Google Maps

Google Maps first started as a C++ program designed by two Danish brothers, Lars and Jens Eilstrup Rasmussen, and Noel Gordon and Stephen Ma, at Sydney-based Where 2 Technologies. It was first designed to be separately downloaded by users, but the company later pitched the idea for a purely Web-based product to Google management, changing the method of distribution.[9] In October 2004, the company was acquired by Google Inc.[10] where it transformed into the web application Google Maps.

In the same month, Google acquired Keyhole, a geospatial data visualization company (with investment from the CIA), whose marquee application suite, Earth Viewer, emerged as the Google Earth application in 2005 while other aspects of its core technology were integrated into Google Maps.[11] In September 2004, Google acquired ZipDash, a company that provided real-time traffic analysis.[12]

Google Maps Beta in 2005

The launch of Google Maps was first announced on the Google Blog on February 8, 2005.[13]

In September 2005, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Google Maps quickly updated its satellite imagery of New Orleans to allow users to view the extent of the flooding in various parts of that city.[14][15]

As of 2007, Google Maps is equipped with a miniature view with a draggable rectangle that denotes the area shown in the main viewport, and "Info windows" for previewing details about locations on maps.[16]

Original Google Maps icon

On November 28, 2007, Google Maps for Mobile 2.0 was released.[17][18][19] It featured a beta version of a "My Location" feature, which uses the GPS / Assisted GPS location of the mobile device, if available, supplemented by determining the nearest wireless networks and cell sites.[18][19] The software looks up the location of the cell site using a database of known wireless networks and sites.[20][21] By triangulating the different signal strengths from cell transmitters and then using their location property (retrieved from the database), My Location determines the user's current location.[22]

On September 23, 2008, coinciding with the announcement of the first commercial Android device, Google announced that a Google Maps app had been released for its Android operating system.[23][24]

In October 2009, Google replaced Tele Atlas as their primary supplier of geospatial data in the US version of Maps and used their own data.[25]

On April 19, 2011, Map Maker was added to the American version of Google Maps, allowing any viewer to edit and add changes to Google Maps. This provides Google with local map updates almost in real-time instead of waiting for digital map data companies to release more infrequent updates.

Icon used until 2020

On January 31, 2012, Google, due to offering its Maps for free, was found guilty of abusing the dominant position of its Google Maps application and ordered by a court to pay a fine and damages to Bottin Cartographer, a French mapping company.[26] This ruling was overturned on appeal.[27]

In June 2012, Google started mapping the UK's rivers and canals in partnership with the Canal and River Trust. The company has stated that "it would update the program during the year to allow users to plan trips which include locks, bridges and towpaths along the 2,000 miles of river paths in the UK."[28]

A monument in the shape of a Google Maps pin in the center of the city of Szczecin, Poland

In December 2012, the Google Maps application was separately made available in the App Store, after Apple removed it from its default installation of the mobile operating system version iOS 6 in September 2012.[29]

On January 29, 2013, Google Maps was updated to include a map of North Korea.[30] As of May 3, 2013, Google Maps recognizes Palestine as a country, instead of redirecting to the Palestinian territories.[31]

In August 2013, Google Maps removed the Wikipedia Layer, which provided links to Wikipedia content about locations shown in Google Maps using Wikipedia geocodes.[32]

On April 12, 2014, Google Maps was updated to reflect the annexation of Ukrainian Crimea by Russia. Crimea is shown as the Republic of Crimea in Russia and as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in Ukraine. All other versions show a dotted disputed border.[33]

In April 2015, on a map near the Pakistani city of Rawalpindi, the imagery of the Android logo urinating on the Apple logo was added via Map Maker and appeared on Google Maps. The vandalism was soon removed and Google publicly apologized.[34] However, as a result, Google disabled user moderation on Map Maker, and on May 12, disabled editing worldwide until it could devise a new policy for approving edits and avoiding vandalism.[35]

On April 29, 2015, users of the classic Google Maps were forwarded to the new Google Maps with the option to be removed from the interface.[36]

On July 14, 2015, the Chinese name for Scarborough Shoal was removed after a petition from the Philippines was posted on Change.org.[37]

On June 27, 2016, Google rolled out new satellite imagery worldwide sourced from Landsat 8, comprising over 700 trillion pixels of new data.[38] In September 2016, Google Maps acquired mapping analytics startup Urban Engines.[39]

In 2016, the Government of South Korea offered Google conditional access to the country's geographic database – access that already allows indigenous Korean mapping providers high-detail maps. Google declined the offer, as it was unwilling to accept restrictions on reducing the quality around locations the South Korean Government felt were sensitive (see restrictions on geographic data in South Korea).[40]

On October 16, 2017, Google Maps was updated with accessible imagery of several planets and moons such as Titan, Mercury, and Venus, as well as direct access to imagery of the Moon and Mars.[41][42]

In May 2018, Google announced major changes to the API structure starting June 11, 2018. This change consolidated the 18 different endpoints into three services and merged the basic and premium plans into one pay-as-you-go plan.[43] This meant a 1400% price raise for users on the basic plan, with only six weeks of notice. This caused a harsh reaction within the developers community.[44] In June, Google postponed the change date to July 16, 2018.

In August 2018, Google Maps designed its overall view (when zoomed out completely) into a 3D globe dropping the Mercator projection that projected the planet onto a flat surface.[45]

2020 icon redesign

In January 2019, Google Maps added speed trap and speed camera alerts as reported by other users.[46][47]

On October 17, 2019, Google Maps was updated to include incident reporting, resembling a functionality in Waze which was acquired by Google in 2013.[48]

In December 2019, Incognito mode was added, allowing users to enter destinations without saving entries to their Google accounts.[49]

In February 2020, Maps received a 15th anniversary redesign.[50] It notably added a brand-new app icon, which now resembles the original icon in 2005.

On September 23, 2020, Google announced a COVID-19 Layer update for Google maps, which is designed to offer a seven-day average data of the total COVID-19-positive cases per 100,000 people in the area selected on the map. It also features a label indicating the rise and fall in the number of cases.[51]

In January 2021, Google announced that it would be launching a new feature displaying COVID-19 vaccination sites.[52]

In January 2021 Google announced updates to the route planner that would accommodate drivers of electric vehicles. Routing would take into account the type of vehicle, vehicle status including current charge, and the locations of charging stations.[53]

In June 2022, Google Maps added a layer displaying air quality for certain countries.[54]

In September 2022, Google silently removed the COVID-19 Layer from Google Maps due to little usage of the feature.[55]

Google Maps provides a route planner,[56] allowing users to find available directions through driving, public transportation, walking, or biking.[57] Google has partnered globally with over 800 public transportation providers to adopt GTFS (General Transit Feed Specification), making the data available to third parties.[58][59] The app can indicate users' transit route, thanks to an October 2019 update. The incognito mode, eyes-free walking navigation features were released earlier.[60] A July 2020 update provided bike share routes.[61]

Screenshot of Google Maps with traffic option enabled

In 2007, Google began offering traffic data as a colored overlay on top of roads and motorways to represent the speed of vehicles on particular roads. Crowdsourcing is used to obtain the GPS-determined locations of a large number of cellphone users, from which live traffic maps are produced.[62][63][64]

Google has stated that the speed and location information it collects to calculate traffic conditions is anonymous.[65] Options available in each phone's settings allow users not to share information about their location with Google Maps.[66] Google stated, "Once you disable or opt out of My Location, Maps will not continue to send radio information back to Google servers to determine your handset's approximate location".[67]

Google Maps car at Googleplex, Mountain View

On May 25, 2007, Google released Google Street View, a feature of Google Maps providing 360° panoramic street-level views of various locations. On the date of release, the feature only included five cities in the U.S. It has since expanded to thousands of locations around the world. In July 2009, Google began mapping college campuses and surrounding paths and trails.

Street View garnered much controversy after its release because of privacy concerns about the uncensored nature of the panoramic photographs, although the views are only taken on public streets.[68][69] Since then, Google has blurred faces and license plates through automated facial recognition.[70][71][72]

Google Maps Street View Trekker backpack being implemented on the sidewalk of the Hudson River Greenway in New York City

In late 2014, Google launched Google Underwater Street View, including 2,300 kilometres (1,400 mi) of the Australian Great Barrier Reef in 3D. The images are taken by special cameras which turn 360 degrees and take shots every 3 seconds.[73]

In 2017, in both Google Maps and Google Earth, Street View navigation of the International Space Station interior spaces became available.

It was announced at the Google I/O 2022 event that 3D images would be created using Street View. It was to be initially in five cities worldwide, with plans to add it to other cities later on.[74]

Immersive View was to be available initially in the following locations:

Locations with Immersive View

Country	Locations
Argentina	Buenos Aires
Australia	Melbourne, Sydney
Austria	Vienna
Belgium	Brussels
Brazil	Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo
Canada	Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver
Chile	Santiago
Czech Republic	Prague
France	Nice, Paris
Germany	Berlin, Cologne, Frankfurt, Munich
Greece	Athens
Hong Kong	Hong Kong
Hungary	Budapest
Italy	Florence, Milan, Rome, Venice
Japan	Kyoto, Nagoya, Osaka, Tokyo
Mexico	Guadalajara, Mexico City
Netherlands	Amsterdam
Norway	Oslo
Poland	Warsaw
Portugal	Lisbon, Porto
Romania	Bucharest
Singapore	Singapore
South Africa	Cape Town, Johannesburg
Spain	Barcelona, Madrid
Sweden	Stockholm
Switzerland	Zurich
Taiwan	Taichung, Taipei
United Kingdom	Edinburgh, London
United States	Boston, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle
Vatican City	Vatican City

Google added icons of city attractions like on Apple Maps on October 3, 2019. In the first stage, such icons were added to 9 cities.[75]

Landmark Icons was to be available initially in the following locations:

Locations with Landmark Icons

Locations	Country	City attractions
Amsterdam	The Netherlands	Anne Frank House, Het Scheepvaartmuseum, Magna Plaza, NEMO, Oude Kerk, Rembrandt House Museum, Rijksmuseum, Royal Palace of Amsterdam, Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam, Van Gogh Museum
Baku	Azerbaijan	Azerbaijan State Carpet Museum, Flame Towers, Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center, Taza Pir Mosque
Bangkok	Thailand	Asiatique, Jim Thompson House, Yaowarat Chinatown Heritage Center, Wat Arun, Wat Benchamabophit, Wat Pho, Wat Phra Kaew, Wat Saket
Bangalore	India	Bangalore Fort, Bangalore Palace, ISKCON Temple, Tipu Sultan's Summer Palace, St. Mary's Basilica, Vidhana Soudha, Visvesvaraya Industrial and Technological Museum
Barcelona	Spain	Camp Nou, Casa Milà, Plaça de Catalunya, Sagrada Família
Berlin	Germany	Berlin Cathedral, Brandenburg Gate, Fernsehturm Berlin, Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Pergamon Museum, Reichstag building, The Wall Museum, Victory Column
Boston	United States	African Meeting House, Faneuil Hall, Institute of Contemporary Art, Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Museum of Fine Arts, Old North Church, Old State House
Budapest	Hungary	Buda Castle, Great Market Hall, Heroes' Square, Hungarian Parliament, Hungarian State Opera House, Matthias Church, St. Stephen's Basilica
Dubai	United Arab Emirates	Burj Khalifa, Dubai Frame, Dubai Museum, Jumeirah Mosque, The Dubai Fountain
Florence	Italy	Florence Cathedral, Palazzo Pitti, Santa Croce
Istanbul	Turkey	Blue Mosque, Chora Church, Dolmabahçe Palace, Galata Tower, Hagia Sophia, Maiden's Tower, Obelisk of Theodosius, Topkapı Palace
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia	Batu Caves, Independence Square, Islamic Arts Museum Malaysia, Jamek Mosque, Kuala Lumpur Tower, National Mosque of Malaysia, Petronas Towers, Thean Hou Temple
Kyoto	Japan	Heian Shrine, Ginkaku-ji, Kinkaku-ji, Kiyomizu-dera, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Kyoto Tower, Nanzen-ji, Nijō Castle, Tenryū-ji, Tō-ji, Yasaka Shrine
London	United Kingdom	Big Ben, British Museum, Buckingham Palace, Kensington Palace, London Eye, St Paul's Cathedral, Tower of London, Westminster Abbey
Los Angeles	United States	Getty Center, Getty Villa, Grauman's Chinese Theatre, Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Santa Monica Pier, Walt Disney Concert Hall
Madrid	Spain	Almudena Cathedral, Madrid Royal Conservatory, Museo del Prado, Palacio de Cristal del Retiro, Plaza de España, Plaza Mayor, Puerta de Alcalá, Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
Milan	Italy	Basilica of San Lorenzo, Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, Castello Sforzesco, Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II, La Scala, Milan Cathedral, Pinacoteca di Brera, Royal Palace of Milan, Santa Maria delle Grazie
Mumbai	India	Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Gateway of India, Global Vipassana Pagoda, Haji Ali Dargah, Siddhivinayak Temple
Munich	Germany	Alte Pinakothek, BMW Welt, Frauenkirche, Hofbräuhaus am Platzl, Munich Residenz, New Town Hall, Nymphenburg Palace, Olympiapark, St. Peter's Church
New York City	United States	Empire State Building, Flatiron Building, One World Trade Center, Rockefeller Center, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Statue of Liberty
Osaka	Japan	Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan, Osaka Castle, Osaka Science Museum, Osaka Tenmangū, Sumiyoshi Taisha, Tower of the Sun, Tsūtenkaku, Umeda Sky Building
Paris	France	Arc de Triomphe, Eiffel Tower, Les Invalides, Louvre, Notre-Dame de Paris, Palais Garnier, Panthéon, Place de la Concorde, Sacré-Cœur, Sainte-Chapelle
Prague	Czech Republic	Church of Our Lady before Týn, Dancing House, National Museum, Petřín Lookout Tower, Powder Tower, Prague Astronomical Clock, Prague Castle, Vyšehrad
Rome	Italy	Campitelli, Castel Sant'Angelo, Colosseum, Pantheon, Piazza Navona, Piazza Venezia, Roman Forum, Santa Maria Maggiore, Trevi Fountain
San Francisco	United States	Alcatraz Island, Coit Tower, Painted ladies, Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco Ferry Building, Transamerica Pyramid
Sydney	Australia	Museum of Contemporary Art Australia, Sea Life Sydney Aquarium, St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney Observatory, Sydney Opera House, Sydney Town Hall
Tokyo	Japan	Meiji Shrine, Roppongi Hills Mori Tower, Sensō-ji, Tokyo Imperial Palace, Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo Skytree, Tokyo Tower
Vatican City	Vatican City	St. Peter's Basilica
Vienna	Austria	Albertina, Belvedere, Hofburg Place, Karlskirche, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna City Hall, Vienna State Opera, Wiener Riesenrad

An example of the Leaning Tower of Pisa in the 45° view

In December 2009, Google introduced a new view consisting of 45° angle aerial imagery, offering a "bird's-eye view" of cities. The first cities available were San Jose and San Diego. This feature was initially available only to developers via the Google Maps API.[76] In February 2010, it was introduced as an experimental feature in Google Maps Labs.[77] In July 2010, 45° imagery was made available in Google Maps in select cities in South Africa, the United States, Germany and Italy.[78]

A business listing in Google Maps showing opening times, reviews and photos. This screenshot is from the Android mobile app.

Google collates business listings from multiple on-line and off-line sources. To reduce duplication in the index, Google's algorithm combines listings automatically based on address, phone number, or geocode,[79] but sometimes information for separate businesses will be inadvertently merged with each other, resulting in listings inaccurately incorporating elements from multiple businesses.[80] Google allows business owners to create and verify their own business data through Google Business Profile, formerly Google My Business.[81] Owners are encouraged to provide Google with Business information including; address, phone number, business category and photos.[82] Google has staff in India who check and correct listings remotely as well as support businesses with issues.[83] Google also has teams on the ground in most countries that validate physical addresses in person.[84] After the business listing has been verified, business owners can further optimize their profile by logging into their Google account and GMB dashboard. In mid-August 2020 Google made it more convenient for business owners to edit their business profile directly from search,[85] simply by typing the word My business or their company name. Google Business Profile, formerly Google My Business allows businesses to create a website for free.[86]

Google Maps can be manipulated by businesses which are not physically located in the area in which they record a listing. There are cases of people abusing Google Maps to overtake their competition by placing unverified listings on online directory sites knowing the information will roll across to Google (duplicate sites). The people who update these listings do not use a registered business name. Keywords and location details are placed on their Google Maps business title which can overtake credible business listings. In Australia in particular, genuine companies and businesses are noticing a trend of fake business listings in a variety of industries.[87]

Genuine business owners can also optimize their business listings to gain greater visibility in Google Maps, through a type of search engine marketing called local search engine optimization.[88]

In March 2011, indoor maps were added to Google Maps, giving users the ability to navigate themselves within buildings such as airports, museums, shopping malls, big-box stores, universities, transit stations, and other public spaces (including underground facilities). Google encourages owners of public facilities to submit floor plans of their buildings in order to add them to the service.[89] Map users can view different floors of a building or subway station by clicking on a level selector that is displayed near any structures which are mapped on multiple levels.

Google My Maps

My Maps is a feature in Google Maps launched in April 2007 that enables users to create custom maps for personal use or sharing. Users can add points, lines, shapes, notes and images on top of Google Maps using a WYSIWYG editor.[90] An Android app for My Maps, initially released in March 2013 under the name Google Maps Engine Lite, was available until its removal from the Play Store in October 2021.[91][92][93]

Google Local Guides is a volunteer program launched by Google Maps[94] to enable users to contribute to Google Maps when registered. It sometimes provides them additional perks and benefits for their collaboration. Users can achieve Level 1 to 10, and be awarded with badges. The program is partially a successor to Google Map Maker as features from the former program became integrated into the website and app.[95]

The program consists of adding reviews, photos, basic information, and videos; and correcting information such as wheelchair accessibility.[96][97] Adding reviews, photos, videos, new places, new roads or providing useful information gives points to the users.[98] The level of users is upgraded when they get a certain amount of points.[99][100] Starting with Level 4, a star is shown near the avatar of the user.[100]

Earth Timelapse, released in April 2021, is a program in which users can see how the earth has been changed in the last 37 years. They combined the 15 million satellite images (roughly ten quadrillion pixels) to create the 35 global cloud-free Images for this program.[101]

If a user shares their location with Google, Timeline summarises this location for each day on a Timeline map[102] (https://timeline.google.com/). Timeline estimates the mode of travel used to move between places and will also show photos taken at that location.

The Google Maps terms and conditions[107] state that usage of material from Google Maps is regulated by Google Terms of Service[108] and some additional restrictions. Google has either purchased local map data from established companies, or has entered into lease agreements to use copyrighted map data.[109] The owner of the copyright is listed at the bottom of zoomed maps. For example, street maps in Japan are leased from Zenrin. Street maps in China are leased from AutoNavi.[110] Russian street maps are leased from Geocentre Consulting and Tele Atlas. Data for North Korea is sourced from the companion project Google Map Maker.

Street map overlays, in some areas, may not match up precisely with the corresponding satellite images. The street data may be entirely erroneous, or simply out of date: "The biggest challenge is the currency of data, the authenticity of data," said Google Earth representative Brian McClendon. As a result, in March 2008 Google added a feature to edit the locations of houses and businesses.[111][112]

Restrictions have been placed on Google Maps through the apparent censoring of locations deemed potential security threats. In some cases the area of redaction is for specific buildings, but in other cases, such as Washington, D.C.,[113] the restriction is to use outdated imagery.

Google Maps API, now called Google Maps Platform, hosts about 17 different APIs, which are themed under the following categories: Maps, Places and Routes.[114]

After the success of reverse-engineered mashups such as chicagocrime.org and housingmaps.com, Google launched the Google Maps API in June 2005[115] to allow developers to integrate Google Maps into their websites. It was a free service that did not require an API key until June 2018 (changes went into effect on July 16), when it was announced that an API key linked to a Google Cloud account with billing enabled would be required to access the API.[116] The API currently does not contain ads, but Google states in their terms of use that they reserve the right to display ads in the future.[117]

By using the Google Maps API, it is possible to embed Google Maps into an external website, onto which site-specific data can be overlaid.[118] Although initially only a JavaScript API, the Maps API was expanded to include an API for Adobe Flash applications (but this has been deprecated), a service for retrieving static map images, and web services for performing geocoding, generating driving directions, and obtaining elevation profiles. Over 1,000,000[119] web sites use the Google Maps API, making it the most heavily used web application development API.[120] In September 2011, Google announced it would deprecate the Google Maps API for Flash.[121]

The Google Maps API was free for commercial use, provided that the site on which it is being used is publicly accessible and did not charge for access, and was not generating more than 25,000 map accesses a day.[122][123] Sites that did not meet these requirements could purchase the Google Maps API for Business.[124]

As of June 21, 2018, Google increased the prices of the Maps API and requires a billing profile.[125]

Due to restrictions on geographic data in China, Google Maps must partner with a Chinese digital map provider in order to legally show Chinese map data. Since 2006, this partner has been AutoNavi.[110]

Within China, the State Council mandates that all maps of China use the GCJ-02 coordinate system, which is offset from the WGS-84 system used in most of the world. google.cn/maps (formerly Google Ditu) uses the GCJ-02 system for both its street maps[126] and satellite imagery.[127] google.com/maps also uses GCJ-02 data for the street map, but uses WGS-84 coordinates for satellite imagery,[128] causing the so-called China GPS shift problem.

Frontier alignments also present some differences between google.cn/maps and google.com/maps. On the latter, sections of the Chinese border with India and Pakistan are shown with dotted lines, indicating areas or frontiers in dispute. However, google.cn shows the Chinese frontier strictly according to Chinese claims with no dotted lines indicating the border with India and Pakistan. For example, the South Tibet region claimed by China but administered by India as a large part of Arunachal Pradesh is shown inside the Chinese frontier by google.cn, with Indian highways ending abruptly at the Chinese claim line. Google.cn also shows Taiwan and the South China Sea Islands as part of China. Google Ditu's street map coverage of Taiwan no longer omits major state organs, such as the Presidential Palace, the five Yuans, and the Supreme Court.[129]

Feature-wise, google.cn/maps does not feature My Maps. On the other hand, while google.cn displays virtually all text in Chinese, google.com/maps displays most text (user-selectable real text as well as those on map) in English. This behavior of displaying English text is not consistent but intermittent – sometimes it is in English, sometimes it is in Chinese. The criteria for choosing which language is displayed are not known publicly.

There are cases where Google Maps had added out-of-date neighborhood monikers. Thus, in Los Angeles, the name "Brooklyn Heights" was revived from its 1870s usage[130] and "Silver Lake Heights" from its 1920s usage,[131] or mistakenly renamed areas (in Detroit, the neighborhood "Fiskhorn" became "Fishkorn").[132] Because many companies utilize Google Maps data, these previously obscure or incorrect names then gain traction; the names are often used by realtors, hotels, food delivery sites, dating sites, and news organizations.

Google has said it created its maps from third-party data, public sources, satellites, and users, but many names used have not been connected to any official record.[130][132] According to a former Google Maps employee (who was not authorized to speak publicly), users can submit changes to Google Maps, but some submissions are ruled upon by people with little local knowledge of a place, such as contractors in India. Critics maintain that names likes "BoCoCa" (for the area in Brooklyn between Boerum Hill, Cobble Hill and Carroll Gardens), are "just plain puzzling" or simply made up.[132] Some names used by Google have been traced to non-professionally made maps with typographical errors that survived on Google Maps.[132]

In 2005 the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) complained about the potential for terrorists to use the satellite images in planning attacks, with specific reference to the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor; however, the Australian Federal government did not support the organization's concern. At the time of the ANSTO complaint, Google had colored over some areas for security (mostly in the U.S.), such as the rooftop of the White House and several other Washington, D.C. buildings.[133][134][135]

In October 2010, Nicaraguan military commander Edén Pastora stationed Nicaraguan troops on the Isla Calero (in the delta of the San Juan River), justifying his action on the border delineation given by Google Maps. Google has since updated its data which it found to be incorrect.[136]

On January 27, 2014, documents leaked by Edward Snowden revealed that the NSA and the GCHQ intercepted Google Maps queries made on smartphones, and used them to locate the users making these queries. One leaked document, dating to 2008, stated that "[i]t effectively means that anyone using Google Maps on a smartphone is working in support of a GCHQ system."[137]

In May 2015, searches on Google Maps for offensive racial epithets for African Americans such as "nigger", "nigger king", and "nigger house" pointed the user to the White House; Google apologized for the incident.[138][139]

In February 2020, a Google Maps user used 99 cell phones to fake a Google Maps traffic jam.[140]

In August 2023, a woman driving from Alice Springs in Australia to the Harts Range Racecourse was stranded in the Central Australian desert for a night after following directions provided by Google Maps.[141][142] She later discovered that Google Maps was providing directions for the actual Harts Ranges instead of the rodeo. Google said it was looking into the naming of the two locations and consulting with "local and authoritative sources" to solve the issue.[141]

In September 2023, Google was sued by a North Carolina resident, who alleged that Google Maps had directed her husband over the Snow Creek Bridge in Hickory the year prior, resulting in him drowning. According to the lawsuit, multiple people had notified Google about the state of the bridge, which collapsed in 2013, but Google had not updated the route information and continued to direct users over the bridge.[143][144][142]

Google Latitude was a feature that let users share their physical locations with other people. This service was based on Google Maps, specifically on mobile devices. There was an iGoogle widget for desktops and laptops as well.[145] Some concerns were expressed about the privacy issues raised by the use of the service. On August 9, 2013, this service was discontinued,[146] and on March 22, 2017, Google incorporated the features from Latitude into the Google Maps app.[147]

In areas where Google Map Maker was available, for example, much of Asia, Africa, Latin America and Europe as well as the United States and Canada, anyone who logged into their Google account could directly improve the map by fixing incorrect driving directions, adding biking trails, or adding a missing building or road. General map errors in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Liechtenstein, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, South Africa, Switzerland, and the United States could be reported using the Report a Problem link in Google Maps and would be updated by Google.[148] For areas where Google used Tele Atlas data, map errors could be reported using Tele Atlas map insight.[149]

If imagery was missing, outdated, misaligned, or generally incorrect, one could notify Google through their contact request form.[150]

In November 2016, Google announced the discontinuation of Google Map Maker as of March 2017.[151]

The Google Maps apps for iOS and Android have many of the same features, including turn-by-turn navigation, street view, and public transit information.[176][177] Turn-by-turn navigation was originally announced by Google as a separate beta testing app exclusive to Android 2.0 devices in October 2009.[178][179] The original standalone iOS version did not support the iPad,[177] but tablet support was added with version 2.0 in July 2013.[180] An update in June 2012 for Android devices added support for offline access to downloaded maps of certain regions,[181][182] a feature that was eventually released for iOS devices, and made more robust on Android, in May 2014.[183][184]

At the end of 2015 Google Maps announced its new offline functionality,[185] but with various limitations – downloaded area cannot exceed 120,000 square kilometers[186][187] and require a considerable amount of storage space.[188] In January 2017, Google added a feature exclusively to Android that will, in some U.S. cities, indicate the level of difficulty in finding available parking spots,[189] and on both Android and iOS, the app can, as of an April 2017 update, remember where users parked.[190][191] In August 2017, Google Maps for Android was updated with new functionality to actively help the user in finding parking lots and garages close to a destination.[192] In December 2017, Google added a new two-wheeler mode to its Android app, designed for users in India, allowing for more accessibility in traffic conditions.[193][194] In 2019 the Android version introduced the new feature called live view that allows to view directions directly on the road thanks to augmented reality[195] Google Maps won the 2020 Webby Award for Best User Interface in the category Apps, Mobile & Voice.[196] In March 2021, Google added a feature in which users can draw missing roads.[197] In June 2022, Google implemented support for toll calculation. Both iOS and Android apps report how much the user has to pay in tolls when a route that includes toll roads is input. The feature is available for roads in the USA, India, Japan and Indonesia with further expansion planned. As per reports the total number of toll roads covered in this phase is around 2000.[198]

USA Today welcomed the application back to iOS, saying: "The reemergence in the middle of the night of a Google Maps app for the iPhone is like the return of an old friend. Only your friend, who'd gone missing for three months, comes back looking better than ever."[199] Jason Parker of CNET, calling it "the king of maps", said, "With its iOS Maps app, Google sets the standard for what mobile navigation should be and more."[200] Bree Fowler of the Associated Press compared Google's and Apple's map applications, saying: "The one clear advantage that Apple has is style. Like Apple devices, the maps are clean and clear and have a fun, pretty element to them, especially in 3-D. But when it comes down to depth and information, Google still reigns superior and will no doubt be welcomed back by its fans."[201] Gizmodo gave it a ranking of 4.5 stars, stating: "Maps Done Right".[202] According to The New York Times, Google "admits that it's [iOS app is] even better than Google Maps for Android phones, which has accommodated its evolving feature set mainly by piling on menus".[203]

Google Maps' location tracking is regarded by some as a threat to users' privacy, with Dylan Tweney of VentureBeat writing in August 2014 that "Google is probably logging your location, step by step, via Google Maps", and linked users to Google's location history map, which "lets you see the path you've traced for any given day that your smartphone has been running Google Maps". Tweney then provided instructions on how to disable location history.[204] The history tracking was also noticed, and recommended disabled, by editors at CNET[205] and TechCrunch.[206] Additionally, Quartz reported in April 2014 that a "sneaky new privacy change" would have an effect on the majority of iOS users. The privacy change, an update to the Gmail iOS app that "now supports sign-in across Google iOS apps, including Maps, Drive, YouTube and Chrome", meant that Google would be able to identify users' actions across its different apps.[207]

The Android version of the app surpassed five billion installations in March 2019.[208] By November 2021, the Android app had surpassed 10 billion installations.[209]

Google Maps Go, a version of the app designed for lower-end devices, was released in beta in January 2018.[210] By September 2018, the app had over 10 million installations.[211]