Gutian dialect

The Gutian dialect (Eastern Min: 古田話) is a dialect of Eastern Min spoken in Gutian, Ningde in northeastern Fujian province, China.

Gutian
Kŭ-chèng-uâ / 古田話
Native toSouthern China, Malaysia
RegionGutian, Ningde, Fujian; Sibu, Sarawak; Sitiawan, Manjung, Perak
Language codes
ISO 639-3
GlottologNone
Linguasphere79-AAA-ich

Phonology

The Gutian dialect has 15 initials, 52 rimes and 7 tones.

Initials

  BilabialAlveolarLateralVelarGlottal
Stop Tenuis voiceless p t k ʔ
Aspirated voiceless
Nasal m n ŋ
Fricative Voiceless s h
voiced β ʒ
Affricate Tenuis voiceless ts
Aspirated voiceless tsʰ
Approximant l

Rimes

aɛ 西œo
iuy
aioiauɛu
iaieiuiau
uauouaiui
uɔi
iaŋieŋuaŋuoŋ
yøŋeiŋouŋøyŋ
akikukyk
iakiekuakuok
yøkeikoukøyk
œʔiaʔ
uaʔuoʔyøʔ

Tones

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tone name dark level
陰平
light level
陽平
rising
上聲
dark departing
陰去
light departing
陽去
dark entering
陰入
light entering
陽入
Tone contour ˥ (55) ˧ (33) ˦˨ (42) ˨˩ (21) ˧˨˦ (324) ˨ (2) ˥ (5)

Initial assimilation

The two-syllable initial assimilation rules are shown in the table below:

The Coda of the Former Syllable The Initial Assimilation of the Latter Syllable
Null coda or /-ʔ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /β/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/ and /s/ change to /l/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/ and /h/ change to null initial (without /ʔ/);
  • /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/, /ŋ/ and the null initial remain unchanged.
/-ŋ/
  • /p/ and /pʰ/ change to /m/;
  • /t/, /tʰ/ /s/ and /l/ change to /n/;
  • /k/, /kʰ/, /h/ and the null initial change to /ŋ/;
  • /ts/ and /tsʰ/ change to /ʒ/;
  • /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/ remain unchanged.
/-k̚/ All initials remain unchanged.

Tone sandhi

The two-syllable tonal sandhi rules are shown in the table below (the rows give the first syllable's original citation tone, while the columns give the citation tone of the second syllable):

dark level
55
light level
33
rising
42
dark departing
21
light departing
324
dark entering
2
light entering
5
dark level
55
21+55 21+33 21+42 24+21 24+544 24+2 21+5
light level
33
21+42 21+21 21+324 21+2
rising
42
21+55 21+24 21+42 24+21 24+544 24+2 21+5
dark departing
21
33+55 33+544 33+53 24+21 55+33 55+2 33+5
light departing
324
55+55 544+33 544+42 42+21 544+21 42+2 55+5
dark entering
2
33+55 33+55 33+53 55+21 55+33 55+2 55+5
light entering
5
33+55 21+33 21+42 21+21 21+324 21+2 33+5

Notes

  1. Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese. As such, it is likely a top-level branch of Sinitic.[1][2][3]

References

  1. Mei, Tsu-lin (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 30: 86–110, doi:10.2307/2718766, JSTOR 2718766
  2. Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (1984), Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, ISBN 978-0-7748-0192-8
  3. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Min". Glottolog. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7398962. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-10-13.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.