Journey to Enceladus and Titan

Journey to Enceladus and Titan (JET) is an astrobiology mission concept to assess the habitability potential of Enceladus and Titan, moons of Saturn.

The JET orbiter concept was proposed in 2011 by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to NASA's Discovery Program for its 13th mission, but it was not selected as a semi-finalist; Lucy was selected on January 4, 2017.[1][2]

Concept
Enceladus full view

Enceladus is a small icy moon, seemingly similar in chemical makeup to comets,[3] with jets or geysers of water erupting from its surface that might be connected to active hydrothermal vents at its subsurface water ocean floor,[4][5][6][7][8] where the moon's ocean meets the underlying rock, a prime habitat for life.[9][10] The geysers could provide easy access for sampling the moon's subsurface ocean, and if there is microbial life in it, ice particles from the sea could contain the evidence astrobiologists need to identify them.[11] An organic-rich world, Titan has a methane cycle comparable in atmospheric and geological processes to Earth's water cycle.

Enceladus's south pole - Geysers spray water from many locations along the 'tiger stripes' feature.

The JET orbiter mission concept was proposed in 2011 by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to NASA's Discovery Program Mission #13.[12] During the orbiter's one-year mission, it would perform high-resolution mass spectroscopy mapping that would determine what processes have shaped and are shaping the moons, and it would permit assessment of the habitability potential of Enceladus and Titan.[8][12]

In order to meet the $450 million cost cap, the orbiter would carry only two instruments. It would orbit Saturn and make a total of 16 flybys of Enceladus and Titan, the closest ones at 900 km from Titan's surface.[12] In June 2015 NASA announced a list of five finalists for the current competition, but the Journey to Enceladus and Titan proposal was not selected. Lucy was selected on January 4, 2017, and was launched in October 2021.[1][2][13]

Objectives
Titan's mystery clouds
Near-infrared radiation from the Sun reflecting off Titan's hydrocarbon seas.

The three goals of the mission are to determine the processes that have shaped and are shaping Enceladus and Titan, to assess their astrobiological potential, and to investigate their formation and evolution.[12][14]

At Enceladus, the mission will determine composition and flux of material in the plume, and will produce temperature maps of the faults, tectonics and interior dynamics.[14] At Titan, it will characterize of the organic molecules in the upper atmosphere at different altitudes (> 900 km) and latitudes, and will produce high-resolution images for detailed study of features forming at different time-scales.[14]

Launch and trajectory

If using an Atlas V rocket, JET would reach Saturn in 8.5 years using a Venus–Earth–Earth gravity assist trajectory.[14]

Payload

The orbiter payload consists of two instruments:[12][14]

  • Infrared camera: 'Titan Imaging and Geology, Enceladus Reconnaissance' (TIGER) – This high-heritage thermographic camera exploits infrared wavelengths to image through Titan's thick atmosphere and would image the heat of Enceladus's fractures known as 'tiger stripes', permitting a detailed thermal modeling. It would provide 10× better imaging resolution of Titan's surface than Cassini, yielding 50 m/pix images of 15% of Titan's surface.
  • Mass spectrometer: 'Spectrometer for Titan and Enceladus Astrobiology Mission' (STEAM) – It would characterize elements and molecules, including complex organic molecules with 100× higher resolution, and 1000× better sensitivity than Cassini. STEAM is the Rosetta flight-spare.

See also

References
  1. "Updated: NASA taps missions to tiny metal world and Jupiter Trojans". Science | AAAS. 2017-01-04. Retrieved 2017-01-04.
  2. "NASA Selects Two Missions to Explore the Early Solar System". January 4, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
  3. Battersby, Stephen (March 26, 2008). "Saturn's moon Enceladus surprisingly comet-like". New Scientist. Retrieved April 16, 2015.
  4. "Ocean Within Enceladus May Harbor Hydrothermal Activity". SpaceRef. 11 March 2015.
  5. Platt, Jane; Bell, Brian (April 3, 2014). "NASA Space Assets Detect Ocean inside Saturn Moon". NASA. Retrieved 2014-04-03.
  6. Iess, L.; Stevenson, D. J.; Parisi, M.; Hemingway, D.; Jacobson, R.A.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Nimmo, F.; Armstrong, J. W.; Asmar, S. W.; Ducci, M.; Tortora, P. (April 4, 2014). "The Gravity Field and Interior Structure of Enceladus" (PDF). Science. 344 (6179): 78–80. Bibcode:2014Sci...344...78I. doi:10.1126/science.1250551. PMID 24700854. S2CID 28990283.
  7. Amos, Jonathan (April 3, 2014). "Saturn's Enceladus moon hides 'great lake' of water". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  8. Kane, Van (3 April 2014). "Discovery Missions for an Icy Moon with Active Plumes". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2015-04-09.
  9. Witze, Alexandra (March 11, 2015). "Hints of hot springs found on Saturnian moon". Nature News. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  10. Anderson, Paul Scott (March 13, 2015). "Cassini Finds Evidence for Hydrothermal Activity on Saturn's Moon Enceladus". AmericaSpace. Retrieved 2015-04-07.
  11. Gronstal, Aaron (July 30, 2014). "Enceladus in 101 Geysers". NASA Astrobiology Institute. Archived from the original on August 16, 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-08.
  12. Sotin, C.; Altwegg, K.; Brown, R.H.; et al. (2011). JET: Journey to Enceladus and Titan (PDF). 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. Lunar and Planetary Institute.
  13. Kanayama, Lee (2022-10-16). "Lucy completes its first Earth gravity assist after a year in space". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2023-08-12.
  14. Matousek, Steve; Sotin, Christophe; Goebel, Dan; Lang, Jared (June 18–21, 2013). JET: Journey to Enceladus and Titan (PDF). Low Cost Planetary Missions Conference. California Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-04-10.
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