Hurricane Javier (2004)

Hurricane Javier was a powerful tropical cyclone whose remnants brought above-average rainfall totals across the western United States in September 2004. Javier was the tenth named storm, the sixth hurricane and the final major hurricane of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season. Javier was also the strongest hurricane of the 2004 season, with 150 mph (240 km/h) winds and a central pressure of 930 millibars (27.46 Hg). However, because of high wind shear in the East Pacific, Javier weakened rapidly before making landfall in Baja California as a tropical depression. The remnants of the storm then continued moving northeast through the Southwestern United States. Javier caused no direct fatalities, and the damage in Mexico and the United States was minimal.

Hurricane Javier
Hurricane Javier near peak intensity on September 13
Meteorological history
FormedSeptember 10, 2004
Remnant lowSeptember 19, 2004
DissipatedSeptember 20, 2004
Category 4 hurricane
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS)
Highest winds150 mph (240 km/h)
Lowest pressure930 mbar (hPa); 27.46 inHg
Overall effects
Missing3
Areas affectedBaja California, Southwestern United States, Northern Plains, Minnesota, Colorado
IBTrACS
Part of the 2004 Pacific hurricane season

Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

On August 29, a tropical wave moved off the western coast of Africa. It tracked westward across the Atlantic basin, remaining devoid of deep convection—intense shower and thunderstorm activity—for several days. The disturbance interacted with a cold-core low in the vicinity of the Leeward Islands, and both features continued west across the Caribbean Sea. The wave crossed Central America on September 9 as convection steadily increased, and development of thunderstorm activity continued as it entered the East Pacific basin.[1] Despite featuring limited outflow owing to modest easterly wind shear,[2] the system acquired sufficient organization to be deemed a tropical depression around 18:00 UTC on September 10. The newly designated Tropical Depression Thirteen-E was located approximately 345 mi (555 km) south-southeast of Salina Cruz, Oaxaca, at this time.[1]

Within a few hours of formation, the cyclone began to develop a small central dense overcast-like feature and some associated rainbands.[3] This increase in organization suggested that it strengthened into Tropical Storm Javier around 12:00 UTC on September 11. Over the coming days, a subtropical ridge positioned over Mexico directed Javier on a west-northwest to northwest track offshore the coastline of Mexico.[1] As the storm's convective appearance continued to mature, including the development of an eye and a rainband wrapping throughout the northwestern semicircle,[4] it strengthened into a hurricane around 18:00 UTC on September 12. Javier continued to experience light northeasterly wind shear as it had since the system originally formed, resultant from an upper-level anticyclone focused over the Gulf of California. In spite of this shear, the cyclone soon began a period of rapid intensification as it developed a clear eye embedded within convection as cold as −112 °F (−80 °C).[5] Javier attained major hurricane—Category 3 or greater on the Saffir–Simpson scale—intensity around 12:00 UTC on September 13, and within 12 hours it reached its peak intensity as a strong Category 4 hurricane. Satellite intensity estimates suggested the system attained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 930 mb (27 inHg), translating to a 65 mph (100 km/h) increase in winds and a 49 mb (1.4 inHg) drop in central pressure over the course of just 24 hours.[1]

Early on September 14, Javier's small eye became cloud filled, and imagery of the system's internal structure suggested it was undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle. As this process underfolded but the hurricane otherwise remained within favorable conditions, Javier persisted as a Category 3–4 cyclone until early on September 17. By that time, the storm was entering cooler sea surface temperatures and strong southwesterly wind shear,[1] and those inhibitors were exacerbated by plentiful mid- to upper-level dry air near the cyclone. The system began to lose its associated convective activity,[6] which caused it to weaken under hurricane strength around 12:00 UTC on September 18. Javier was further reduced to a tropical depression within 12 hours. The weakening tropical depression moved onshore Baja California between Cabo San Lázaro and Punta Abreojos around 11:00 UTC on September 19. As it moved north and then north-northeast, it crossed into the Sea of Cortes.[1] Having lacked thunderstorm activity for over 18 hours by that point,[7] the fledging system degenerated to a remnant low around 18:00 UTC that day. The circulation moved into mainland Mexico near Guaymas and dissipated over the mountainous terrain of Sonora on September 20.[1]

Preparations

Javier's strength was difficult to forecast. In its formation stages many of the forecast models gave out a complex suggestions of where the storm should go. One of the models forecast the storm to move west for a couple of days and then stall offshore and then turn east and hit western Guatemala.[8] The rapid intensification was also difficult to forecast compared to average forecast errors in a ten-year period.[1] Mexican officials began issuing tropical storm watches on September 15 as Javier paralleled the west coast of Mexico.[9] The warnings for western mainland Mexico were then dropped as the storm did not recurve as predicted. However, more tropical storm warnings were issued for Baja California and northwestern Mexico as Javier was located 300 kilometres (186 mi) southwest of Baja California. Forecasters predicted that Javier would bring a storm surge of 1–3 feet, (0.3–1 meters)rainfall of 3-6 inches (7.6-15.2 cm), and strong rip currents. The National Hurricane Center, predicted that Javier will parallel the Baja California coastline according to their forecast models and recurve as a weak storm and dissipate over the Southwestern United States.[10] On September 18, Mexican officials discontinued the warnings for Baja California when Javier weakened to a tropical depression before making landfall.[11]

Impact
Rainfall totals from Hurricane Javier

Winds up to tropical storm force were reported by ships at sea.[1] On land, the storm dropped 3.14 inches (80 mm) of rain in Bacanuchi, Mexico.[12] Javier's flooding rains damaged portions of highway 1 near Vizcaino and three fishermen were reported missing when their ship was lost during the storm.[13][14] In addition, oil prices began to climb when Javier passed through the area.[15] However, overall damage in Baja California was minimal.

In Arizona, the remnants of Javier dropped widespread, light to moderate rainfall, improving topsoil moisture and greatly affecting a prolonged drought in the Southwestern United States. Maximum rainfall in the state reached 7 in (180 mm) in Walnut Creek.[16][17][18] In Tucson, the airport received rainfall of 0.37 inches (93 mm) while the University of Arizona reported 0.89 inches (26 mm) of rain. Lightning and rain from Javier delayed the University of Arizona Wildcats football game against the Wisconsin Badgers for 88 minutes late in the second quarter, and flooding closed several roads.[19] Grand Canyon, Arizona received 3.30 inches (84 mm) of rain, exactly one fifth of its yearly average.[17] The remnants of Javier also dropped 1-3 inches of rain across Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and the upper Midwest.[16] In terms of point maxima, Javier is the rainiest tropical cyclone on record in the period 1972 — 2008 in Wyoming and North Dakota.[20]

See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hurricane Javier (2004).

References
  1. Lixion A. Avila (November 15, 2004). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Javier (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  2. James L. Franklin (September 10, 2004). "Tropical Depression Fourteen-E Discussion Number 1". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  3. Hugh D. Cobb; Lixion A. Avila (September 11, 2004). "Tropical Storm Javier Discussion Number 4". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  4. John L. Beven II (September 12, 2004). "Hurricane Javier Discussion Number 9". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  5. James L. Franklin (September 13, 2004). "Hurricane Javier Discussion Number 12". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  6. Eric S. Blake; Miles B. Lawrence (September 18, 2004). "Hurricane Javier Discussion Number 32". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  7. James L. Franklin (September 19, 2004). "Hurricane Javier Discussion Number 35". Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 4, 2022.
  8. Franklin (2004-09-10). "Tropical Depression Thirteen-E Discussion Number 1". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  9. Roberts/Beven (2004-09-15). "Hurricane Javier Advisory Number 21". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  10. Blake/Franklin (2004-09-17). "Hurricane Javier Advisory Number 29". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-06-23.
  11. Cobb/Jarvinin (2004-09-18). "Tropical Depression Javier Advisory Number 34". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  12. "Evolution of Hurricane Javier (translated version)". Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  13. "Hurricane Javier". BajaInsider.com. Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  14. "Cyclone Javier threatens Mexican Pacific (translated version)". Univision.com. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  15. "Hurricane Javier Boosts Oil Prices". National Public Radio. 2004-09-17. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
  16. David M. Roth. "Hurricane Javier - September 18–21, 2004". Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  17. "Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin". National Agricultural Statistics Service. Archived from the original (Plaintext) on 2006-01-14. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  18. Brad Rippey (2004-09-21). "U.S. Drought Montitor". Archived from the original on 2006-06-14. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  19. Eric Swedlund (2004-09-19). "Tucson area gets welcome soaking". Arizona Daily Star. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved 2006-05-26.
  20. David M. Roth. "Maximum Rainfall caused by Tropical Cyclones and their remnants per state (1972-2008)" (GIF). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
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