Palikúr language

Palikúr (Brazilian Portuguese: Palicur, French: Palikur) is an Arawakan language of Brazil and French Guiana. Knowledge of French and Portuguese is common, and French Guianese Creole is used as the common language among the tribes in the area and with the local population. Palikúr is considered endangered in French Guiana and vulnerable in Brazil.[2][3]

Not to be confused with Karipuna language (disambiguation).
Palikúr
Karipuna
Pa'ikwené, Pa'ikwaki
Native toBrazil, French Guiana
EthnicityPalikur
Native speakers
1,500 (2000–2010)[1]
Arawakan
  • Northern
    • Palikuran
      • Palikúr
Language codes
ISO 639-3plu
Glottologpali1279
ELPPalikur

Phonology

Consonants
Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
Fricative s ʃ h
Nasal m n
Glide w j
  • Plosives in word-final position are heard unreleased as [p̚, t̚, k̚, b̚, d̚, ɡ̚].
  • /p/ can be heard as [v] or [β] when before close vowels /i, u/, or within intervocalic positions.
  • /t, d, n/ when before front vowels /i, ĩ/ are heard as palatal and post-alveolar sounds [tʃ, dʒ, ɲ].

Vowels
Vowel phonemes
Front Central Back
Close i ĩ u ũ
Mid e ẽ o õ
Open a ã
  • /e, o/ are heard as [ɛ, ɔ] within different positions.
  • /a/ is heard as a nasalized central vowel sound [ɐ̃] when preceding a nasal consonant.[4]

Loanwords

Palikúr has several loanwords, many of which are wildlife-related, from the Carib language, including:[5]

EnglishPalikúrCarib
Slothwaikuliwaikore
Anteatertamanuatamaanuwa
Giant armadillomalulaimamanuraimo
Pacauranaurana
Agoutikuʃiwaiakusiwai
Peccarypakirapakiira
Coatikuwaʃkuwasi
Ottersarurusarooro
Squirrel monkeyakarmaakarima
Pied tamarinkusirikusiri
Spider monkeykuwatakuwata
Hummingbirdtukusitukuʔsi
Jurutiwilusiwerusi
Thrushkuwaswikurasiwai
Southern American bushmasterurukruurukuku
Tortoisewajamuwajaamu
Giant Amazonian antsirakrĩirako

Pronouns

Palikúr has dependent and independent personal pronouns.[5] The verb marks the object by using suffixes, but not the subject, which must appear in the form of a nominal group or as an independent pronoun. This affixation of only the object and not of the subject is linguistically very rare: the norm is the affixation for both or for only the subject. The noun complement is marked by a possessive prefix.[3]

PalikúrEnglishPrefixes
Noun, Relation, Subject of Verb		Suffixes
Object of verb		Independent Pronouns
1sg I n(u)--(u)nnáhu
2sg you (singular) pi--pipísu
3msg he ri--riirV
3fsg she ru--ruerV
1pl.incl we (inclusive) u--wiwísu
1pl.excl. we (exclusive) w(a)-u-su
2pl you (plural) ji--jijí-su
3pl they ri-...-kisV, ru-...-kisV-rikisV, rukisVirV-kisV

References
  1. Palikúr at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Rosélis Remor de Souza Mazurek (2016). "Mapping in the Oiapoque Indigenous Territories". Revue d'ethnoécologie (9). doi:10.4000/ethnoecologie.2701.
  3. "Le palikur". Sorosoro (in French). Retrieved 27 March 2021.
  4. da Silva, Elissandra Barros (2016). A Língua Parikwaki (Palikur, Arawak): Situação Sociolinguística, Fonética e Fonologia. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
  5. Ramirez, Henri (17 March 2021). Enciclopédia das línguas Arawak acrescida de seis novas línguas e dois bancos de dados (in Brazilian Portuguese). Editora CRV. ISBN 9786555788822.
  • Lev, Michael; Stark, Tammy; Chang, Will (2012). "Phonological inventory of Palikúr". The South American Phonological Inventory Database (version 1.1.3 ed.). Berkeley: University of California: Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Digital Resource.


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