Greater Anglia

Abellio Greater Anglia logo as used from December 2013 until October 2016

In December 2003, the Strategic Rail Authority awarded the Greater Anglia franchise to National Express, which began operations on 1 April 2004, initially under the brand-name One.[4][5] The franchise was to run until March 2011, with provision for a three-year extension if performance targets were met. In November 2009, the Department for Transport (DfT) announced that National Express would not be granted the three-year extension even though it had met the performance criteria, because National Express East Coast had defaulted on the InterCity East Coast franchise.[6][7]

Following a change of government as a result of the 2010 general election, the DfT announced in June 2010 that all refranchising would be put on hold while a process review was conducted.[8] As a result, National Express East Anglia was granted an initial extension until October 2011, followed by another until February 2012.[9]

In March 2011, the DfT announced that Abellio, Go-Ahead, and Stagecoach had been shortlisted to bid for the franchise.[10] In October 2011, the new franchise was awarded to Abellio; accordingly, the services previously operated by National Express East Anglia were transferred to Greater Anglia on 5 February 2012.[11][12][13]

The Greater Anglia franchise was originally to run until July 2014; the reason for awarding a short franchise at a time when the government was speaking of its desire for longer franchises was to allow the government to digest the recommendations of the McNulty Rail Value for Money study before letting a long-term franchise. In March 2013, the Secretary of State for Transport announced the franchise would again be extended until 15 October 2016.[14] Greater Anglia was rebranded as Abellio Greater Anglia in December 2013.[15]

Prior to Greater Anglia, the last period of substantial investment in the region had been nearly 30 years earlier, specifically the electrification of the line north of Ipswich.[16] At the commencement of the franchise, railway commentator Philip Haigh observed that the region's services had changed little since the BR days, and that change was overdue. During the negotiations for the award of the franchise, Greater Anglia pledged to undertake numerous investments that would improve the various services and facilities offered.[16] On 4 November 2014, the Great Eastern Main Line Taskforce released its investment analysis report, which included a detailed breakdown of several proposed investments in the region's rail network.[16]

One major initiative that was commenced by Greater Anglia shortly after it took over operations was the 'Norwich in 90' campaign, aimed at introducing faster journey times, such as between London and Colchester within 40 minutes, London and Ipswich in 60 minutes, and London and Norwich in 90 minutes.[16] Several organisations, including Norfolk County Council, had been calling for such a scheme to be undertaken since as early as 2009. Abellio had acknowledged such calls in 2012, but could not justify making very substantial investments during the initial franchise period due to the short timescale involved.[16] The creation of the Great Eastern Rail Taskforce in 2013 was seen as a major step towards this. In 2015, Chloe Smith, Norwich North MP and co-chairman of the taskforce, noted that the scheme was as much a political effort as it was an engineering one.[16]

By the 2010s, the region's rail infrastructure was relatively worn-out and prone to unreliability. Modernisation efforts would therefore focus not only on improving absolute speeds but on reducing failure rates as well.[16] This work is being undertaken as a multiagency effort, involving not only infrastructure changes carried out by Network Rail and various civil engineering companies, but also the procurement of new rolling stock and other efforts. It was recognised early on that, for the intercity services to be meaningfully speeded up, slower regional trains could not feasibly be overtaken or avoided on the mostly twin-track line, so that services overall would need to be accelerated.[16] There has also been an aspiration to increase the number of trains between Norwich and London to three per hour, although capacity constraints such as the single-track section in the vicinity of the Trowse Swing Bridge would need to be overcome to facilitate this.[16]

Some services have been transferred from Greater Anglia's management to other rail operators. On 31 May 2015, the Liverpool Street to Enfield Town, Cheshunt (via Seven Sisters) and Chingford services, as well as the Romford to Upminster service, were transferred to London Overground Rail Operations.[17] On the same day, the Liverpool Street to Shenfield stopping services were also transferred to the TfL Rail concession managed by MTR.[18]

In June 2015, an Abellio (60%) / Stagecoach (40%) joint venture, FirstGroup and National Express were shortlisted to bid for the franchise.[19] In December 2015, it was announced that Stagecoach had pulled out of the joint bid with Abellio, and that Abellio would continue the bid alone.[20] In August 2016, it was announced that Abellio had successfully retained the franchise until 2025. One commitment of the new franchise period is the purchase of 1,043 new carriages, 660 from Bombardier Transportation's Derby Litchurch Lane Works with the remainder being built by Stadler Rail.[21][22] In January 2017, Abellio announced that, subject to gaining DfT approval, it had agreed to sell a 40% stake in the business to Mitsui.[23] The sale was completed in March 2017.[24] Reportedly, Greater Anglia has incorporated numerous planning and operational practices of the Japanese railways, such as the use of digital twin simulation software for analysing performance and developing its timetables, since the acquisition.[25]

In 2021, following the COVID-19 emergency measures, Greater Anglia was given a direct award contract, replacing its franchise agreement, expiring on 20 September 2026.[26]

In February 2023, Transport UK Group concluded a management buyout of Abellio's United Kingdom business, which included its share in Greater Anglia.[27][28]

In August 2017, amidst a background of ongoing rail strikes on a national level, Greater Anglia conductors voted in favour of going on strike in a dispute over planned ticket office closures and the planned introduction of more widespread driver-only operation on the Greater Anglia network.[29] On numerous occasions since October 2017, industrial action has been taken by portions of the company's employees, and the principal matter of dispute has seen no effective resolution. The National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers (RMT) has accused Greater Anglia of conducting alleged strike-breaking tactics and claimed that its use of stand-in conductors led to passengers' safety being jeopardised.[30][31] The dispute between Greater Anglia and the RMT continued into 2018, with further strikes threatened during the summer that affected around 40 per cent of the operator's services.[32]

On 19 July 2018, the RMT announced members had voted 9 to 1 to accept a deal that would keep guards on trains,[33] and halted the expansion of driver only operation.[34]

Greater Anglia is one of several train operators impacted by the 2022–2023 United Kingdom railway strikes, which are the first national rail strikes in the UK for three decades.[35] Its workers are amongst those who are participating in industrial action due to a dispute over pay and working conditions.[36]

A number of improvements were planned during the first franchise period (2012–2016) which included:[11]

• Improved station and ticket facilities and better information for passengers;
• A text messaging service to keep passengers informed of any disruptions;
• Extending Oyster card pay-as-you-go capabilities between London Liverpool Street and Shenfield / Hertford East;
• Mobile-phone and print-at-home ticketing facilities;
• 600 extra car park spaces at stations;
• Additional bicycle storage facilities;
• New automatic ticket barriers at Brentwood (no automatic ticket barrier was installed by Abellio Greater Anglia and management of the station later passed to TfL Rail).

The following improvements have been planned as part of the Abellio bid for the East Anglia franchise (2016–2025):[37]

• Replacement of the entire current fleet, with 1,043 new vehicles by September 2020 to run on the Regional, Intercity, Dutchflyer, Stansted Express, West Anglia and Great Eastern routes:
• Extensive refurbishment of some of the existing vehicles, prior to replacement;
• Raise Public Performance Measure scores to at least 92.9%;
• Two weekday trains operating between Norwich and Ipswich to London with a journey time of 90 min and 60 min respectively;[38]
• Free Wi-Fi on trains and stations;
• £60 million investment for station upgrades, with a focus on Broxbourne, Cambridge, Cheshunt, Harlow Town and Southend Victoria stations;
• Introduction of digital information screens on all stations, with improvements in car and cycle parking (1,800 and 4,000 extra spaces respectively) along with upgrades to ticket offices and vending machines;
• New ticketing programmes, with offers for infrequent travellers and part-time workers;
• Introduction of an automatic Delay Repay service for season and advance ticket holders;
• £120 million of investment into depots with a new maintenance facility at Manningtree;
• Hiring of twenty trainees per year and creation of at least thirty apprenticeships by 2019;
• Extension of the Gainsborough Line from Marks Tey to Colchester Town;[39]
• Reintroduction of four direct Lowestoft to London services on the East Suffolk Line;
• Improving the frequency of the Ipswich to Ely Line services to Peterborough from every two hours to hourly with some additional services extending to Colchester;
• Improving the frequency of the Ipswich to Cambridge Line and East Suffolk Line services from every two hours to hourly respectively on Sundays.

Greater Anglia operates the Stansted Express sub-branded airport rail link between Stansted Airport, London Liverpool Street and Stratford.[41] As of December 2022, Stansted Express' off-peak services Monday to Friday is:[40]

Former train types operated by Greater Anglia include:

Family	Class	Image	Type	Top speed		Cars	Number	Built	Routes operated
				mph	km/h
Locomotive hauled stock
	37		Diesel locomotive	80	130	N/A	4	1960–1965	Wherry Lines
Stadler UKLight	68			100	161		3	2013–2017
	Mark 2		Carriage				13	1963–1975
	90		Electric locomotive	110	177	9	15	1987–1990	Great Eastern Main Line
	Mark 3		Carriage	125	201		130	1975–1988
	Driving Van Trailer		Control car				15	1988–1990
Diesel multiple units
Super Sprinter	153		DMU	75	121	1	5	1991–1992	Wherry Lines Breckland line Bittern Line East Suffolk Line Felixstowe Branch Line Ipswich to Ely Line Gainsborough line
	156					2	9	1987–1988
Bombardier Turbostar	170/2			100	161	2	4	2002
						3	8	1999
Electric multiple units
BREL 1972	315		EMU	75	121	4	61	1980–1981	Shenfield Metro Lea Valley lines Romford–Upminster line
BR Second Generation (Mark 3)	317/1			100	161	4	10	1981–1982	Fen Line Hertford East Branch Line West Anglia Main Line
	317/5						7	1981–1982	Fen Line Hertford East Branch Line West Anglia Main Line
	317/6						24	1985–1987	Fen Line Hertford East Branch Line West Anglia Main Line
	317/7						9	1981–1982	Lea Valley Lines
	317/8						9
	321			100	161	4	89	1988–1991	Braintree Branch Line Crouch Valley Line Dutchflyer Great Eastern Main Line Mayflower Line Shenfield to Southend Line Sunshine Coast Line
	322		100	161	4	5	1990	Braintree Branch Line Crouch Valley Line Dutchflyer Great Eastern Main Line Mayflower Line Shenfield to Southend Line Sunshine Coast Line
Siemens Desiro	360/1		110	177	4	21	2002–2003	Braintree Branch Line Dutchflyer Great Eastern Main Line Mayflower Line Sunshine Coast Line
Bombardier Electrostar	379		100	160	4	30	2010–2011	Fen Line Stansted Express West Anglia Main Line