Jay Estate

As a component of the Boston Post Road Historic District, the Jay Estate has been further recognized as an archaeologically significant area.[16] There are known affiliations with Middle Woodland, Late Woodland, Late Archaic and periods of historic significance of 3000-4999 BC, 1000-2999 BC, 1499-1000 AD, 1749-1500 AD, 1825-1849, and 1850-1874.[17]

Portrait of John Jay by Gilbert Stuart, 1794

Of America's seven most notable Founding Fathers - George Washington, John Adams, Jay, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison - Jay alone was born in what would become the settler-colonial territory of New York State. He was raised in Rye from 3 months at what he called the "Family Seat" a 400-acre (160 ha) farm later named "The Locusts" overlooking Long Island Sound.[18] The property had been first leased then purchased by his father Peter from Rye settler John Budd before Jay's birth.

Jay was home schooled by his mother Mary until 8 years old. He had three siblings with disabilities who lived there as well - Augustus who suffered from learning disabilities and Anna and Peter who were both blind. Two other siblings, an older sister Eve and a younger brother Frederick also occupied the house. The estate at this time was also home to 8 enslaved people according to a 1755 New York State Census; remnants of what appears to have been an enslaved person's dwelling were discovered in August 2017. Based on archival drawings, the core property at that time had several smaller outbuildings including an ice house, stable, smokehouse and additional dwellings clustered around the main house including a still extant farmhouse that dates to the mid 1760s. Numerous wells provided water on the property along with two other freshwater sources known as the East Stream and West Creek. Crops included potatoes.

At 14 years old, Jay went to New York City to study law at Kings College (today's Columbia University) but continued to come home fortnightly to spend time and holidays with family. Exchanges with his father reveal the names of enslaved persons living at the site include Moll, Old Plato, Little Plat, Old Mary, Young Mary, Zilpha, Clarinda and Anthony.

Ancestral home of John Jay in Rye, New York

When the Stamp Act compelled Jay and many other lawyers to strike in defiance of British law, he returned there to live from 1765 to 1766, and immersed himself in re-reading the classics.[19] After negotiating the Treaty of Paris that ended the Revolutionary War, Jay rejoiced with family and friends at his home in Rye in July, 1784.[20] While Governor of New York, Jay notes "I am the owner of one undivided half part of a lot of land containing by estimation seventy acres, in the township of Rye adjacent to the farm of Peter Jay and occupied by him." – John Jay, October 1, 1798. John Jay and members of his family spent time there including his wife Sarah Livingston Jay and his youngest son William. After Jay's retirement to Bedford, he inherited his brother's portion of the estate and oversaw management of the property from 1813 to 1822 before transferring it to his eldest son Peter Augustus in 1822. Still he advised on the planting of numerous trees.

During this period, the landscape began to change. Dry-laid stone ha-ha walls replaced fences and the view to the Long Island Sound was more formally shaped. Three large elm trees were planted behind the main house to replace three locusts that had fallen during the September Gale of 1822. The last enslaved resident of the property, a man named Caesar Valentine, was freed in 1824 and remained at the Jay Estate in the employ of the Jay family until his death and burial on the farm in 1847.

Famous visitors to the Jay Estate during this period include Yale President Timothy Dwight IV, American novelist James Fenimore Cooper, artist and inventor Samuel F. B. Morse.

Seven years after his father's death, Peter reluctantly took down the ancestral house but reincorporated its timbers, doors, shutters and nails into a new 1838 structure, locating the second construction on the footprint of the first building. Stylistic elements appear to have been influenced by architectural pattern books by Minard Lafever, Asher Benjamin and Chester Hills.[21] While the style of the mansion's facade is grand, the rear piazza replicates the simplicity and same dimensions of the first house, one story high and 80 feet (24 m) long.

Portrait of Peter Augustus Jay, lawyer and anti-slavery advocate, by John Wesley Jarvis

1849 Alexander Jackson Davis Cottage at Jay Estate (Jay Heritage Center Archives)

After Peter Augustus Jay's death in 1843, the Jay Estate passed down to his son John Clarkson Jay a noted conchologist, member of the Lyceum of Natural History doctor and co-founder of New York Yacht Club. Dr. Jay made changes to the mansion which included rerouting the central hall staircase. In 1849, he added a Carpenter Gothic cottage based upon designs by Alexander Jackson Davis as well as a bowling alley. He also gave the property the new name of "Alansten." Portions of the property were leased by gardeners and farmers who managed the surrounding land for the Jay family as a dairy farm. The property was kept open for livestock and planted with crops of rye, wheat and corn.

The home and surrounding acreage stayed in the Jay family through 1904. Other notable owners and residents of the property during this period include landscape architect Mary Rutherfurd Jay, her brother Pierre Jay, first Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and art collector and philanthropist Junius Spencer Morgan II.

Owners of the Jay Estate in modern times included architect Henry Ives Cobb (1904) who purchased the land with hopes to develop it; Dutch financier Warner M. Van Norden and Grace Talcott (1905-1911) who kept rare animals including Highland cattle and Grevy zebras;[22] Princeton benefactor and Palmer Square creator Edgar Palmer and his wife Zilph (1911-1935); National Horse Show President Walter B. Devereux and his wife Zilph (1935-1966);[23] the Methodist Church (1966-1979); and lastly DGM Partners, a real estate concern (1979-1992).

It is during this period (circa 1917) that a large Indoor Tennis House is constructed. Landscape architects Brinley & Holbrook redesign the gardens.

The Jay Estate was threatened by development in 1979.[24] The conflict that arose galvanized the advocacy efforts of more than 62 historical and environmental organizations known as the "Jay Coalition" (the precursor to today's Jay Heritage Center) together with numerous government officials. Supreme Court Justice Harry A. Blackmun was a visitor to the site during this time.

During this chapter of change, and upon seeing the preserved landscape and viewshed of John Jay's youth and early adulthood, Justice Harry Blackmun remarked,[25]

It was a place that struck me then as symbolic of what was impressive about certain aspects of the latter part of the 18th century—gracious living and status to be sure, but coupled with a sense of responsibility, particularly to government and to the art of getting along together.

— Harry Blackmun, Associate Justice, United States Supreme Court

It is also during this window that the surrounding Boston Post Road Historic District was added to the National Historic Register of Places (1982).

In 1992, after 13 years of negotiations and public hearings, Westchester County purchased the 23 acre property for $11.5 million and the Jay Estate was preserved. Two buildings and 1.5 acres in the center of that parcel were sold to the Jay Heritage Center.

23-acre Jay Estate map

In 1993, the Jay Estate and surrounding properties were further elevated in stature and included in a National Historic Landmark District by the National Park Service. In keeping with this distinction, preservation of the Jay Estate adheres to standards set by the Department of the Interior. In 1997, New York State Parks purchased a 90% interest in the remaining 21.5 acres to become tenants in common with Westchester County.

Despite best efforts to maintain the property, the landscape fell into disrepair. By 2011, the integrity of the property was again in jeopardy. Charles A. Birnbaum of The Cultural Landscape Foundation declared the Jay Estate an at-risk landscape.[26] To help build consensus for ways to move constructively forward, Birnbaum and Jay Heritage Center co-sponsored a day-long symposium called "Bridging the Nature Culture Divide." Landscape design professionals and members of the community were invited to reimagine how components of the landmark like its historic gardens and meadow could be reimagined in a sustainable manner.[3] The event was so successful that it was repeated at other national sites. Subsequent forums were co-sponsored by the Central Park Conservancy (2012) and the Presidio Trust (2015).[27]

In 2013, the non-profit Jay Heritage Center was awarded stewardship of the park under a private-public partnership agreement following legislative approval by Westchester County in 2012.[28]

JHC Team Receives 2022 NY State Historic Preservation Award from NY State Parks Commissioner Erik Kullesid

Today the 3 owners of the park - NY State Parks, Westchester County and the Jay Heritage Center (JHC) collaborate to ensure the national treasure can be enjoyed by future generations. The partnership has been so successful that JHC was honored with a NY State Historic Preservation Award for Non-Profit Achievement in December 2022 by Governor Kathy Hochul and NY State Parks Commissioner Erik Kullesid.[29]

Path Through History designation 2014

The site is known to have been the home and burial site of numerous men and women owned and freed by the Jay family. As such, the estate was designated one of 16 sites on the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County in 2004. John Jay is well known for a contradictory legacy of owning enslaved individuals while simultaneously advocating emancipation, serving as the first President of the New-York Manumission Society, and establishing the first African Free School. His son Peter Augustus Jay also served as President of the Manumission Society, continuing his work.[13]

In November 2008, the PAJ House became the oldest National Historic Landmark structure in New York State to be equipped with an energy-efficient geothermal heating and cooling system.[39][40] One year later, the 23-acre Jay Estate was designated a member site of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area (HRVNHA)[41] in January 2009, based on its architectural and historic significance as well as green management practices and design efforts in sustainability. The HRVNHA is a prestigious designation by the National Park Service (NPS).

The Jay mansion has been recognized as an outstandingly pure example of Greek Revival architecture.

The [1838] Peter Jay House ... is undeniably a major architectural landmark. This monumental Greek Revival style house has been generally recognized as one of the most important buildings of its type in the country. Its symmetrical massing, bold scale, and grandly austere detail are an extraordinary symbol of the increasing wealth and power of America during the decade of the 1830s. The house also reflects the importance of the Jay family in a maturing nation.

— Andrew Dolkart, architectural historian

In 2013, the Jay Estate was added to New York State's Path Through History as an important site that explores themes and the evolution of Civil Rights.[42]