2017 Japanese general election

2017 Japanese general election
	22 October 2017
All 465 seats in the House of Representatives; 233 seats needed for a majority
Turnout	53.68% (1.02pp)
Prime Minister before election; Shinzō Abe; (Third Abe Cabinet); Liberal Democratic	Prime Minister after election ; Shinzō Abe; (Fourth Abe Cabinet); Liberal Democratic

General elections were held in Japan on 22 October 2017. Voting took place in all Representatives constituencies of Japan – 289 single-member districts and eleven proportional blocks – in order to appoint all 465 members (down from 475) of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the then 707-member bicameral National Diet of Japan. Incumbent Prime Minister Shinzō Abe's governing coalition of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the Komeito party retained their seats in signs of what was perceived as weak opposition. The PM won his fourth term in office and held on to the two-thirds supermajority in order to implement policies on revising the war-renouncing Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution.[1]

The snap elections were called in the midst of the North Korea missile threat and with the largest opposition party, the Democratic Party, in disarray. Just hours before Abe's announcement of the snap election on 25 September, Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike launched a new conservative reformist party Kibō no Tō, the Party of Hope, which was seen as a viable alternative to the ruling coalition. It soon led to the dissolution of the Democratic Party and its party members defecting to the Kibō no Tō. However, the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, whose members Koike refused to nominate, formed the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP) led by Yukio Edano, splitting the opposition in half.[2] The elections turned into a three-way contest as the CDP joined with the Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party on a common platform opposing the constitutional revision. While Kibō no Tō fell short of expectation, the CDP surged in the polls in the last days before the elections and beat Kibō no Tō to emerge as the largest opposition party.[3]

Despite being disrupted by Typhoon Lan, the elections saw a slight increase in turnout rate of 53.68 percent but still was the second lowest in postwar Japan. The lowest ever turnout was recorded in 2014.[4] They were also the first elections after the voting age was lowered from 20 to 18.[5] Abe also became the first Prime Minister to win three consecutive general elections since 1953 and the first LDP leader to do so. He became the longest-serving Prime Minister in the history of the country in August 2020, but resigned shortly after achieving this due to health issues.[6]

Background

The House of Representatives has a fixed term of four years. Under the postwar constitution drafted in 1947, the interpretation of Article 7 states that the cabinet may instruct the Emperor to dissolve the House of Representatives before the end of term at will. Elections must be held within 40 days after dissolution.[7] In June 2015, the Public Office Election Law was amended to lower the voting age from 20 to 18 years of age.[5]

As of June 2015, the largest opposition party Democratic Party of Japan was reportedly preparing a roster of up to 250 candidates so as to be prepared in the event that the next general election was to be held alongside the House of Councillors election in the summer of 2016, before it merged with the Japan Innovation Party to form the Democratic Party in March 2016.[8] The Democratic Party suffered a considerable defeat at the hands of the ruling coalition in the election, in which the Abe government took almost two-thirds of the seats.

In January 2017, Tokyo Governor Yuriko Koike established a new local party, Tomin First, to challenge the establishment Liberal Democratic Party in the Tokyo metropolitan election to be held in July. Tomin First won a resounding victory in the election, which came in the wake of the Moritomo Gakuen and Kake Gakuen scandals calling into question the propriety of the Abe government's decision making.[9][10] After the election, Defense Minister Tomomi Inada resigned in connection with another scandal involving the Japan Self-Defense Forces concealing evidence of a battle in South Sudan.[10] Meanwhile, the main national opposition Democratic Party was severely hurt by the resignation of its leader Renho in July, as well as several high-profile defections.[11]

The government of Prime Minister Shinzo Abe began publicly discussing the possibility of an election in mid-September 2017, as the North Korea crisis was ongoing. Continuing the momentum of her Tokyo election victory, Koike announced the formation of a new national political party, Kibō no Tō (Party of Hope), on 25 September. Abe called the general election just hours later on the same day.[11] Soon after the Party of Hope was established, Democratic Party leader Seiji Maehara sought to merge with Kibō no Tō. Maehara's decision was strongly criticised by the liberal wing of the party, whose candidacies were rejected by Koike. The liberal wing surrounding the deputy president Yukio Edano announced the formation of the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan on 2 October 2017.[12] Opposition politicians claim Abe called the election partly to evade further questioning in parliament over his alleged misuse of power in securing approval for a veterinary college campus in Imabari.[13]

One wedge issue between the two major coalitions is the scheduled consumption tax hike in October 2019. The LDP coalition advocates keeping the tax hike and using the funds for child care and education, while the Kibo coalition advocates freezing the tax hike.[14] Nonetheless, Koike stated on 8 October that she was open to the option of a grand coalition with the LDP.[15]

The LDP fielded 332 candidates, while Komeito fielded 53, Kibō no Tō fielded 235, and Nippon Ishin fielded 52. The Constitutional Democratic Party, Japanese Communist Party and Social Democratic Party joined forces to support a total number of 342 candidates on the common platform of opposing the revision the pacifist Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan and the new national security legislation.[16][17]

Several U.S.-Japan policy experts, including James Zumwalt and Michael Green, opined in October that the election was unlikely to have a major impact on policy as the LDP was expected to retain control; however, there was anxiety about the prospect of a leadership vacuum if Abe was eventually forced to resign as head of the LDP.[18]

Contesting parties and candidates

Numbers of candidates by party[16]
Party		Before election	Const.	PR	Total
	LDP	290	277	313	332
	Kibo	57	198	234	235
	Komei	34	9	44	53
	JCP	21	206	65	243
	CDP	15	63	77	78
	Ishin	14	47	52	52
	SDP	2	19	21	21
	Kokoro	0	0	2	2
	Others	0	44	47	91
	Ind.	39	73	–	73
Total		472	936	855	1,180

Ruling coalition

The Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), the conservative party led by Prime Minister Shinzō Abe who has been in power since the 2012 House of Representative election. The LDP currently enjoys the two-thirds majority with its coalition partner Komeito which allows the government to push forward the revision of the war-renouncing Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution.
Komeito, a nominally Buddhist party led by Natsuo Yamaguchi, is the junior coalition partner of the incumbent government. Holding 35 seats in the House of Representatives, the party is considered as social conservative and closely associated with the Soka Gakkai religious movement.

Koike's coalition

Kibō no Tō, also known as the Party of Hope, is the brand new conservative reformist party launched by Yuriko Koike, former LDP minister and incumbent Governor of Tokyo, on 25 September 2017 ahead of the general election. The new party attracted former members of the LDP as well as the conservative wing of the Democratic Party, the largest opposition party at the time, led by Seiji Maehara to join with the aims of overthrowing the Abe government.[19] Three members of the Ichirō Ozawa's Liberal Party also decided run under Koike's banner. Despite being tipped as the first Japan's woman Prime Minister, Koike has expressed no intention to run in the general election and stated that her party would not name a prime ministerial candidate during the election.[20] The party has promised to freeze the planned consumption tax increase and promote debate on the constitutional revision.[21]
Nippon Ishin no Kai, previously known as Initiatives from Osaka, is a Kansai-based party led by Governor of Osaka Ichirō Matsui. It split from the Japan Innovation Party in 2015. Having similar policies with Kibō no Tō, the party has agreed to cooperate with Koike in the coming election.[22]

Pacifist coalition

The Japanese Communist Party (JCP), the left-wing party led by Kazuo Shii, saw its recent resurgence in the 2014 House of Representative election due to its firm pacifist stance against the revision of Article 9 of the Constitution. The party currently is the second largest opposition party, holding 21 seats in the House of Representatives. The party forms an alliance with two other left-leaning parties, the Constitutional Democrats and the Social Democrats, and plans to field 243 candidates.
The Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan (CDP), a brand new centre-left social liberal party formed by Yukio Edano on 2 October 2017 by the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, the then largest opposition party, after Kibō no Tō refused to nominate the liberal candidates of the Democratic Party when the party leader Seiji Maehara decided to join Kibō no Tō with the party.[23] The party calls for Japan to phase out nuclear power, opposes the constitutional revision and the new national security legislation with two other left-leaning opposition parties. The party plans to field 78 candidates in the coming election.
The Social Democratic Party (SDP) is the centre-left social democratic party led by Tadatomo Yoshida, which currently holds 2 seats in the House of Representatives. It opposes the revision of the pacifist Article 9 of the Constitution, and forms an alliance with two other left-leaning to stop the constitutional revisionists from winning a two-thirds majority.[24]

Other parties

The Party for Japanese Kokoro (PJK), formerly called the Party for Future Generations, currently holds no seat in the House of Representatives after its two members left to rejoin the Liberal Democratic Party in 2015. It is led by Masashi Nakano after its former leader Kyoko Nakayama left to join Kibō no Tō in late September and provides confidence and supply to the Abe cabinet. The party was formed by the right-wing nationalist wing led by Shintarō Ishihara who split from the Japan Restoration Party in 2014.

Gender representation

Fewer than 20% of the 1,180 candidates that ran in the election were women. 9% of current elected figures are women, Japan ranks 165th out of 193 countries on this aspect.[25]

Opinion polls

Voting intention (PR blocks)

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	Und.	No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	Und.	No Answer	Lead
17–19 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	33		8	6				5	13	17	2	16		16
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	34		7	5	1	1		4	11	13	1	23		21
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun	32.9		8.5	5.4	0.9	1.0		4.8	15.0	14.6	4.8	12.1		17.9
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press Archived 2017-10-13 at the Wayback Machine	30.7		5.9	4.5		1.2		3.1	11.8	4.4		33.2		18.9
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	32		5	4	0	1		3	13	7	1	27	6	19
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	35		7	6	0	1	1	4	12	7	0	27		23
2 Oct	Liberal wing of the Democratic Party splits to form the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan
30 Sep–1 Oct	Kyodo News	24.1		4.9	4.9	0.4	0.1	0.3	2.4	14.8		0	42.8		9.3
30 Sep–1 Oct	ANN Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine	29		6	6		1	1	2	14		0	39		15
29 Sep–1 Oct	Seijiyama	22.7		3.4	6.3	(Oth.)	2.1	(Oth.)	3.2	11.3		0.9	32.4	3.6	11.4
28–29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	34		6	5	0	1	1	2	19		0	25	7	15
28 Sep	The Democratic Party dissolves and announces its candidacies under Kibō no Tō banner
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	32	8	6	5	0	2	1	3	13		1	29		19
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-10-01 at the Wayback Machine	29	8	5	5	0	0	1	3	18		16			11
25 Sep	Prime Minister Shinzō Abe announces his intention to seek a general election to be held on 22 October 2017
25 Sep	Governor of Tokyo Yuriko Koike launches the party Kibō no Tō
23–24 Sep	Kyodo News	27.0	8.0	4.6	3.5	0	0.3	0.1	2.2	6.2			42.2		19
22–24 Sep	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo[nb 1]	44	8	3	5	0	1	1	3	8		5	20		24

Voting intention (districts)

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	Ind.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	Ind.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	33		3	4		1		2	9	7	0	2	39	24
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	31		4	4	0	0	1	2	10	4	0	0	44	21
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2017-10-03 at the Wayback Machine	31	9	3	4	0	1	0	2	6		1	1	42	22
23–24 Sep	Kyodo News	28.1	6.4	3.8	-	-	-	-	-	6.6		-	-	-	21.5

Party approval

Date	Polling Firm/Source	LDP	DP	Komei	JCP	PJK	SDP	LP	Ishin	Kibō	CDP	Oth.	No party	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source											Oth.	No party	Und. + No Answer	Lead
17–19 Oct	The Nikkei	41								11	13		11		28
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	32	1	4	3	0	1	0	2	6	7	1	27	16	5
14–15 Oct	FNN	34.5	0.7	5.4	3.6	0.2	0.5	0.0	3.3	9.5	11.6	1.5	27.9	1.3	6.6
14–15 Oct	JNN	32.8	1.2	3.8	3.2	0.1	0.5	0.1	1.8	5.2	7.3	0.8	38.1	5.3	5.3
13–15 Oct	NHK	32.8	1.0	4.3	3.4	0.1	0.6	0.2	1.7	5.4	6.6		34.0		1.2
10–11 Oct	The Nikkei	39		5	5	0	1		3	13	11		11		28
7–9 Oct	NHK	31.2	1.6	3.8	2.7	0.0	0.5	0.0	1.3	4.8	4.4	0.4	39.1	10.0	7.9
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press Archived 2017-10-13 at the Wayback Machine	23.9	1.6	3.6	2.5	0.1	0.2	0.0	1.4	2.6	2.7		57.2		33.3
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	33	1	3	3		0	0	1	8	4	0	38	8	5
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	30	2	5	2	0	0	0	1	5	3	1	30	21	Tied
30 Sep – 1 Oct	ANN Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine	39.6	7.1	4.6	5.8		1.9	0.6	2.8	9.6		0.0	28.0		11.6
29 Sep – 1 Oct	NHK	30.8	3.9	3.8	3.3		0.6	0.3	1.0	5.4			40.4		9.6
28–29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	32	4	4	3		0	0	1	9		0	40	7	8
26–27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	31	6	4	3	0	1	0	1	3		1	32	18	1
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-10-01 at the Wayback Machine	28	5	4	4	0	0	1	2	13		1	39		11
22–24 Sep	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	44	7	3	5	0	1	0	2			0	32	6	12
16–17 Sep	ANN Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine	46.2	11.3	3.5	5.7	0.0	0.8	0.3	1.8			1.4	29.0		17.2
8–11 Sep	Jiji Press Archived 2017-09-17 at the Wayback Machine	23.7	4.3	4.9	1.3	0.0	0.1	0.0	1.0				62.9		39.2
8–10 Sep	NHK	37.7	6.7	3.1	2.6	0.0	0.5	0.3	1.1			0.2	40.8	7.1	3.1
8–10 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	5	3	3		0	0	1			0	45	2	5
25-27 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	41	7	3	4	0	1	0	2			1	36	5	5
19-20 Aug	FNN	33.0	6.9	3.1	3.9	0.2	0.8	1.0	2.9			3.2	44.6	0.4	11.6
5-6 Aug	Asahi Shimbun	33	6	3	3	0	0	0	1			1	46	7	13
5-6 Aug	ANN Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine	38.1	10.8	3.9	5.6	0.1	1.5	0.8	1.4			0.7	37.1		1.0
4-6 Aug	NHK	34.8	5.7	3.7	2.8	0.2	0.9	0.3	0.5			0.5	45.7	4.8	10.9
3-6 Aug	Jiji Press Archived 2017-08-10 at the Wayback Machine	25.7	3.2	2.5	2.3	0.0	0.8	0.2	0.8				62.2		36.5
3-4 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	37	8	5	5	0	1	0	2			0	36	6	1
3-4 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	36	6	3	3		1	0	1			0	45	4	9
3-4 Aug	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine	26	7	5	5	0	1	0	3			1	47		21
3-4 Aug	Kyodo News	39.0	7.3	5.9	5.1	0.2	0.4	0.3	2.6				37.9		1.1
22-23 Jul	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-07-23 at the Wayback Machine	25	5	3	5	0	1	1	2			2	53		28
22-23 Jul	FNN	29.1	7.0	5.3	4.6	0.2	1.3	0.8	3.2			2.0	45.7	0.8	16.6
7-10 Jul	Jiji Press Archived 2017-07-14 at the Wayback Machine	21.1	3.8	3.2	2.1	0.0	0.3	0.0	1.1				65.3		44.2
8-9 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	30	5	4	4	0	1	0	1			1	47	7	17
7-9 Jul	NTV Archived 2017-08-11 at the Wayback Machine	35.6	9.2	3.7	5.6	0.0	1.5	0.4	1.1			0.1	38.1	4.6	2.5
7-9 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	31	6	4	4	0	0	0	1			2	47	4	16
7-9 Jul	NHK	30.7	5.8	4.1	3.3	0.2	0.3	0.5	1.2			0.3	47.0	5.8	16.3
17-18 Jun	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-07-23 at the Wayback Machine	27	8	3	4	0	1	1	2			1	47		20
17-18 Jun	FNN	36.0	8.3	4.1	5.6	0.2	0.8	1.3	3.5			1.7	38.1	0.4	2.1
17-18 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	41	7	3	3	0	1	0	1			0	40	4	1
17-18 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	34	8	4	4	0	1	0	1			0	41	7	7
16-18 Jun	NTV Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine	38.5	11.0	5.1	4.1	0.0	1.4	0.1	1.1			0.3	33.4	5.0	5.1
9-11 Jun	NHK	36.4	7.9	4.2	2.7	0.0	0.9	0.4	1.2			0.3	40.8	5.1	4.4
13–14 May	FNN	41.6	8.0	2.9	4.3	0.6	0.8	0.8	2.9			2.1	35.6	0.4	6.0
12–14 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	43	6	2	2		0	0	1			1	39	5	4
12–14 May	NHK	37.5	7.3	3.8	2.7	0.1	1.0	0.3	1.0			0.1	38.4	7.5	0.9
14-16 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	44	6	3	3		0	0	2			0	38	4	6
7-9 Apr	NHK	38.1	6.7	3.8	3.2	0.1	0.6	0.5	1.1			0.2	38.7	7.0	0.6
18-19 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	2	3		1	0	2			0	43	2	3
10-12 Mar	NHK	36.9	7.6	4.1	2.8	0.0	1.1	0.1	1.6			0.4	38.9	6.6	2.0
17-19 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	43	6	4	3	0	0	0	1			0	40	2	3
11-12 Feb	NHK	38.2	6.4	2.8	4.4		0.7	0.4				0.3	40.1	5.2	1.9
27-29 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	3	4	0	0	0	1			0	42	2	2
7-9 Jan	NHK	38.3	8.7	3.5	3.2		0.9	0.0				0.3	38.3	5.3	Tied
2017
8-10 Oct	NHK	37.1	9.9	3.9	3.9	0.0	1.1	0.1	1.1			0.2	37.8	4.9	0.7
7-9 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	40	7	3	3	0	1	0	2			1	39	4	1
9-11 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	46.0	8.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	3.0			1.0	31.0	2.0	15.0
9-11 Sep	NHK	40.2	8.3	4.3	2.5	0.2	0.4	0.0	1.9			0.2	36.0	6.1	4.2
4-6 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	8.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.0			0.0	43.0	2.0	6.0
12-14 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	42.0	7.0	3.0	3.0		0.0		1.0			0.0	40.0	3.0	2.0
5-7 Feb	NHK	37.6	9.6	3.6	3.9	0.2	0.2	0.0	1.6			0.1	35.1	7.4	2.5
30-31 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	3.0	1.0
9-11 Jan	NHK	37.5	8.1	4.3	4.2	0.0	0.6	0.3	1.9			0.2	33.1	9.4	4.4
8-10 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	8.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	37.0	4.0	3.0
2016
17-18 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	9.0	5.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	0.0	2.0
11-13 Dec	NHK	37.5	8.5	4.7	5.0	0.0	0.5	0.1	1.8			0.2	34.3	7.0	3.2
4-6 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0	4.0			0.0	43.0	2.0	7.0
6-8 Nov	Yomiuri Shimbun	40.0	7.0	3.0	5.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	2.0			0.0	39.0	2.0	1.0
6-8 Nov	NHK	37.1	8.4	3.4	4.1	0.0	0.5	0.3	1.1			0.1	36.3	8.2	0.8
10-12 Oct	NHK	35.6	8.6	3.3	4.2	0.2	0.9	0.3				0.1	35.7	10.3	0.1
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	39.0	10.0	3.0	3.0		1.0	0.0				0.0	39.0	1.0	Tied
19-20 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	33.0	11.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	1.0				0.0	42.0	3.0	9.0
11–13 Sep	NHK	34.7	9.8	3.7	4.0	0.1	0.6	0.2				0.6	36.2	9.0	1.5
15-16 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	37.0	10.0	3.0	4.0		1.0	0.0				0.0	39.0	3.0	2.0
7–9 Aug	NHK	34.3	10.9	3.0	4.2	0.2	0.7	0.0				0.1	34.5	9.6	0.2
24-26 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	8.0	3.0	5.0		0.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	3.0	5.0
18–19 Jul	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine	31.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	7.0	10.0
11–12 Jul	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine	32.0	8.0	4.0	4.0	1.0	0.0	0.0				0.0	38.0	10.0	6.0
10–12 Jul	NHK	34.7	7.7	4.2	3.3	0.1	0.7	0.4				0.1	36.8	9.5	2.1
3-5 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	35.0	9.0	4.0	3.0	0.0	1.0					0.0	44.0	1.0	9.0
20–21 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	36.0	7.0	3.0	3.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	41.0	7.0	5.0
5-7 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	38.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0				0.0	42.0	2.0	4.0
5–7 Jun	NHK	35.8	9.4	3.6	4.4	0.0	0.9	0.0				0.2	33.9	9.3	1.9
16–17 May	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	39.0	7.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	0.0	0.0				1.0	33.0	10.0	6.0
8–10 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	43.0	10.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	35.0	2.0	8.0
8–10 May	NHK	37.5	7.8	5.3	3.5	0.0	0.8	0.2				0.0	34.7	8.4	2.8
18–19 Apr	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	36.0	7.0	4.0	5.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	34.0	10.0	2.0
10–12 Apr	NHK	37.8	9.2	4.1	4.8	0.2	0.9	0.1				0.3	29.2	9.9	8.6
3-5 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	41.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	40.0	1.0	1.0
14–15 Mar	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	38.0	8.0	3.0	3.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	37.0	8.0	1.0
6–8 Mar	NHK	36.7	10.9	3.8	4.6	0.0	1.6	0.3				0.3	31.8	8.1	4.9
28 Jan-28 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	43.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	1.0	1.0	1.0				0.0	30.0	1.0	13.0
14–15 Feb	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	40.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	35.0	7.0	5.0
6–8 Feb	NHK	41.2	10.3	4.9	4.2	0.1	0.7	0.0				0.1	29.7	6.5	11.5
6-7 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	42.0	11.0	3.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	35.0	1.0	8.0
17–18 Jan	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	33.0	9.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	38.0	7.0	5.0
10–12 Jan	NHK	39.4	9.2	4.0	3.7	0.4	0.8	0.1				0.2	31.9	7.7	7.5
9-11 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	41.0	8.0	3.0	5.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				0.0	38.0	1.0	3.0
2015
24-25 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	36.0	11.0	5.0	6.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	32.0	3.0	4.0
15–16 Dec	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	35.0	7.0	4.0	4.0	0.0	1.0	0.0				1.0	33.0	12.0	2.0
14 Dec 2014	General Election	33.1	18.3	13.7	11.4	2.7	2.5	1.9	—	—	—	0.7	—	—	14.9

Preferred prime minister

Date	Polling Firm/Source	Abe	Koike	Oth.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
Date	Polling Firm/Source			Oth.	Und. + No Answer	Lead
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun	54.0	26.5	19.5		27.5
30 Sep – 1 Oct	Kyodo News Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine	45.9	33.0		21.1	12.9

Preferred outcome

Date	Polling Firm/Source	Government gains seats	LDP re-election	Balanced	Opposition gains seats	Change in government	Und. + No Answer
Date	Polling Firm/Source
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun		37			36	27
14–15 Oct	FNN & Sankei Shimbun		50.5			40.6	8.9
14–15 Oct	JNN	35			47		18
13–15 Oct	NHK	22			33		39
7–9 Oct	NHK	21			32		41
7–8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun		44			42[nb 2]	14
3–4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun		43			33	24
30 Sep – 1 Oct	ANN Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine		44			38	18
30 Sep – 1 Oct	Kyodo News		27.4	48.6		16.9
29 Sep – 1 Oct	NHK	20			33		42
26–27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	34			49

Cabinet approval / disapproval ratings

Date	Polling Firm/Source	PM	Approval	Disapproval	Und. + No Answer
Date	Polling Firm/Source	PM
17–19 Oct	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	46	44	22
17–18 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	38	40	22
15–16 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	50	50	0
14–15 Oct	FNN	Shinzō Abe	42.5	46.3	11.2
14–15 Oct	JNN	Shinzō Abe	48.7	49.2	2.0
13–15 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	39	42
10–11 Oct	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	37	48
10–11 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	41
7–9 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	43
6–9 Oct	Jiji Press Archived 2017-10-13 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	37.1	41.8
8 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	45	54	1
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	46	13
3-4 Oct	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	40	38	22
1 Oct	go2senkyo.com	Shinzō Abe	47	52	1
30 Sep - 1 Oct	ANN Archived 2017-10-02 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	36.9	46.3	16.8
30 Sep - 1 Oct	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	40.6	46.2
29 Sep - 1 Oct	Seijiyama	Shinzō Abe	35.7	47.7	16.6
29 Sep - 1 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	44
28-29 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	46	11
26-27 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	39	25
26-27 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	42	19
23-24 Sep	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	45.0	41.3
22-24 Sep	Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	50	42	8
16-17 Sep	ANN Archived 2017-09-18 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	41.3	39.6	19.1
16-17 Sep	FNN	Shinzō Abe	50.3	40.0
8-11 Sep	Jiji News Archived 2017-09-17 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	41.8	36.7
9-10 Sep	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	38	38
8-10 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	44	36
8-10 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	50	39
8-10 Sep	NTV Archived 2017-09-10 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	42.1	41.0	17.0
2-3 Sep	JNN	Shinzō Abe	48.1	50.5	1.5
2-3 Sep	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-09-05 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	39	36	22
2-3 Sep	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.5	46.1
25-27 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	46	46
19-20 Aug	FNN	Shinzō Abe	43.8	49.0	7.2
5-6 Aug	ANN Archived 2017-08-08 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	37.6	47.2	15.2
5-6 Aug	JNN	Shinzō Abe	39.7	59.0	1.3
5-6 Aug	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	35	45
4-6 Aug	NHK	Shinzō Abe	39	43
4-6 Aug	NTV Archived 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	35.6	47.3	17.1
3-6 Aug	Jiji Press Archived 2017-08-10 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	36.6	44.1
3-4 Aug	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.4	43.2
3-4 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	42	48
3-4 Aug	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	42	49
3-4 Aug	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-08-07 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	35	47	17
22-23 Jul	FNN	Shinzō Abe	34.7	56.1	9.2
22-23 Jul	The Nikkei & TV Tokyo	Shinzō Abe	39	52
22-23 Jul	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-07-23 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	26	56	17
15-16 Jul	ANN Archived 2017-07-18 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	29.2	54.5	16.3
15-16 Jul	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	35.8	53.1
7-10 Jul	Jiji Press Archived 2017-07-14 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	29.9	48.6
8-9 Jul	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	33	47	20
7-9 Jul	NTV Archived 2017-08-11 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	31.9	49.2	18.9
7-9 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	36	52	11
7-9 Jul	NHK	Shinzō Abe	35	48	17
1-2 Jul	JNN	Shinzō Abe	43.3	55.5	1.3
17-18 Jun	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2017-07-23 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	36	44	17
17-18 Jun	ANN Archived 2017-07-16 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	37.9	41.6	20.5
17-18 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	37	20
17-18 Jun	Kyodo News	Shinzō Abe	44.9	43.1
17-18 Jun	FNN	Shinzō Abe	47.6	42.9	9.5
17-18 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	41	10
16-18 Jun	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	49	42
16-18 Jun	NTV Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	39.8	41.8	18.4
9-11 Jun	NHK	Shinzō Abe	48	36	16
3-4 Jun	JNN	Shinzō Abe	54.4	44.1	1.5
25–28 May	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	56	36
20–21 May	Mainichi Shimbun Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	46	35	16
20–21 May	ANN Archived 2017-08-01 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	46.4	32.4	21.2
19–21 May	NTV Archived 2017-10-28 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	46.1	36.4	17.6
13–14 May	FNN	Shinzō Abe	56.1	34.7	9.2
12–14 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	61	28	11
12–14 May	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	30	19
29-30 Apr	JNN	Shinzō Abe	63.3	34.8	1.9
27-30 Apr	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	60	32
22-23 Apr	Mainichi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	51	30	17
22-23 Apr	ANN Archived 2017-07-12 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	50.4	33.0	16.6
15-16 Apr	FNN	Shinzō Abe	59.3	30.4	10.3
14-16 Apr	NTV Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	50.4	30.8	18.8
14-16 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	60	29	11
7-9 Apr	NHK	Shinzō Abe	53	27	20
1-2 Apr	JNN	Shinzō Abe	57.0	40.6	2.4
25-26 Mar	ANN	Shinzō Abe	50.5	31.2	18.3
24-26 Mar	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	62	30
18-19 Mar	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.4	30.9	11.7
18-19 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	33	12
17-19 Mar	NTV Archived 2017-03-27 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	47.6	32.9	19.5
10-12 Mar	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	31	18
4-5 Mar	JNN	Shinzō Abe	61.0	37.3	1.7
25-26 Feb	ANN Archived 2017-07-27 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	54.5	27.9	17.6
24-26 Feb	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	60	30
18-19 Feb	FNN	Shinzō Abe	58.8	30.1	11.1
17-19 Feb	NTV Archived 2018-12-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	54.9	26.0	19.1
17-19 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	66	24	9
11-12 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	58	23	19
4-5 Feb	JNN	Shinzō Abe	65.4	33.4	1.2
28-29 Jan	FNN	Shinzō Abe	60.7	30.7	8.6
28-29 Jan	ANN Archived 2017-07-28 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	55.3	27.5	17.2
27-29 Jan	The Nikkei	Shinzō Abe	66	26
27-29 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	61	31	8
20-22 Jan	NTV Archived 2017-02-08 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	57.2	28.9	13.9
14-15 Jan	JNN	Shinzō Abe	67.0	31.5	1.7
7-9 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	55	29	16
2017
17-18 Dec	FNN	Shinzō Abe	55.6	30.9	13.5
12-13 Nov	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.9	31.9	10.2
15-16 Oct	FNN	Shinzō Abe	57.6	35.5	6.9
17-18 Sep	FNN	Shinzō Abe	56.6	33.3	10.1
9-11 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	62	29	9
9-11 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	57	26	17
6-7 Aug	FNN	Shinzō Abe	55.4	33.1	11.5
16-17 Jul	FNN	Shinzō Abe	49.8	39.1	11.1
18-19 Jun	FNN	Shinzō Abe	49.4	38.1	10.6
4-6 Mar	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	40	11
12-14 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	52	36	12
5-7 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	50	34	16
30-31 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	34	9
9-11 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	35	19
8-10 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	54	36	9
2016
17-18 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	39	12
11-13 Dec	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	36	18
4-6 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	48	40	12
6-8 Nov	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	51	38	11
6-8 Nov	NHK	Shinzō Abe	47	39	14
10-12 Oct	NHK	Shinzō Abe	43	40	17
7-8 Oct	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	46	45	8
19-20 Sep	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	41	51	8
11–13 Sep	NHK	Shinzō Abe	43	39	18
15-16 Aug	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	45	45	10
7–9 Aug	NHK	Shinzō Abe	37	46	17
24-26 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	43	49	8
18–19 Jul	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-10-16 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	37	46	17
11–12 Jun	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-22 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	39	42	19
10–12 Jul	NHK	Shinzō Abe	41	43	16
3-5 Jul	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	40	10
20–21 Jun	Asahi Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	39	37	24
5-7 Jun	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	53	36	10
5–7 Jun	NHK	Shinzō Abe	48	34	18
16–17 May	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	45	32	23
8–10 May	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	58	32	10
8–10 May	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	32	17
18–19 Apr	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	44	35	21
10–12 Apr	NHK	Shinzō Abe	51	34	15
3-5 Apr	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	57	35	8
14–15 Mar	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	46	33	21
6–8 Mar	NHK	Shinzō Abe	46	37	17
28 Jan-28 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	56	36	8
14–15 Feb	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	50	31	19
6–8 Feb	NHK	Shinzō Abe	54	29	17
6-7 Feb	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	58	34	8
17–18 Jan	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	42	37	21
10–12 Jan	NHK	Shinzō Abe	50	32	18
9-11 Jan	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	53	38	9
2015
24-25 Dec	Yomiuri Shimbun	Shinzō Abe	49	41	10
15–16 Dec	Asahi Shimbun Archived 2015-07-15 at the Wayback Machine	Shinzō Abe	43	34	23
5–7 Dec	NHK	Shinzō Abe	47	38	15
2014

Approval (blue) and Disapproval (red) Ratings for Second and Third Abe Cabinet

Results

Constituency Cartogram



Party		Proportional			Constituency			Total seats	+/–
Party		Votes	%	Seats	Votes	%	Seats	Total seats	+/–
	Liberal Democratic Party	18,555,717	33.28	66	26,500,777	47.82	218	284	–7
	Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan	11,084,890	19.88	37	4,726,326	8.53	18	55	New
	Kibō no Tō	9,677,524	17.36	32	11,437,602	20.64	18	50	New
	Komeito	6,977,712	12.51	21	832,453	1.50	8	29	–6
	Japanese Communist Party	4,404,081	7.90	11	4,998,932	9.02	1	12	–9
	Nippon Ishin no Kai	3,387,097	6.07	8	1,765,053	3.18	3	11	New
	Social Democratic Party	941,324	1.69	1	634,770	1.15	1	2	0
	Happiness Realization Party	292,084	0.52	0	159,171	0.29	0	0	0
	New Party Daichi	226,552	0.41	0				0	New
	Shiji Seitō Nashi	125,019	0.22	0				0	0
	Party for Japanese Kokoro	85,552	0.15	0				0	–2
	Assembly for Zero Parliamentary Compensation				21,892	0.04	0	0	New
	New Party Constitution Article 9				6,655	0.01	0	0	New
	Fair Party				5,518	0.01	0	0	New
	Japan New Party				5,291	0.01	0	0	New
	Assembly to Make Nagano Prefecture the Best Economy in Japan				3,784	0.01	0	0	New
	Workers Party Aiming for Liberation of Labor				3,133	0.01	0	0	New
	Association to Innovate Metropolitan Government				2,931	0.01	0	0	New
	Katsuko Inumaru and Republican Party				1,570	0.00	0	0	0
	World Economic Community Party				1,307	0.00	0	0	0
	Independents				4,315,028	7.79	22	22	+14
Total		55,757,552	100.00	176	55,422,193	100.00	289	465	–10

Valid votes		55,757,552	97.91		55,422,088	97.32
Invalid/blank votes		1,187,702	2.09		1,528,869	2.68
Total votes		56,945,254	100.00		56,950,957	100.00
Registered voters/turnout		106,091,229	53.68		106,091,229	53.68
Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

By prefecture

Prefecture	Total seats	Seats won
		LDP	CDP	Kibō	Komeito	Ishin	JCP	SDP	Ind.

Aichi	15	8	2	3					2
Akita	3	3
Aomori	3	3
Chiba	13	12							1
Ehime	4	3		1
Fukui	2	2
Fukuoka	11	11
Fukushima	5	3							2
Gifu	5	5
Gunma	5	5
Hiroshima	7	6		1
Hokkaido	12	6	5		1
Hyōgo	12	10			2
Ibaraki	7	6							1
Ishikawa	3	3
Iwate	3	1		1					1
Kagawa	3	2		1
Kagoshima	4	3	1
Kanagawa	18	13	3	1					1
Kōchi	2	1							1
Kumamoto	4	4
Kyoto	6	4		1					1
Mie	4	2							2
Miyagi	6	5							1
Miyazaki	3	3
Nagano	5	2		2					1
Nagasaki	4	3		1
Nara	3	3
Niigata	6	2	1						3
Ōita	3	3
Okayama	5	5
Okinawa	4	1					1	1	1
Osaka	19	10	1		4	3			1
Saga	2			1					1
Saitama	15	13	1	1
Shiga	4	4
Shimane	2	2
Shizuoka	8	6		2
Tochigi	5	4							1
Tokushima	2	2
Tokyo	25	19	4	1	1
Tottori	2	2
Toyama	3	3
Wakayama	3	2		1
Yamagata	3	3
Yamaguchi	4	4
Yamanashi	2	1							1
Total	289	218	18	18	8	3	1	1	22

By PR block

PR block	Total seats	Seats won
		LDP	CDP	Kibō	Komeito	JCP	Ishin	SDP

Chūgoku	11	5	2	2	2
Hokkaido	8	3	3	1	1
Hokuriku–Shinetsu	11	5	2	2	1	1
Kinki	28	9	5	3	4	2	5
Kyushu	20	7	3	4	3	1	1	1
Northern Kanto	19	7	5	4	2	1
Shikoku	6	3	1	1	1
Southern Kanto	22	8	5	4	2	2	1
Tohoku	13	5	3	3	1	1
Tokai	21	8	4	5	2	1	1
Tokyo	17	6	4	3	2	2
Total	176	66	37	32	21	11	8	1

Notable defeats

	Name	Constituency	Year elected	Defeated by		Details
Liberal Democratic	Yūji Yamamoto	Kochi-2nd	1990 (in Kochi-3rd)	Hajime Hirota	Independent	Agriculture Minister in the Third Abe Cabinet. He was returned to the Diet through the Shikoku PR block.[26]
	Koya Nishikawa	Tochigi-2nd (Kita-Kantō PR block)	1996	Akio Fukuda	Independent	Agriculture Minister in the Second Abe Cabinet who was defeated in the district in 2014 but managed to return through the PR block at that time. He didn't enter the block this time round and therefore was not returned to the Diet.[27]
	Yūko Nakagawa	Hokkaido-11th	2012	Kaori Ishikawa	CDP	MP since 2012 and widow of former Finance Minister, Shōichi Nakagawa.[28]
	Miki Yamada	Tokyo-1st	2012	Banri Kaieda	CDP	Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Third Abe Cabinet. Yamada famously defeated former DPJ leader Kaieda in the 2014 election.[29][30] Kaieda regained his seat in this election. Yamada was able to retain her Diet seat through the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.[31]
	Takao Ochi	Tokyo-6th	2012	Takayuki Ochiai	CDP	Vice Minister of the Cabinet Office in the Second and Third Abe Cabinet. Ochi was able to hold on to his Diet seat through the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.[32]
	Masatada Tsuchiya	Tokyo-18th	2012	Naoto Kan	CDP	Former mayor of Musashino. Tsuchiya defeated former PM Kan in the 2014 election. Kan was able to return to the parliament through the Tokyo PR block and was the very last (475th) MP elected that night.[29][30] He regained his seat in the election. Conversely, Tsuchiya wasn't returned to the Diet as he was not in the LDP list for the Tokyo PR block.[33]
Komeito	Isamu Ueda	Kanagawa-6th	2000 (block) 2003 (district)	Yōichirō Aoyagi	CDP	Deputy Secretary General of the Komeito party and Vice Finance Minister in the Second and Third Koizumi Cabinet[34]
Kibō no Tō	Masaru Wakasa	Tokyo-10th	2014 (block) 2016 (district)	Hayato Suzuki	Liberal Democratic	A founding member of Kibō no Tō and one of the closest allies of Yuriko Koike. He was in the Kibō list for the Tokyo PR block, but was not able to hold on to his Diet seat due to receiving inadequate votes.[35][36]
Kibō no Tō	Sumio Mabuchi	Nara-1st	2003	Shigeki Kobayashi	Liberal Democratic	Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism in the Kan cabinet and a candidate for the 2012 DPJ leadership election. Mabuchi has the highest ratio of margin of defeat (97.27%) among all defeated candidates in the election.[37]
Independent (formerly LDP)	Keiichirō Asao	Kanagawa-4th	2009	Yuki Waseda	CDP	Former chairman of the defunct Your Party. He contested as an independent as he wasn't selected by the LDP in the snap election.[38]
Independent (formerly LDP)	Mayuko Toyota	Saitama-4th	2012	Yasushi Hosaka	Liberal Democratic	Toyota resigned from the LDP due to a high-profile bullying scandal in June 2017.[39] At the time of the election, she was under investigation for assaulting her former aide. She contested as an independent as she wasn't selected by the LDP in the snap election.[40]

Representatives

Members of House of Representatives elected from single-seat constituency

LDP Komei Kibō CDP Ishin JCP SDP Independent（DP） Independent（LP） Independent


Hokkaido	1st	Daiki Michishita	2nd	Takamori Yoshikawa	3rd	Satoshi Arai	4th	Hiroyuki Nakamura	5th	Yoshiaki Wada
	6th	Takahiro Sasaki	7th	Yoshitaka Itō	8th	Seiji Osaka	9th	Manabu Horii	10th	Hisashi Inatsu
	11th	Kaori Ishikawa	12th	Arata Takebe
Aomori	1st	Jun Tsushima	2nd	Tadamori Ōshima	3rd	Jiro Kimura
Iwate	1st	Takeshi Shina	2nd	Shunichi Suzuki	3rd	Ichirō Ozawa
Miyagi	1st	Tōru Doi	2nd	Kenya Akiba	3rd	Akihiro Nishimura	4th	Shintaro Ito	5th	Jun Azumi
Miyagi	6th	Itsunori Onodera
Akita	1st	Hiroyuki Togashi	2nd	Katsutoshi Kaneda	3rd	Nobuhide Minorikawa
Yamagata	1st	Toshiaki Endo	2nd	Norikazu Suzuki	3rd	Ayuko Kato
Fukushima	1st	Emi Kaneko	2nd	Takumi Nemoto	3rd	Kōichirō Genba	4th	Ichirō Kanke	5th	Masayoshi Yoshino
Ibaraki	1st	Yoshinori Tadokoro	2nd	Fukushiro Nukaga	3rd	Yasuhiro Hanashi	4th	Hiroshi Kajiyama	5th	Akimasa Ishikawa
Ibaraki	6th	Ayano Kunimitsu	7th	Kishirō Nakamura
Tochigi	1st	Hajime Funada	2nd	Akio Fukuda	3rd	Kazuo Yana	4th	Tsutomu Sato	5th	Toshimitsu Motegi
Gunma	1st	Asako Omi	2nd	Toshirō Ino	3rd	Hiroyoshi Sasagawa	4th	Tatsuo Fukuda	5th	Yūko Obuchi
Saitama	1st	Hideki Murai	2nd	Yoshitaka Shindō	3rd	Hitoshi Kikawada	4th	Yasushi Hosaka	5th	Yukio Edano
	6th	Atsushi Oshima	7th	Saichi Kamiyama	8th	Masahiko Shibayama	9th	Taku Otsuka	10th	Taimei Yamaguchi
	11th	Ryuji Koizumi	12th	Atsushi Nonaka	13th	Shinako Tsuchiya	14th	Hiromi Mitsubayashi	15th	Ryosei Tanaka
Chiba	1st	Hiroaki Kadoyama	2nd	Takayuki Kobayashi	3rd	Hirokazu Matsuno	4th	Yoshihiko Noda	5th	Kentaro Sonoura
	6th	Hiromichi Watanabe	7th	Ken Saitō	8th	Yoshitaka Sakurada	9th	Masatoshi Akimoto	10th	Motoo Hayashi
	11th	Eisuke Mori	12th	Yasukazu Hamada	13th	Takaki Shirasuka
Kanagawa	1st	Jun Matsumoto	2nd	Yoshihide Suga	3rd	Hachiro Okonogi	4th	Yuki Waseda	5th	Manabu Sakai
	6th	Yōichirō Aoyagi	7th	Keisuke Suzuki	8th	Kenji Eda	9th	Hirofumi Ryu	10th	Kazunori Tanaka
	11th	Shinjiro Koizumi	12th	Tomoko Abe	13th	Akira Amari	14th	Jiro Akama	15th	Taro Kono
	16th	Hiroyuki Yoshiie	17th	Karen Makishima	18th	Daishiro Yamagiwa
Yamanashi	1st	Katsuhito Nakajima	2nd	Noriko Horiuchi
Tokyo	1st	Banri Kaieda	2nd	Kiyoto Tsuji	3rd	Hirotaka Ishihara	4th	Masaaki Taira	5th	Kenji Wakamiya
	6th	Takayuki Ochiai	7th	Akira Nagatsuma	8th	Nobuteru Ishihara	9th	Isshu Sugawara	10th	Hayato Suzuki
	11th	Hakubun Shimomura	12th	Akihiro Ōta	13th	Ichiro Kamoshita	14th	Midori Matsushima	15th	Tsukasa Akimoto
	16th	Hideo Ōnishi	17th	Katsuei Hirasawa	18th	Naoto Kan	19th	Yohei Matsumoto	20th	Seiji Kihara
	21st	Akihisa Nagashima	22nd	Tatsuya Ito	23rd	Masanobu Ogura	24th	Kōichi Hagiuda	25th	Shinji Inoue
Niigata	1st	Chinami Nishimura	2nd	Eiichiro Washio	3rd	Takahiro Kuroiwa	4th	Makiko Kikuta	5th	Hirohiko Izumida
Niigata	6th	Shuichi Takatori
Toyama	1st	Hiroaki Tabata	2nd	Mitsuhiro Miyakoshi	3rd	Keiichiro Tachibana
Ishikawa	1st	Hiroshi Hase	2nd	Hajime Sasaki	3rd	Shoji Nishida
Fukui	1st	Tomomi Inada	2nd	Tsuyoshi Takagi
Nagano	1st	Takashi Shinohara	2nd	Mitsu Shimojo	3rd	Yōsei Ide	1st	Shigeyuki Goto	5th	Ichiro Miyashita
Gifu	1st	Seiko Noda	2nd	Yasufumi Tanahashi	3rd	Yoji Muto	4th	Shunpei Kaneko	5th	Keiji Furuya
Shizuoka	1st	Yōko Kamikawa	2nd	Tatsunori Ibayashi	3rd	Hiroyuki Miyazawa	4th	Yoshio Mochizuki	5th	Goshi Hosono
Shizuoka	6th	Shu Watanabe	7th	Minoru Kiuchi	8th	Ryu Shionoya
Aichi	1st	Hiromichi Kumada	2nd	Motohisa Furukawa	3rd	Shoichi Kondo	4th	Shōzō Kudo	5th	Hirotaka Akamatsu
	6th	Hideki Niwa	7th	Shiori Yamao	8th	Tadahiko Ito	9th	Yasumasa Nagasaka	10th	Tetsuma Esaki
	11th	Shinichiro Furumoto	12th	Kazuhiko Shigetoku	13th	Kensuke Ōnishi	14th	Sōichirō Imaeda	1st	Yukinori Nemoto
Mie	1st	Norihisa Tamura	2nd	Masaharu Nakagawa	3rd	Katsuya Okada	4th	Norio Mitsuya
Shiga	1st	Fujitaka Ōoka	2nd	Kenichiro Ueno	3rd	Nobuhide Takemura	4th	Hiroo Kotera
Kyoto	1st	Bunmei Ibuki	2nd	Seiji Maehara	3rd	Kenta Izumi	4th	Hideyuki Tanaka	5th	Taro Honda
Kyoto	6th	Hiroshi Ando
Osaka	1st	Hiroyuki Ōnishi	2nd	Akira Satō	3rd	Shigeki Sato	4th	Yasuhide Nakayama	5th	Tōru Kunishige
	6th	Shinichi Isa	7th	Naomi Tokashiki	8th	Takashi Ōtsuka	9th	Kenji Harada	10th	Kiyomi Tsujimoto
	11th	Hirofumi Hirano	12th	Tomokatsu Kitagawa	13th	Kōichi Munekiyo	14th	Takashi Nagao	15th	Naokazu Takemoto
	16th	Kazuo Kitagawa	17th	Nobuyuki Baba	18th	Takashi Endo	19th	Hodaka Maruyama
Hyōgo	1st	Masahito Moriyama	2nd	Kazuyoshi Akaba	3rd	Yoshihiro Seki	4th	Hisayuki Fujii	5th	Koichi Tani
	6th	Masaki Ōgushi	7th	Kenji Yamada	8th	Hiromasa Nakano	9th	Yasutoshi Nishimura	10th	Kisabro Tokai
	11th	Takeaki Matsumoto	12th	Tsuyoshi Yamaguchi
Nara	1st	Shigeki Kobayashi	2nd	Sanae Takaichi	3rd	Taido Tanose
Wakayama	1st	Shuhei Kishimoto	2nd	Masatoshi Ishida	3rd	Toshihiro Nikai
Tottri	1st	Shigeru Ishiba	2nd	Ryosei Akazawa
Shimane	1st	Hiroyuki Hosoda	2nd	Wataru Takeshita
Okayama	1st	Ichiro Aizawa	2nd	Takashi Yamashita	3rd	Toshiko Abe	4th	Gaku Hashimoto	5th	Katsunobu Kato
Hiroshima	1st	Fumio Kishida	2nd	Hiroshi Hiraguchi	3rd	Katsuyuki Kawai	4th	Masayoshi Shintani	5th	Minoru Terada
Hiroshima	6th	Koji Sato	7th	Fumiaki Kobayashi
Yamaguchi	1st	Masahiro Kōmura	2nd	Nobuo Kishi	3rd	Takeo Kawamura	4th	Shinzo Abe
Tokushima	1st	Masazumi Gotoda	2nd	Shunichi Yamaguchi
Kagawa	1st	Takuya Hirai	2nd	Yuichiro Tamaki	3rd	Keitaro Ohno
Ehime	1st	Yasuhisa Shiozaki	2nd	Seiichiro Murakami	3rd	Yoichi Shiraishi	4th	Koichi Yamamoto
Kōchi	1st	Gen Nakatani	2nd	Hajime Hirota
Fukuoka	1st	Takahiro Inoue	2nd	Makoto Oniki	3rd	Atsushi Koga	4th	Hideki Miyauchi	5th	Yoshiaki Harada
	6th	Jiro Hatoyama	7th	Satoshi Fujimaru	8th	Tarō Asō	9th	Asahiko Mihara	10th	Kōzō Yamamoto
	11th	Ryota Takeda
Saga	1st	Kazuhiro Haraguchi	2nd	Hiroshi Ogushi
Nagasaki	1st	Hideko Nishioka	2nd	Kanji Kato	3rd	Yaichi Tanigawa	4th	Seigo Kitamura
Kumamoto	1st	Minoru Kihara	2nd	Takeshi Noda	3rd	Tetsushi Sakamoto	4th	Yasushi Kaneko
Ōita	1st	Yoichi Anami	2nd	Seishiro Eto	3rd	Takeshi Iwaya
Miyazaki	1st	Shunsuke Takei	2nd	Taku Etō	3rd	Yoshihisa Furukawa
Kagoshima	1st	Hiroshi Kawauchi	2nd	Masuo Kaneko	3rd	Yasuhiro Ozato	4th	Hiroshi Moriyama
Okinawa	1st	Seiken Akamine	2nd	Kantoku Teruya	3rd	Denny Tamaki	4th	Kosaburo Nishime

By-election

Year	Month and date	District	Winner	Party	Vacancy	Party	Notes
2018	-	There was a reason for the implementation, but it was originally scheduled to hold a by-election in Okinawa 3rd district, but it was postponed to the next election due to apportionment lawsuit. There were no national elections in 2018.
2019	April 21	Osaka-12th	Fumitake Fujita	Ishin	Tomokatsu Kitagawa	LDP	Kitagawa died on December 26, 2018.
2019	April 21	Okinawa-3rd	Tomohiro Yara	Independent（LP）	Denny Tamaki	Independent（LP）	Tamaki lost his job as a member of the House of Representatives on September 13, 2018, following his candidacy for 2018 Okinawa gubernatorial election.
2020	April 26	Shizuoka-4th	Yoichi Fukazawa	LDP	Yoshio Mochizuki	LDP	Mochizuki died on December 19, 2019.
2021	April 25	Hokkaido-2nd	Kenko Matsuki	CDP	Takamori Yoshikawa	LDP	Yoshikawa resigned on December 22, 2020, citing ill health.
	ー	Kanagawa-3rd	ー	ー	Hachiro Okonogi	LDP	Okonogi resigns on July 18, 2021, to run for 2021 Yokohama mayoral election.
		Tokyo-9th	ー	ー	Isshu Sugawara	LDP	Sugawara resigned on June 3, 2021, following a summary indictment for violating the Public Offices Election Law.
		Shimane-2nd	ー	ー	Wataru Takeshita	LDP	Takeshita died on September 17, 2021.
		Hiroshima-3rd	ー	ー	Katsuyuki Kawai	LDP	Kawai resigns on April 1, 2021, saying he would take responsibility for the takeover that violated the Public Offices Election Law.

The by-elections in Tokyo-9th, Kanagawa-3rd, Hiroshima-3rd and Shimane-2nd district were not held due to the remaining term of the member of the House of Representatives.

Members of House of Representatives elected from proportional representation block

LDP Komei Kibō CDP Ishin JCP SDP


	Hokkaido	Tohoku	Northern Kanto	Southern Kanto	Tokyo	Hokurikushinetsu	Tokai	Kinki	Chugoku	Shikoku	Kyushu
1	Koichi Watanabe	Akinori Eto	Kazuyuki Nakane	Noriko Miyagawa	Takao Ochi	Taku Yamamoto	Takaaki Katsumata	Shinsuke Okuno	Toshifumi Kojima	Teru Fukui	Hiroyuki Sonoda
2	Hiroshi Kamiya	Manabu Terata	Kaichi Hasegawa	Yukio Ubukata	Yoshio Tezuka	Kōichi Matsudaira	Mitsunori Okamoto	Natsue Mori	Mio Sugita	Junya Ogawa	Nariaki Nakayama
3	Takako Suzuki	Akiko Okamoto	Toshikazu Morita	Kaname Tajima	Jin Matsubara	Kazuya Kondo	Tsunehiko Yoshida	Hiroyuki Moriyama	Akiko Kamei	Mamoru Fukuyama	Takuma Miyaji
4	Maki Ikeda	Yoshitami Kameoka	Keiko Nagaoka	Shinichi Nakatani	Miki Yamada	Hiroaki Saito	Junji Suzuki	Noboru Kamitani	Michiyoshi Yunoki	Noritoshi Ishida	Katsuhiko Yokomitsu
5	Tatsumaru Yamaoka	Takashi Fujiwara	Keiichi Ishii	Kazuma Nakatani	Yoshinori Suematsu	Tōru Ishizaki	Yoshinori Ōguchi	Yuzuru Takeuchi	Tetsuo Saito	Norio Takeuchi	Yasuyuki Eda
6	Hidemichi Sato	Shinji Oguma	Hideki Makihara	Shigeyuki Tomita	Yōsuke Takagi	Wakako Yamamoto	Sei Ōmi	Shinji Tarutoko	Michitaka Ikeda	Yūji Yamamoto	Masahiro Imamura
7	Toshimitsu Funahashi	Yoshihisa Inoue	Yuriko Yamakawa	Norihiro Nakayama	Akira Kasai	Takeshi Saiki	Masato Imai	Yukari Sato	Keiichi Furuta		Shuji Kira
8	Hiranao Honda	Makoto Yamazaki	Yamato Aoyama	Kentaro Motomura	Kiyoshi Odawara	Shunsuke Mutai	Masayuki Aoyama	Keiji Kokuta	Takashi Takai		Yasushi Furukawa
9		Hinako Takahashi	Yasutaka Nakasone	Tsuyoshi Hoshino	Mito Kakizawa	Masataka Ōta	Jiro Kawasaki	Hidetaka Inoue	Keisuke Tsumura		Koichi Yamauchi
10		Chizuko Takahashi	Tetsuya Shiokawa	Kazuo Shii	Akihiro Hatsushika	Yasufumi Fuzino	Yoshio Maki	Shu Sakurai	Yasushi Miura		Kiyohiko Tōyama
11		Takashi Midorikawa	Keinin Horikoshi	Gō Shinohara	Fumiaki Matsumoto	Kenichi Hosoda	Yūta Hiyoshi	Yayoi Kimura	Keigo Masuya		Kōnosuke Kokuba
12		Kentarō Uesugi	Akio Satō	Tomohiro Yamamoto	Takao Ando		Nobuko Motomura	Tomoko Ukishima			Takaaki Tamura
13		Yukihiko Akutsu	Mitsunari Okamoto	Shin Miyakawa	Ikuo Yamabana		Kenji Kanda	Shohei Okashita			Shuji Inatomi
14			Satoshi Asano	Yūichi Goto	Shunsuke Ito		Wataru Ito	Takashi Tanihata			Tsutomu Tomioka
15			Kimichika Hyakutake	Noriko Furuya	Michiyo Takagi		Yoshitaka Ikeda	Kazunori Inoue			Masayoshi Yagami
16			Masako Ōkawara	Hidehiro Mitani	Toru Miyamoto		Kenichiro Seki	Fumiyoshi Murakami			Masakazu Hamachi
17			Yasuko Komiyama	Tetsuya Kimura	Kei Takagi		Isao Matsuda	Tomu Tanigawa			Kazuchika Iwata
18			Yutaka Kanda	Kazumasa Okajima			Tetsuya Yagi	Takeshi Miyamoto			Takashi Kie
19			Rentaro Takagi	Soichiro Okuno			Kazumi Sugimoto	Susumu Hamamura			Hajime Yoshikawa
20				Hiroshi Ueno			Kentaro Genma	Yasushi Adachi			Mikio Shimoji
21				Kimie Hatano			Lack of a list	Hirofumi Kado
22				Seiichi Kushida			Tsuyoshi Tabata	Kanako Otsuji
23								Kazuhide Ōkuma
24								Yasuto Urano
25								Kazunori Yamanoi
26								Yōko Wanibuchi
27								Mamoru Shigemoto
28								Hideki Nagao

People who were elected in PR following the resignation of another member of the House of Representatives

Year	Month	block	Winner	Party	Vacancy	Notes
2018	November	Kyūshū	Masahisa Miyazaki	LDP	Hiroyuki Sonoda	Sonoda died on November 11, 2018.
2019	February	Kinki	Sumio Mabuchi	Kibō	Shinji Tarutoko	Tarutoko resigned on January 28, 2019, to run for by-election in Osaka 12th district.
	February	Tokai	Shuhei Aoyama	LDP	Sei Ōmi	Ōmi lost his job as a member of the House of Representatives on January 27, 2019, because he ran for Anjō mayoral election.
	March	Tokai	Takeru Yoshikawa	LDP	Tsuyoshi Tabata	Tabata resigned on March 1, 2019, following allegations of quasi-forced sexual intercourse and secret photography.
	March	Southern Kanto	Hajime Yatagawa	Kibō	Kentaro Motomura	Motomura resigned on March 7, 2019, to run for Sagamihara mayoral election.
	April	Kinki	Tadashi Shimizu	JCP	Takeshi Miyamoto	Miyamoto lost his job as a member of the House of Representatives on April 9, 2019, because he ran for by-election in Osaka 12th district.
	July	Chugoku	Shogo Azemoto	LDP	Yasushi Miura	Miura lost his job as a member of the House of Representatives on July 4, 2019, because he ran for the 2019 Japanese House of Councillors election.
	September	Southern Kanto	Minoru Debata	LDP	Noriko Miyagawa	Miyagawa died on September 12, 2019.
2020	February	Kinki	Teruo Minobe	Ishin	Takashi Tanihata	Tanibata resigned as a member of the House of Representatives on April 2, 2020, citing medical treatment.
2020	November	Tokyo	Akihiro Matsuo	CDP	Akihiro Hatsushika	Hatsuka resigned as a member of the House of Representatives on October 26, 2020, after being sent to prosecutors for investigative documents on charges of forced indecency.
2021	February	KyūShū	Nobuhiro Yoshida	Kōmei	Kiyohiko Toyama	Toyama resigned as a member of the House of Representatives on February 1, 2021, after it was discovered that he had visited a hostess club in Ginza under the declaration of an emergency.
	August	Hokkaido	Maya Yamazaki	CDP	Hiranao Honda	Honda resigned as a member of the House of Representatives on July 28, 2021, to take responsibility for making inappropriate remarks about lewd behavior of minors.
	October	Hokurikushinetsu	Yutaka Komatsu	LDP	Tōru Ishizaki	Ishizaki resigned as a member of the House of Representatives on September 28, 2021, to join the Nippon Ishin no Kai.

Aftermath

Results of the Prime Minister election[41][42]
Party		Candidate	Votes
Party		Candidate	Rep	Cou
	LDP–Kōmei	Shinzō Abe	312	151
	CDP	Yukio Edano	60	9
	Kibō	Shū Watanabe	51	3
	DP	Kōhei Ōtsuka	16	48
	JCP	Kazuo Shii	12	14
	Ishin	Toranosuke Katayama	11	11
	Former DP	Seiji Maehara	1	0
	Independent	Eiichirō Washio	1	0
	Independent	Kenzō Fujisue	0	2
Invalid/blank vote			1	1
Did not vote			0	3
Total			465	242

Reactions and analysis

The success of the CDP in surpassing the Kibō no Tō in the number of seats and becoming the official opposition party was surprising. It presents a potential challenge for the ruling coalition to pass the constitutional amendment of Article 9, which was one of the main issues of the 2017 general election that was supported by Koike but opposed by the pacifist coalition.[43] With the super-majority in both the upper and the lower house, the ruling coalition are expected to pass other legislation without much resistance.[44] In a post-election conference, Prime Minister Shinzō Abe was optimistic about moving forward, stating that the victory was the first time the LDP have "won three consecutive victories" under the same party leader.[45] The landslide victory achieved by the LDP campaign has been observed as not completely related to the popularity of Shinzo Abe, as the victory was also significantly influenced by the disconnect between the oppositions, notably the failure of Koike and the pacifist coalition to unite over many election issues.[45][46]

Investiture vote

A special Diet session was convened on 1 November to elect the next prime minister.[47] Abe was re-elected with 312 and 151 votes in the House of Representatives and House of Councillors respectively.[41][42] The new cabinet was formed later on the day.

Notes

This poll is not specific to the PR blocks, but is rather a general voting-intention poll. "At the next elections, what is the party that you would like to vote for, or to which your preferred candidate belongs?".
This response was phrased as "The government loses its majority", which would include both those wishing for a change in government, as well as those wishing for the coalition to negotiate with other parties.

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[26] This poll is not specific to the PR blocks, but is rather a general voting-intention poll. "At the next elections, what is the party that you would like to vote for, or to which your preferred candidate belongs?".

[27] This response was phrased as "The government loses its majority", which would include both those wishing for a change in government, as well as those wishing for the coalition to negotiate with other parties.

[1] "Shinzo Abe gains big victory in Japan election". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.

[2] "How Japanese PM Shinzo Abe won a sweeping electoral triumph". Financial Times. 22 October 2017.

[3] "立憲民主党、野党第1党が確実（衆院選2017)". Huffington Post. 2017-10-22.

[4] "Election turnout likely second-lowest in postwar period, estimate says". The Japan Times. 2017-10-23.

[age-5] Umeda, Sayuri. "Japan: Voting Age Lowered from 20 to 18". Library of Congress.

[6] Rich, M. (22 November 2017). "Japan Election Vindicates Shinzo Abe as His Party Wins Big". The New York Times. Retrieved November 27, 2017.

[7] MIC/e-gov legal database: 公職選挙法 Archived 2016-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, chapter 5 (election dates), article 31 (general elections)

[8] "民主、衆参同日選も想定年内に候補者170人擁立めざす". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. 6 June 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2015.

[9] Rich, Motoko (2017-07-03). "Tokyo Voters' Rebuke Signals Doubt About Shinzo Abe's Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[:1-10] Repeta, Lawrence [in Japanese] (2017-10-15). "Backstory to Abe's Snap Election – the Secrets of Moritomo, Kake and the "Missing" Japan SDF Activity Logs". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 2017-10-17.

[:0-11] Rich, Motoko (2017-09-25). "Shinzo Abe of Japan Calls Early Election, as a Rival Party Forms". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[12] "Former DP heavyweight Yukio Edano seeks to fill void with new liberal-minded party". Japan Times. 2 October 2017.

[veconomist-13] "Why the LDP keeps winning elections in Japan: pragmatism". The Economist. 12 October 2017.

[14] "2017 Lower House Election / LDP, Kibo to lock horns over consumption tax rate hike". The Japan News. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[15] "2017 Lower House Election / Koike leaves open scenario of forming coalition with LDP". The Japan News. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[number-16] "党派別立候補者数". 日本経済新聞.

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[18] "Japan's 'Nothing'Election: The View From Washington | Politics | Tokyo Business Today". Tokyo Business Today. Retrieved 2017-10-19.

[19] Yoshida, Reiji (28 September 2017). "Democratic Party effectively disbands, throwing support behind Koike's party for Lower House poll". The Japan Times. Retrieved 28 September 2017.

[20] "VOTE 2017: Koike refuses to name candidate to replace Abe as prime minister：The Asahi Shimbun". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original on 2017-10-08. Retrieved 2017-10-09.

[21] "Tokyo Gov. Koike's upstart party Kibo no To vows to halt tax hike, debate war-renouncing Article 9". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.

[22] "Kibo no To and Osaka's Nippon Ishin in cautious collaboration with wide policy overlap". Japan Times. 6 October 2017.

[23] "VOTE 2017: Edano plans to form new party as liberal force in election". Asahi Shimbun. 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 2 October 2017.

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[25] Japan Ranks Low in Female Lawmakers. An Election Won't Change That., by MOTOKO RICHOCT. 21, 2017, https://nyti.ms/2gVN79s New York Times

[28] "高知２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[29] "栃木２区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[30] "北海道１１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[Kaieda_2014-31] Aoki, Mizuho; Yoshida, Reiji. "Kaieda quits as DPJ chief after humiliating ejection from Diet". The Japan Times. Retrieved 21 November 2017.

[DPJ_2014-32] "民主・海江田代表、辞任を表明後継者争い混沌党分裂の危機". Yūkan Fuji. December 15, 2014. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[33] "東京１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[34] "東京6区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

[35] "東京１８区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[36] "神奈川６区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[37] "東京１０区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[38] Sim, Walter (October 24, 2017). "Koike fails miserably, even in her stronghold". The Straits Times. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[39] "奈良１区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[40] "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[41] "Female Japanese politician Mayuko Toyota resigns after attacking male aide". The Straits Times. June 23, 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.

[42] "埼玉４区" (in Japanese). NHK. Retrieved 7 November 2017.

[shugiinvote-43] 第195回国会本会議第1号（平成29年11月1日（水曜日）） (in Japanese)

[sangiinvote-44] 第195回国会（2017年11月1日）投票結果ー内閣総理大臣の指名 (in Japanese)

[45] "After win, Abe takes cautious tack on revising Constitution". Asahi Shimbun. October 24, 2017. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[NBR-46] Osborne, Samuel; Yamaguchi, Mari (October 24, 2017). "What does Shinzo Abe's election win mean for Japan?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-01. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[NAR-47] Shimada, Gaku; Kagaya, Kazuki (October 24, 2017). "Overconfidence emerges as Abe's biggest risk after opposition sink". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[48] "Japan's Abe Has Pulled Off a Landslide— But He's Not as Popular as You Might Think". Bloomberg. October 24, 2017. Retrieved 25 October 2017.

[49] "Diet to convene session Wednesday to re-elect Abe as PM". Japan Times. October 26, 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2017.

Elections in Japan
General elections	1890 1892 1894 (Mar) 1894 (Sep) 1898 (Mar) 1898 (Aug) 1902 1903 1904 1908 1912 1915 1917 1920 1924 1928 1930 1932 1936 1937 1942 1946 1947 1949 1952 1953 1955 1958 1960 1963 1967 1969 1972 1976 1979 1980 1983 1986 1990 1993 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 2012 2014 2017 2021 Next
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Supreme Court retention elections	1949 1952 1955 1958 1960 1963 1967 1969 1972 1976 1979 1980 1983 1986 1990 1993 1996 2000 2003 2005 2009 2012 2014 2017 2021
See also: Gubernatorial elections Prefectural Assembly elections