed over 84% of their gender gaps, while the lowest-ranking country has closed only a little over 50% of its gender gap.

Global Gender Gap Report 2020
Location Year [note 1]
Country Region 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015[15] 2016[16] 2017 2018 2020[17] 2021[18] 2022
 AfghanistanSouth AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.444 0.435
 AlbaniaEurope0.66070.66850.65910.66010.67260.67480.66550.64120.68690.7010.704 0.728 0.734 0.769 0.770 0.787
 AlgeriaAfrica0.60180.60680.61110.61190.60520.59910.61120.59660.61820.6320.642 0.629 0.629 0.634 0.633 0.602
 AngolaAfrica0.60390.60340.60320.63530.67120.6624N/A0.66590.63110.6370.643 0.640 0.633 0.660 0.657 0.638
 ArgentinaSouth America0.68290.69820.72090.72110.71870.72360.72120.71950.73170.7340.735 0.732 0.733 0.746 0.752 0.756
 ArmeniaWest AsiaN/A0.66510.66770.66190.66690.66540.66360.66340.66220.6680.669 0.677 0.678 0.684 0.673 0.698
 AustraliaOceania0.71630.72040.72410.72820.72710.72910.72940.73900.74090.7330.721 0.731 0.730 0.731 0.731 0.738
 AustriaEurope0.69860.70600.71530.70310.70910.71650.73910.74370.72660.7330.716 0.709 0.718 0.744 0.777 0.781
 AzerbaijanWest AsiaN/A0.67810.68560.66260.64460.65770.65460.65820.67530.6750.684 0.676 0.680 0.687 0.688 0.687
 BahamasCentral AmericaN/AN/AN/A0.71790.71280.73400.71560.71280.72690.7280.729 0.743 0.741 0.720 0.725 N/A
 BahrainWest Asia0.58940.59310.59270.61360.62170.62320.62980.63340.62610.6440.615 0.632 0.627 0.629 0.632 0.632
 BangladeshSouth Asia0.62700.63140.65310.65260.67020.68120.66840.68480.69730.7040.698 0.719 0.721 0.726 0.719 0.714
 BarbadosCentral AmericaN/AN/A0.71880.72360.71760.71700.72320.73010.72890.7440.739 0.750 0.753 0.749 0.769 0.765
 BelarusEuropeN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.7340.737 0.744 0.747 0.746 0.758 0.750
 BelgiumEurope0.70780.71980.71630.71650.75090.75310.76520.76840.78090.7530.745 0.739 0.738 0.750 0.789 0.793
 BelizeCentral AmericaN/A0.64260.66100.66360.65360.64890.64650.64490.67010.6680.676 0.692 0.662 0.671 0.699 0.695
 BeninAfrica0.57800.56560.55820.56430.57190.58320.62580.5885N/A0.6250.636 0.652 0.654 0.658 0.653 0.612
 BhutanSouth AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.66510.63640.6460.642 0.638 0.638 0.635 0.639 0.637
 BoliviaSouth America0.63350.65740.66670.66930.67510.68620.72220.73400.70490.7490.746 0.758 0.748 0.734 0.722 0.734
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaEuropeN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.713 0.710
 BotswanaAfrica0.68970.67970.68390.70710.68760.68320.67440.67520.71290.7100.715 0.720 0.715 0.709 0.716 0.719
 BrazilSouth America0.65430.66370.67370.66950.66550.66790.69090.69490.69410.6860.687 0.684 0.681 0.691 0.695 0.696
 Brunei DarussalamSoutheast AsiaN/AN/A0.63920.65240.67480.67870.67500.67300.67190.6840.669 0.671 0.686 0.686 0.678 0.680
 BulgariaEurope0.68700.70850.70770.70720.69830.69870.70210.70970.74440.7220.726 0.756 0.756 0.727 0.746 0.740
 Burkina FasoAfrica0.58540.59120.60290.60810.61620.61530.64550.65130.65000.6510.64 0.646 0.629 0.635 0.651 0.659
 BurundiAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.72700.73380.73970.75650.7480.768 0.755 0.741 0.745 0.769 0.777
 CambodiaSoutheast Asia0.62910.63530.64690.64100.64820.64640.64570.65090.65200.6620.658 0.676 0.683 0.694 0.685 0.690
 CameroonAfrica0.58650.59190.60170.61080.61100.60730.62910.6560N/A0.6820.684 0.689 0.714 0.686 0.692 0.692
 CanadaNorth America0.71650.71980.71360.71960.73720.74070.73810.74250.74640.7400.731 0.769 0.771 0.772 0.772 0.772
 Cape VerdeAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.71800.71220.71330.7170.729 0.686 0.702 0.725 0.716 0.736
 ChadAfrica0.52470.53810.52900.54170.53300.53340.55940.55880.57640.5800.587 0.575 0.580 0.596 0.593 0.579
 ChileSouth America0.64550.64820.68180.68840.70130.70300.66760.66700.69750.6980.699 0.704 0.717 0.723 0.716 0.736
 ChinaEast Asia0.65610.66430.68780.69070.68810.68660.68530.69080.68300.6820.676 0.674 0.673 0.676 0.682 0.682
 ColombiaSouth America0.70490.70900.69440.69390.69270.67140.69010.71710.71220.7250.727 0.731 0.729 0.758 0.725 0.710
 Comoros Africa N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.631
 Costa RicaCentral America0.69360.70140.71110.71800.71940.72660.72250.72410.71650.7320.736 0.727 0.749 0.782 0.786 0.796
 Côte d'IvoireAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/A0.56910.57730.57850.58140.58740.6060.597 0.611 0.627 0.606 0.637 0.632
 CroatiaEurope0.71450.72100.69670.69440.69390.70060.70530.70690.70750.7080.7 0.711 0.712 0.720 0.733 N/A
 CubaCentral AmericaN/A0.71690.71950.71760.72530.73940.74170.75400.73170.7400.74 0.745 0.749 0.746 0.746 N/A
 CyprusWest Asia0.64300.65220.66940.67060.66420.65670.67320.68010.67410.6710.684 0.684 0.684 0.692 0.707 0.696
 Czech RepublicEurope0.67120.67180.67700.67890.68500.67890.67670.67700.67370.6870.69 0.688 0.693 0.706 0.711 0.710
 Democratic Republic of the CongoAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.576 0.575
 DenmarkEurope0.74620.75190.75380.76280.77190.77780.77770.77790.80250.7670.754 0.776 0.778 0.782 0.768 0.764
 Dominican RepublicCentral America0.66390.67050.67440.68590.67740.66820.66590.68670.69060.6860.676 0.697 0.701 0.700 0.699 0.703
 EcuadorSouth America0.64330.68810.70910.72200.70720.70350.72060.73890.74550.7380.726 0.724 0.729 0.729 0.739 0.743
 EgyptAfrica0.57860.58090.58320.58620.58990.59330.59750.59350.60640.5990.614 0.608 0.614 0.629 0.639 0.635
 El SalvadorCentral America0.68370.68530.68750.69390.65960.65670.66300.66090.68630.7060.702 0.705 0.690 0.706 0.738 0.727
 EstoniaEurope0.69440.70080.70760.70940.70180.69830.69770.69970.70170.7490.747 0.731 0.734 0.751 0.733 0.733
 EswatiniAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.6700.665 0.670 N/A N/A 0.729 0.728
 EthiopiaAfrica0.59460.59910.58670.59480.60190.61360.62000.61980.61440.6400.662 0.656 0.656 0.705 0.691 0.710
 FijiOceaniaN/AN/AN/A0.64140.62560.62550.62850.62860.62860.645N/A N/A 0.669 0.678 0.674 0.676
 FinlandEurope0.79580.80440.81950.82520.82600.83830.84510.84210.84530.8500.845 0.823 0.821 0.832 0.861 0.860
 FranceEurope0.65200.68240.73410.73310.70250.70180.69840.70890.75880.7610.755 0.778 0.779 0.781 0.784 0.791
 Gambia, TheAfrica0.64480.64210.66220.67520.67620.67630.6630N/AN/A0.6740.667 0.649 0.642 0.628 0.644 0.641
 GeorgiaWest Asia0.67000.66650.66540.66800.65980.66240.66910.67500.68550.6870.681 0.679 0.677 0.708 0.732 0.731
 GermanyEurope0.75240.76180.73940.74490.75300.75900.76290.75830.77800.7790.766 0.778 0.776 0.787 0.796 0.801
 GhanaAfrica0.66530.67250.66790.67040.67820.68110.67780.68110.66610.7040.705 0.695 0.688 0.673 0.666 0.672
 GreeceEurope0.65400.66480.67270.66620.69080.69160.67160.67820.67840.6850.68 0.692 0.696 0.701 0.689 0.689
 GuatemalaCentral America0.60670.61440.60720.62090.62380.62290.62600.63040.68210.6670.666 0.667 0.668 0.666 0.655 0.664
 GuineaAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.6180.64 0.659 0.656 0.642 0.660 0.647
 GuyanaSouth AmericaN/AN/AN/A0.71080.70900.70840.71190.70850.70100.702N/A N/A N/A N/A 0.728 0.752
 HondurasCentral America0.64830.66610.69600.68930.69270.69450.67630.67730.69350.6880.69 0.711 0.706 0.722 0.716 0.705
 HungaryEurope0.66980.67310.68670.68790.67200.66420.67180.67420.67590.6720.669 0.670 0.674 0.677 0.688 0.699
 IcelandEurope0.78130.78360.79990.82760.84960.85300.86400.87310.85940.8810.874 0.878 0.858 0.877 0.892 0.908
 IndiaSouth Asia0.60110.59360.60600.61510.61550.61900.64420.65510.64550.6640.683 0.669 0.665 0.668 0.625 0.629
 IndonesiaSoutheast Asia0.65410.65500.64730.65800.66150.65940.65910.66130.67250.6810.682 0.691 0.691 0.700 0.688 0.697
 IranWest Asia0.58030.59030.60210.58390.59330.58940.59270.58420.58110.5800.587 0.583 0.589 0.584 0.582 0.576
 IraqWest AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.535 N/A
 IrelandEurope0.73350.74570.75180.75970.77730.78300.78390.78230.78500.8070.797 0.794 0.796 0.798 0.800 0.804
 IsraelWest Asia0.68890.69650.69000.70190.69570.69260.69890.70320.70050.7120.719 0.721 0.722 0.718 0.724 0.727
 ItalyEurope0.64560.64980.67880.67980.67650.67960.67290.68850.69730.7260.719 0.692 0.706 0.707 0.721 0.720
 JamaicaCentral America0.70140.69250.69800.70130.70370.70280.70350.70850.71280.7030.724 0.717 0.724 0.735 0.741 0.749
 JapanEast Asia0.64470.64550.64340.64470.65240.65140.65300.64980.65840.6700.66 0.657 0.662 0.652 0.656 0.650
 JordanWest Asia0.61090.62030.62750.61820.60480.61170.61030.60930.59680.5930.603 0.604 0.605 0.623 0.683 0.639
 KazakhstanCentral Asia0.69280.69830.69760.70130.70550.70100.72130.72180.72100.7190.718 0.713 0.712 0.710 0.710 0.719
 KenyaAfrica0.64860.65080.65470.65120.64990.64930.67680.68030.72580.7190.702 0.694 0.700 0.671 0.692 0.729
 Korea, Rep.East Asia0.61570.64090.61540.61460.63420.62810.63560.63510.64030.6510.649 0.650 0.657 0.672 0.687 0.689
 KuwaitWest Asia0.63410.64090.63580.63560.63180.63220.63200.62920.64570.6460.624 0.679 0.630 0.650 0.621 0.632
 Kyrgyz RepublicCentral Asia0.67420.66530.70450.70580.69730.70360.70130.69480.69740.6930.687 0.691 0.691 0.689 0.681 0.700
 LaosSoutheast AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.69930.70440.713N/A 0.703 0.748 0.731 0.750 0.733
 LatviaEurope0.70910.73330.73970.74160.74290.73990.75720.76100.76910.7520.755 0.756 0.758 0.785 0.778 0.771
 LebanonWest AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/A0.60840.60830.60300.60280.59230.5980.598 0.596 0.595 0.599 0.638 0.644
 LesothoAfrica0.68070.70780.73200.74950.76780.76660.76080.75300.72550.7060.706 0.695 0.693 0.695 0.698 0.700
 LiberiaAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.6520.652 0.669 0.681 0.685 0.693 0.709
 LithuaniaEurope0.70770.72340.72220.71750.71320.71310.71910.73080.72080.7400.744 0.742 0.749 0.745 0.804 0.799
 LuxembourgEurope0.66710.67860.68020.68890.72310.72160.74390.74100.73330.7380.734 0.706 0.712 0.725 0.726 0.736
 North MacedoniaEurope0.69830.69670.69140.69500.69960.69660.69680.70130.69430.7010.696 0.702 0.707 0.711 0.715 0.716
 MadagascarAfrica0.63850.64610.67360.67320.67130.67970.69820.70160.72140.6980.704 0.692 0.691 0.719 0.725 0.735
 MalawiAfrica0.64370.64800.66640.67380.68240.68500.71660.71390.72810.7010.7 0.672 0.662 0.664 0.671 0.632
 MalaysiaSoutheast Asia0.65090.64440.64420.64670.64790.65250.65390.65180.65200.6550.666 0.670 0.676 0.677 0.676 0.681
 MaldivesSouth AsiaN/A0.63500.65010.64820.64520.64800.66160.66040.65570.652.65 0.669 0.662 0.646 0.642 0.648
 MaliAfrica0.59960.60190.61170.58600.56800.57520.58420.58720.57790.5990.591 0.583 0.582 0.621 0.591 0.601
 MaltaEurope0.65180.66150.66340.66350.66950.66580.66660.67610.67070.6680.664 0.682 0.686 0.693 0.703 0.703
 MauritaniaAfrica0.58350.60220.61170.61030.61520.61640.61290.58100.60290.6130.624 0.614 0.607 0.614 0.606 N/A
 MauritiusAfrica0.63280.64870.64660.65130.65200.65290.65470.65990.65410.6460.652 0.664 0.663 0.665 0.679 0.679
 MexicoNorth America0.64620.64410.64410.65030.65770.66040.67120.69170.69000.6990.7 0.692 0.721 0.754 0.757 0.764
 MoldovaEurope0.71280.71720.72440.71040.71600.70830.71010.70370.74050.7420.741 0.740 0.733 0.757 0.768 0.788
 MongoliaEast Asia0.68210.67310.70490.72210.71940.71400.71110.72040.72120.7090.705 0.713 0.714 0.706 0.716 0.715
 MontenegroEuropeN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.6890.681 0.693 0.706 0.710 0.732 0.732
 MoroccoAfrica0.58270.56760.57570.59260.57670.58040.58330.58450.59880.5930.597 0.598 0.607 0.605 0.612 0.624
 MozambiqueAfricaN/A0.68830.72660.71950.73290.72510.73500.73490.73700.7410.75 0.741 0.721 0.723 0.758 0.752
 MyanmarSoutheast AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.691 0.690 0.665 0.681 0.677
 NamibiaAfrica0.68640.70120.71410.71670.72380.71770.71210.70940.72190.7600.765 0.777 0.789 0.784 0.809 0.807
   NepalSouth Asia0.54780.55750.59420.62130.60840.58880.60260.60530.64580.6580.661 0.664 0.671 0.680 0.683 0.692
 NetherlandsEurope0.72500.73830.73990.74900.74440.74700.76590.76080.77300.7760.756 0.737 0.747 0.736 0.762 0.767
 New ZealandOceania0.75090.76490.78590.78800.78080.78100.78050.77990.77720.7820.781 0.791 0.801 0.799 0.840 0.841
 NicaraguaCentral America0.65660.64580.67470.70020.71760.72450.76970.77150.78940.7760.78 0.814 0.809 0.804 0.796 0.810
 NigerAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.629 0.635
 NigeriaAfrica0.61040.61220.63390.62800.60550.60110.63150.64690.63910.6380.643 0.641 0.621 0.635 0.627 0.639
 NorwayEurope0.79940.80590.82390.82270.84040.84040.84030.84170.83740.8500.842 0.830 0.835 0.842 0.849 0.845
 OmanWest AsiaN/A0.59030.59600.59380.59500.58730.59860.60530.60910.6040.612 N/A 0.605 0.602 0.608 0.609
 PakistanSouth Asia0.54340.55090.55490.54580.54650.55830.54780.54590.55220.5590.556 0.546 0.550 0.564 0.556 0.564
 PanamaCentral America0.69350.69540.70950.70240.70720.70420.71220.71640.71950.7720.721 0.722 0.722 0.730 0.737 0.743
 Papua New GuineaOceaniaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.635 N/A
 ParaguaySouth America0.65560.66590.63790.68680.68040.68180.67140.67240.68900.6660.676 0.678 0.672 0.683 0.702 0.707
 PeruSouth America0.66190.66240.69590.70240.68950.67960.67420.67870.71980.6830.687 0.719 0.720 0.714 0.721 0.749
 PhilippinesSoutheast Asia0.75160.76290.75680.75790.76540.76850.77570.78320.78140.7900.786 0.790 0.799 0.781 0.784 0.783
 PolandEurope0.68020.67560.69510.69980.70370.70380.70150.70310.70510.7150.727 0.728 0.728 0.736 0.713 0.709
 PortugalEurope0.69220.69590.70510.70130.71710.71440.70710.70560.72430.7310.737 0.734 0.732 0.744 0.775 0.766
 QatarWest AsiaN/A0.60410.59480.59070.60590.62300.62640.62990.64030.6450.643 0.626 0.629 0.629 0.624 0.617
 RomaniaEurope0.67970.68590.67630.68050.68260.68120.68590.69080.69360.6930.69 0.708 0.711 0.724 0.700 0.698
 RussiaEurope0.67700.68660.69940.69870.70360.70370.69800.69830.69270.6940.691 0.696 0.701 0.706 0.708 N/A
 RwandaAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.7940.8 0.822 0.804 0.791 0.805 0.811
 Saudi ArabiaWest Asia0.52420.56470.55370.56510.57130.57530.57310.58790.60590.6050.583 0.584 0.590 0.599 0.603 0.636
 SenegalAfricaN/AN/AN/A0.64270.64140.65730.66570.69230.69120.6980.685 0.684 0.682 0.684 0.684 0.668
 SerbiaEuropeN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.70370.71160.70860.7200.72 0.727 0.730 0.736 0.780 0.779
 Sierra LeoneAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.655 0.672
 SingaporeSoutheast Asia0.65500.66090.66250.66640.69140.69140.69890.70000.70460.7110.712 0.702 0.707 0.724 0.727 0.734
 SlovakiaEurope0.67570.67970.68240.68450.67780.67970.68240.68570.68060.6750.679 0.694 0.693 0.718 0.712 0.717
 SloveniaEurope0.67450.68420.69370.69820.70470.70410.71320.71550.74430.7840.786 0.805 0.784 0.743 0.741 0.744
 South AfricaAfrica0.71250.71940.72320.77090.75350.74780.74960.75100.75270.7590.764 0.756 0.755 0.780 0.781 0.782
 SpainEurope0.73190.74440.72810.73450.75540.75800.72660.72660.73250.7420.738 0.746 0.746 0.795 0.788 0.788
 Sri LankaSouth Asia0.71990.72300.73710.74020.74580.72120.71220.70190.69030.6860.673 0.669 0.676 0.680 0.670 0.670
 SurinameSouth AmericaN/A0.67940.66740.67260.64070.63950.64090.63690.65040.6700.679 0.689 0.695 0.707 0.729 0.737
 SwedenEurope0.81330.81460.81390.81390.80240.80440.81590.81290.81650.8230.815 0.816 0.822 0.820 0.823 0.822
  SwitzerlandEurope0.69970.69240.73600.74260.75620.76270.76720.77360.77980.7850.776 0.755 0.755 0.779 0.798 0.795
 SyriaWest AsiaN/A0.62160.61810.60720.59260.58960.56260.56610.57750.5680.567 0.568 0.568 0.567 0.568 N/A
 TajikistanCentral AsiaN/A0.65780.65410.66610.65980.65260.66080.66820.66540.6750.679 0.678 0.638 0.626 0.650 0.663
 TanzaniaAfrica0.70380.69690.70680.67970.68290.69040.70910.69280.71820.7180.716 0.700 0.704 0.713 0.707 0.719
 ThailandSoutheast Asia0.68310.68150.69170.69070.69100.68920.68930.69280.70270.7060.699 0.694 0.702 0.708 0.710 0.709
 Timor-LesteSoutheast AsiaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A0.6855N/AN/AN/A0.637 0.628 0.638 0.662 0.720 0.730
 TogoAfricaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.683 0.697
 Trinidad and TobagoCentral America0.67970.68590.72450.72980.73530.73720.71160.71660.71540.7200.723 N/A N/A 0.756 0.749 N/A
 TunisiaAfrica0.62880.62830.62950.62330.62660.6255N/AN/A0.62720.6340.636 0.651 0.648 0.644 0.649 0.643
 TurkeyWest Asia0.58500.57680.58530.58280.58760.59540.60150.60810.61830.6240.623 0.625 0.628 0.635 0.638 0.639
 UgandaAfrica0.67970.68330.69810.70670.71690.72200.72280.70860.68210.7080.704 0.721 0.724 0.717 0.717 0.724
 UkraineEurope0.67970.67900.68560.68960.68690.68610.68940.69350.70560.7020.7 0.705 0.708 0.721 0.714 0.707
 United Arab EmiratesWest Asia0.59190.61840.62200.61980.63970.64540.63920.63720.64360.6460.639 0.649 0.642 0.655 0.716 0.716
 United KingdomEurope0.73650.74410.73660.74020.74600.74620.74330.74400.73830.7580.752 0.770 0.744 0.767 0.775 0.780
 United StatesNorth America0.70420.70020.71790.71730.74110.74120.73730.73920.74630.7400.722 0.718 0.720 0.724 0.763 0.769
 UruguaySouth America0.65490.66080.69070.69360.68970.69070.67450.68030.68710.6790.681 0.710 0.715 0.737 0.702 0.711
 VanuatuOceaniaN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A N/A N/A N/A 0.625 0.670
 VenezuelaSouth America0.66640.67970.68750.68390.68630.68610.70600.70600.68510.6910.694 0.706 0.709 0.713 0.699 N/A
 VietnamSoutheast AsiaN/A0.68890.67780.68020.67760.67320.68670.68630.69150.6870.7 0.698 0.698 0.700 0.701 0.705
 YemenWest Asia0.45950.45100.46640.46090.46030.48730.50540.51280.51450.4840.516 0.516 0.499 0.494 0.492 N/A
 ZambiaAfrica0.63600.62880.62050.63100.62930.63000.62790.63120.63640.650N/A N/A N/A 0.731 0.726 0.723
 ZimbabweAfrica0.64610.64640.64850.65180.65740.6607N/AN/A0.70130.7090.71 0.717 0.721 0.730 0.732 0.734

Limits and criticisms

The report measures women's disadvantage compared to men, and is not a measure of equality of the gender gap. Gender imbalances to the advantage of women do not affect the score.[19] So, for example, the indicator "number of years of a female head of state (last 50 years) over male value" would score 1 if the number of years was 25, but would still score 1 if the number of years was 50. Due to this methodology, gender gaps that favor women over men are reported as equality and would not cause deficits of equality in other areas to become less visible in the score, excepted for life expectancy. To put it more simply: women could be better off in all areas and still the index would deem that country perfectly equal.

The index is designed to "measure gender-based gaps in access to resources and opportunities in countries rather than the actual level of the available resources and opportunities in those countries."[16]

In an academic publication from 2010, Beneria and Permanyer criticized the Global Gender Gap Index for only capturing inequality in certain aspects of women's lives therefore making it an incomplete measure of gender inequality.[20]

In an academic publication from 2019, Stoet and Geary argued that the Global Gender Gap Index has limitations as a measure of gender equality, because of the way it caps scores and because it ignores specific issues on which men are known to fall behind (e.g., risks of working in hazardous jobs).[21] According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2021, the index do not penalize a country where women outperform men in certain aspect and consider that parity is achieved in life expectancy only if women live five years longer than men.[18]

See also

Notes

  1. Years of report publication. Values may reflect data collected the previous year.

References

  1. "Global Gender Gap Report 2017". Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-05-11.
  2. 2008 Report, p. 24
  3. "Global Gender Gap Report 2023". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  4. "To fight climate change, more female leaders are fundamental". European Investment Bank. Retrieved 2023-08-17.
  5. 2014 report, page 5
  6. 2008 Report, p. 5
  7. The Global Gender Gap Report 2018 (GGGR), p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: As a second step, these ratios are truncated at the "equality benchmark”. For all indicators, except the two health indicators, this equality benchmark is considered to be 1, meaning equal numbers of women and men.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … To calculate the Index, all ratios were truncated at the parity benchmark of 1 and thus the highest score possible is 1.
  8. GGGR 2018, p. 6; Table 2: Calculation of weights within each subin-dex
  9. GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data truncation at equality benchmark: … In the case of sex ratio at birth, the equality benchmark is set at 0.944,
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … except for the sex ratio at birth (0.944)
  10. GGGR 2018, p. 5, Construction of the Index, § 2. Data trun-cation at equality benchmark: … the case of healthy life expectancy the equality benchmark is set at 1.06.
    GGGR 2018, p. 42, Country Score Card: … and the healthy life expectancy (1.06) indicators.
  11. 2016 Report, Page 6
  12. http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2012.pdf
  13. "The Global Gender Gap Report 2013" (PDF). World Economic Forum. pp. 12–13.
  14. "Global Gender Gap Report 2014 - Reports - World Economic Forum". Global Gender Gap Report 2014.
  15. "Global Gender Gap Report 2015 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  16. "Global Gender Gap Report 2017 - Rankings". World Economic Forum. 17 November 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  17. "Global Gender Gap Report 2020" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  18. "Global Gender Gap Report 2021" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
  19. Ricardo Hausmann, Harvard University, Laura D. Tyson, University of California, Berkeley, Saadia Zahidi, World Economic Forum, Editors (2009). "The Global Gender Gap Report 2009" (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 5, 2013. Retrieved 2009-11-02. (...) the Index rewards countries that reach the point where outcomes for women equal those for men, but it neither rewards nor penalizes cases in which women are outperforming men in particular variables {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. Beneria, L., Permanyer, I.,(2010). The Measurement of Socio-economic Gender Inequality Revisited, Development and Change, 41:3, pp.375-399
  21. Stoet, G. & Geary, D.C. (2019). A simplified approach to measuring national gender inequality, PLOS ONE 14(1): e0205349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205349

Reports

  • Ricardo Hausmann; Laura D. Tyson; Yasmina Bekhouche; Saadia Zahidi (2014). The Global Gender Gap Index 2014 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2014-11-26.
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2013). The Global Gender Gap Report 2013 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2013-10-26. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2012). The Global Gender Gap Report 2012 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2012-10-26. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF).
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2010). The Global Gender Gap Report 2010 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2010-10-20. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2009). The Global Gender Gap Report 2009 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-04-05. Retrieved 2009-11-02. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2008). The Global Gender Gap Report 2008 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2007). The Global Gender Gap Report 2007 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Ricardo Hausmann, Laura D. Tyson, Saadia Zahidi, Editors (2006). The Global Gender Gap Report 2006 (PDF). World Economic Forum, Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved 2008-11-19. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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