Kepler-452b

Kepler-452b (sometimes quoted to be an Earth 2.0 or Earth's Cousin[3][4] based on its characteristics; also known by its Kepler Object of Interest designation KOI-7016.01) is a super-Earth exoplanet orbiting within the inner edge of the habitable zone of the sun-like star Kepler-452 and is the only planet in the system discovered by Kepler. It is located about 1,800 light-years (550 pc)[5] from Earth in the constellation of Cygnus.

Kepler-452b
Artist's impression of Kepler-452b (center), depicted here as a rocky planet in the habitable zone with extensive cloud cover. The actual appearance of the exoplanet is unknown.
Discovery
Discovered byKepler Science team
Discovery siteKepler
Discovery date23 July 2015 (announced)
Transit
Designations
KOI-7016.01
Orbital characteristics
1.046+0.019
−0.015[1] AU
384.843+0.007
−0.012[1] d
Inclination89.806+0.134
−0.049
StarKepler-452
Physical characteristics
Mean radius
1.5+0.32
−0.22[1] R🜨
Mass5 ± 2[2] M🜨
1.9+1.5
−1.0 (est.) g
TemperatureTeq: 265K+15
−13 (265 K (−8 °C; 17 °F))[1]

    Kepler-452b orbits its star at a distance of 1.04 AU (156 million km; 97 million mi) from its host star (nearly the same distance as Earth from the Sun), with an orbital period of roughly 385 days, has a mass at least five times that of Earth, and has a radius of around 1.5 times that of Earth. It is the first potentially rocky super-Earth[5] planet discovered orbiting within the habitable zone of a very sun-like star.[6] However, it is unknown if it is entirely habitable, as it is receiving slightly more energy than Earth and could be subjected to a runaway greenhouse effect.

    The Kepler space telescope identified the exoplanet, and its discovery was announced by NASA on 23 July 2015.[7] The planet is about 1,800 light-years (550 pc) away from the Solar System. At the speed of the New Horizons spacecraft, at about 59,000 km/h (16,000 m/s; 37,000 mph), it would take approximately 30 million years to get there.[8]

    Physical characteristics

    Mass, radius and temperature
    Size comparison between Kepler-452b (right) and Earth (left), along with the similarities of their parent stars.

    Kepler-452b has a probable mass five times that of Earth, and its surface gravity is nearly twice as much as Earth's, though calculations of mass for exoplanets are only rough estimates.[9] If it is a terrestrial planet, it is most likely a super-Earth with many active volcanoes due to its higher mass and density. The clouds on the planet would be thick and misty, covering much of the surface as viewed from space.

    The planet takes 385 Earth days to orbit its star.[10] Its radius is 50% larger than Earth's, and lies within the conservative habitable zone of its parent star.[9][11] It has an equilibrium temperature of 265 K (−8 °C; 17 °F), a little warmer than Earth.

    Host star
    Main article: Kepler-452

    The host star, Kepler-452, is a G-type and has about the same mass as the sun, only 3.7% more massive and 11% larger. It has a surface temperature of 5757 K, nearly the same as the Sun, which has a surface temperature of 5778 K.[12]

    The star's age is estimated to be about 6 billion years old, about 1.5 billion years older than the Sun, which is estimated to have existed for 4.6 billion years. Kepler-452b has been in Kepler-452's habitable zone for most of its existence, a duration just over six billion years.[13]

    From the surface of Kepler-452b, its star would look almost identical to the Sun as viewed from the Earth.[14]

    The star's apparent magnitude, or how bright it appears from Earth's perspective, is 13.426; therefore, it is too dim to be seen with the naked eye.

    Orbit

    Kepler-452b orbits its host star with an orbital period of 385 days and an orbital radius of about 1.04 AU, nearly the same as Earth's (1 AU). Kepler-452b is most likely not tidally locked and has a circular orbit. Its host star, Kepler-452, is about 20% more luminous than the Sun (L = 1.2 L☉).

    Potential habitability
    Comparison of Kepler-452b and related exoplanets with Earth.

    It is not known if Kepler-452b is a rocky planet[3] but based on its small radius, Kepler-452b is likely to be rocky.[7] It is not clear if Kepler-452b offers habitable environments. It orbits a G2V-type star, like the Sun, which is 20% more luminous, with nearly the same temperature and mass.[10] However, the star is roughly 6 billion years old, making it 1.5 billion years older than the Sun. At this point in its star's evolution, Kepler-452b is currently receiving 10% more energy from its parent star than Earth is currently receiving from the Sun.[6] If Kepler-452b is a rocky planet, it may be subject to a runaway greenhouse effect similar to that seen on Venus.[15]

    "Delayed" runaway greenhouse effect

    However, due to the planet Kepler-452b being 50 percent bigger in terms of size, it is likely to have an estimated mass of 5 M🜨, which could allow it to hold on to any oceans it may have for a longer period, preventing Kepler-452b from succumbing to runaway greenhouse effect for another 500 million years.[15] This, in turn, would be accompanied by the carbonate–silicate cycle being "buffered", extending its lifetime due to increased volcanic activity on Kepler-452b.[16] This could allow any potential life on the surface to inhabit the planet for another 500–900 million years before the habitable zone is pushed beyond Kepler-452b's orbit.

    Discovery and follow-up studies

    In 2009, NASA's Kepler spacecraft was observing stars on its photometer, the instrument it uses to detect transit events, in which a planet crosses in front of and dims its host star for a brief and roughly regular time. In this last test, Kepler observed 50000 stars in the Kepler Input Catalog, including Kepler-452; the preliminary light curves were sent to the Kepler science team for analysis, who chose obvious planetary companions from the bunch for follow-up by other telescopes. Observations for the potential exoplanet candidates took place between 13 May 2009 and 17 March 2012. Kepler-452b exhibited a transit that occurred roughly every 385 days, and it was eventually concluded that a planetary body was responsible. The discovery was announced by NASA on 23 July 2015.[7]

    At a distance of nearly 1,800 light-years (550 pc), Kepler-452b is too remote for current telescopes or the next generation of planned telescopes to determine its true mass or whether it has an atmosphere. The Kepler spacecraft focused on a single small region of the sky but next-generation planet-hunting space telescopes, such as TESS and CHEOPS, will examine nearby stars throughout the sky with follow up studies planned for these closer exoplanets by the James Webb Space Telescope and future large ground-based telescopes to analyze their atmospheres, determine masses, and infer compositions.

    A study in 2018 by Mullally et al. claimed that statistically, Kepler-452b has not been proven to exist and must still be considered a candidate.[17]

    SETI targeting

    Scientists with the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute) have already begun targeting Kepler-452b, the first near-Earth-size world found in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star.[18] SETI Institute researchers are using the Allen Telescope Array, a collection of 6-meter (20 feet) telescopes in the Cascade Mountains of California, to scan for radio transmissions from Kepler-452b. As of July 2015, the array has scanned the exoplanet on over 2 billion frequency bands, with no result. The telescopes will continue to scan over a total of 9 billion channels, searching for alien radio analysis.[18]

    Observation and exploration

    Kepler-452b is 1,800 light-years (550 parsecs) from Earth. The fastest current spacecraft, the New Horizons uncrewed probe that passed Pluto in July 2015, travels at just 56,628 km/h (15,730 m/s; 35,187 mph; 0.00037853 AU/h).[4] At that speed, it would take a spacecraft about 26 million years to reach Kepler-452b from Earth, if it was going in that direction.[4]

    Notable Exoplanets – Kepler Space Telescope
    Comparison of small planets found by Kepler in the habitable zone of their host stars.
    • A diagram of the orbit of Kepler-452b within the Kepler-452 system, as compared to the inner Solar System and Kepler-186 system, and their respective projected habitable zones.
      A diagram of the orbit of Kepler-452b within the Kepler-452 system, as compared to the inner Solar System and Kepler-186 system, and their respective projected habitable zones.

    See also

    References
    1. "NASA Exoplanet Archive – Confirmed Planet Overview – Kepler-452b". NASA Exoplanet Archive. 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
    2. "NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2016.
    3. Rincon, Paul (23 July 2015). "'Earth 2.0' found in Nasa Kepler telescope haul". BBC News. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
    4. Kepler-452b: How long would it take humans to reach 'Earth 2' and could we live there?
    5. "The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog – Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo". upr.edu.
    6. Chou, Felicia; Johnson, Michele (23 July 2015). "NASA's Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth" (Press release). NASA. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    7. Jenkins, Jon M.; Twicken, Joseph D.; Batalha, Natalie M.; et al. (23 July 2015). "Discovery and Validation of Kepler-452b: A 1.6 R🜨 Super Earth Exoplanet in the Habitable Zone of a G2 Star" (PDF). The Astronomical Journal. 150 (2): 56. arXiv:1507.06723. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...56J. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/2/56. ISSN 1538-3881. S2CID 26447864. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
    8. "NASA telescope discovers Earth-like planet in star's 'habitable zone". BNO News. 23 July 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    9. Feltman, Rachel (23 July 2015). "Scientists discover 12 new potential Earth-like planets". The Washington Post. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    10. Overbye, Dennis (23 July 2015). "Kepler Data Reveals What Might Be Best 'Goldilocks' Planet Yet". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    11. Witze, Alexandra (23 July 2015). "NASA spies Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting Sun-like star". Nature. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    12. Fraser Cain (15 September 2008). "Temperature of the Sun". Universe Today. Retrieved 19 February 2011.
    13. Bohan, Elise; Dinwiddie, Robert; Challoner, Jack; Stuart, Colin; Harvey, Derek; Wragg-Sykes, Rebecca; Chrisp, Peter; Hubbard, Ben; Parker, Phillip; et al. (Writers) (February 2016). Big History. Foreword by David Christian (1st American ed.). New York: DK. p. 77. ISBN 978-1-4654-5443-0. OCLC 940282526.
    14. NASA Kepler press conference. 23 July 2015.
    15. Lugmayr, Luigi (23 July 2015). "Kepler-452b details unveiled". I4U News. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
    16. "Is Earth's Closest Cousin A Dying Planet?". Gizmodo.com. 30 July 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
    17. Kepler's Earth-like Planets Should Not Be Confirmed without Independent Detection: The Case Of Kepler-452b Fergal Mullally, Susan E. Thompson, Jeffrey L. Coughlin, Christopher J. Burke, and Jason F. Rowe, 2 April 2018. Available at arXiv:1803.11307, Accessed 3 April 2018.
    18. SETI Targets Kepler-452b, Earth's 'Cousin,' in Search for Alien Life
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