Knox County, Tennessee

Knox County is located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2020 census, the population was 478,971,[3] making it the third-most populous county in Tennessee. Its county seat is Knoxville,[4] which is the third-most populous city in Tennessee. Knox County is included in the Knoxville metropolitan area. The county is located at the geographical center of the Great Valley of East Tennessee. Near the heart of the county is the origin of the Tennessee River, at the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers.

Knox County
County
Knox County Courthouse
Knox County Courthouse
Flag of Knox County
Flag
Official seal of Knox County
Seal
Map of Tennessee highlighting Knox County
Location within the U.S. state of Tennessee
Map of the United States highlighting Tennessee
Tennessee's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 35°59′N 83°56′W
Country United States
State Tennessee
FoundedJune 15, 1792[1]
Named forHenry Knox[2]
SeatKnoxville
Largest cityKnoxville
Government
 • MayorGlenn Jacobs (R)
Area
 • Total526 sq mi (1,360 km2)
 • Land508 sq mi (1,320 km2)
 • Water18 sq mi (50 km2)  3.5%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total478,971 Increase
 • Estimate 
(2022)
494,574
 • Density910.6/sq mi (351.6/km2)
Congressional district2nd
Websiteknoxcounty.org

History

Knox County was created after the American Revolutionary War on June 11, 1792, by Governor William Blount from parts of Greene and Hawkins counties. It was one of the few counties created when this area was still known as the Southwest Territory.[2] It is one of nine United States counties named for American Revolutionary War general Henry Knox, who was appointed as the first United States Secretary of War.[5] As population increased, parts of Knox County were taken out to form Blount (1795), Anderson (1801), Roane (1801), and Union (1850) counties.

In 1783, James White and Francis Alexander Ramsey led an expedition to explore the Upper Tennessee Valley, now within the boundaries of Knox County. White moved to what is now the Riverdale community in the eastern part of the county in 1785, and the following year constructed a fort a few miles to the west. A community developed around the fortified trading post, ultimately becoming the city of Knoxville. Governor Blount designated the fort as the capital of the Southwest Territory in 1790, and gave the new town the name "Knoxville" after his superior, Henry Knox.[6]

Blount began construction of his house, Blount Mansion, in the early 1790s. This is one of a number of late eighteenth-century structures that have been preserved in the county. The house still stands in downtown Knoxville. The Alexander McMillan House, built in the mid-1780s by Alexander McMillan (1749–1837), still stands in eastern Knox County. The Alexander Bishop House, built by Stockley Donelson in 1793,[7] and a log house built in the same year by Nicholas Gibbs both still stand in the northern part of the county.[8] Campbell's Station, a fort and stagecoach stop located in what is now Farragut, was built by Captain David Campbell (1753–1832) in 1787.[9] John Sevier established a plantation, known as Marble Springs, in the southern part of the county in the 1790s.[10] He was active in leading raids against the Cherokee people, who for years resisted with force American settlement in their territory.

Civil War
View from the south bank of the Tennessee River by Union photographer George C. Barnard after the end of the Siege of Knoxville, December 1863. Source: Library of Congress

Important railroad lines passed through Knox County, making it a strategic area both for Union and for Confederate forces throughout the Civil War. Since the mountainous terrain of East Tennessee was mostly unsuitable for plantation crops such as cotton, slavery was not as prevalent as it was in Middle and West Tennessee. The US 1860 census of Knox County showed a population of 20,020 white citizens and 2,370 enslaved African Americans.[11] The lack of slavery combined with the vestiges of a once-strong abolitionist movement were two reasons most residents of Knox County, along with much of East Tennessee, were pro-Union. In February 1861, 89% of Knox Countians voted for the pro-Union ballot in a statewide referendum on secession. On June 8, 1861, the county voted against Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession by a margin of 3,108 to 1,226.[12]

Prior to secession, Unionists from Knox County collaborated with other East Tennessee Unionists in an attempt to secede from Tennessee itself and remain part of the Union. Oliver Perry Temple, a Knoxville lawyer, was named to a three-man commission to appear before the General Assembly in Nashville and request East Tennessee and pro-Union Middle Tennessee counties be allowed to secede from the state.[13] The attempt failed. After the second state referendum for secession passed in 1861, Knox County and the rest of Tennessee joined the Confederacy.[14]

Knox County remained under Confederate control until September 3, 1863, when General Ambrose Burnside and the Union army marched into Knoxville unopposed. Parts of Middle Tennessee had been occupied by Union troops since 1862.

Union Colonel William Harris, son of New York Senator Ira Harris, wrote his father:[11]

'Glory be to God, the Yankees have come! The flag's come back to Tennessee!' Such were the welcomes all along the road, as we entered Knoxville, it was past all description. The people seemed frantic with joy. I never knew what the Love of Liberty was before. The old flag has been hidden in mattresses and under carpets. It now floats to the breeze at every staff in East Tennessee. Ladies wear it – carry it – wave it! Little children clap their hands and kiss it.

With the success of Burnside's troops in the Knoxville Campaign, and especially during the decisive Battle of Fort Sanders, Knox County remained under Union control for the duration of the Civil War.

Tennessee marble

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Knox County was an important venue for the quarrying and finishing of Tennessee marble, a type of limestone used in monument construction across the United States and Canada. Eleven quarries were operating in Knox County in 1882, and within ten years that number had doubled. Notable quarries in Knox included the Bond Quarry in Concord, an Evans Company quarry near Forks-of-the-River, and the Ross-Republic quarries near Island Home Park in South Knoxville. Finishing centers were located in Lonsdale and at the Candoro Marble Works in South Knoxville.[15][16]

Geography
House Mountain, Knox County's high point, viewed from Emory Road, near the Knox–Grainger line

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 526 square miles (1,360 km2), of which 508 square miles (1,320 km2) is land and 18 square miles (47 km2) (3.4%) is water.[17] The county lies amidst the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians, which are characterized by long, narrow ridges, oriented northeast-to-southwest, alternating with similarly shaped valleys. Notable ridges in the county include Bays Mountain, McAnnally Ridge, Beaver Ridge, Sharp's Ridge and Copper Ridge. House Mountain, at 2,064 feet (629 m), is the county's highest point, and is the focus of a state natural area.[18]

The Holston and French Broad rivers join to form the Tennessee River in the eastern part of the county, an area known as "Forks-of-the-River." This section of the river is part of Fort Loudoun Lake, which is created by Fort Loudoun Dam on the river several miles downstream in Lenoir City.

Cherokee Caverns

Cherokee Caverns is 14 miles west of Knoxville and can be accessed by Highway 62. It was discovered in 1854 by Robert Crudgington, who noticed fog emerging between rocks on his farm. He dug the entrance open and explored the cave. His daughter Margaret Crudgington opened the cave to the public in 1929 under the name Gentrys Cave; the next year she changed the name to Grand Caverns.

The cave has been open to the public, sporadically, ever since, under a variety of names. It is currently called Cherokee Caverns, referring to the historic tribe who occupied this area at the time of European encounter.[19]

Indian artifacts located in the cave indicate that another entrance to the cave existed at some time in the past.[19]

Adjacent counties

State protected areas

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
180012,446—
181010,171−18.3%
182013,03428.1%
183014,49811.2%
184015,4856.8%
185018,80721.5%
186022,81321.3%
187028,99027.1%
188039,12435.0%
189059,55752.2%
190074,30224.8%
191094,18726.8%
1920112,92619.9%
1930155,90238.1%
1940178,46814.5%
1950223,00725.0%
1960250,52312.3%
1970276,29310.3%
1980319,69415.7%
1990335,7495.0%
2000382,03213.8%
2010432,22613.1%
2020478,97110.8%
2022 (est.)494,574[20]3.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[21]
1790–1960[22] 1900–1990[23]
1990–2000[24] 2010–2014[3]
Age pyramid Knox County[25]

2000 census

As of the census[26] of 2000, there were 382,032 people, 157,872 households, and 100,722 families residing in the county. The population density was 751 people per square mile (290 people/km2). There were 171,439 housing units at an average density of 337 units per square mile (130/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 88.10% White, 8.63% Black or African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.29% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.18% from two or more races. 1.26% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 157,872 households, out of which 28.50% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.80% were married couples living together, 10.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.20% were non-families. 29.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 22.30% under the age of 18, 11.60% from 18 to 24, 30.40% from 25 to 44, 23.10% from 45 to 64, and 12.70% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.10 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $37,454, and the median income for a family was $49,182. Males had a median income of $35,755 versus $25,140 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,875. About 8.40% of families and 12.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.50% of those under age 18 and 9.70% of those age 65 or over.

2010 census

As of the census[26] of 2010, there were 432,226 people, 177,249 households, and 110,757 families residing in the county. The population density was 821.72 persons per square mile (317.27 persons/km2). The average housing unit density was 348.92 units per square mile (134.72/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 86.78% White, 8.8% Black or African American, 0.29% Native American, 1.87% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, and 1.91% multiracial. Hispanics and/or Latinos (of any race) were 3.47% of the population.

Out of all the households, 29.68% had children under the age of 18 living in them, 47.04% were family households, 3.95% had a male householder with no wife present, 11.49% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.51% were non families. 29.65% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 9.14% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.95.

21.86% of the population was under the age of 18, 65.07% from ages 18 to 64, and 13.05% aged 65 and older. The median age was 37.2 years. 51.39% of the population was female, and 48.61% was male.

The median household income was estimated to be $52,458, and the per capita income was estimated to be $30,541. Approximately 13.5% of the population was below the poverty line.

2020 census
Knox County racial composition[27]
Race Number Percentage
White (non-Hispanic) 392,756 82.00%
Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 39,853 8.32%
Native American 1,079 0.23%
Asian 11,881 2.48%
Pacific Islander 300 0.06%
Other/Mixed 23,500 4.91%
Hispanic or Latino 28,568 5.96%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 478,971 people, 191,925 households, and 118,160 families residing in the county.

Government and politics

Like most counties in heavily Unionist East Tennessee, Knox County has historically been strongly Republican. Although it is somewhat conservative for an urban county, it is slightly less Republican than the rest of East Tennessee. This is largely due to the influence of Knoxville, which has elected Democratic mayors and regularly sends Democrats to the state legislature. However, the suburban and rural areas are among the most Republican areas of Tennessee and the South.

Presidentially, Franklin Roosevelt carried the county in three of his four presidential elections, while several nearby counties are among the only counties in the nation to have never supported a Democratic candidate for president in their entire existence. Nevertheless, Democratic candidates have crossed the 40-percent mark only seven times since Roosevelt's death. In 1964, it was nearly swept up in Lyndon Johnson's national landslide; Johnson lost the county by only 334 votes. Jimmy Carter in 1976 and Bill Clinton in 1992 and 1996 are the only Democrats since then to come reasonably close to carrying the county, losing it by single-digit margins; in Clinton's case with Tennessean Al Gore on the ticket. Gore lost the county by 17 points in 2000 during his own bid for president, but still managed 40 percent. The Democrats would not cross the 40 percent threshold again until 2020, when Joe Biden received over 41 percent of the county's vote.[28]

United States presidential election results for Knox County, Tennessee[28]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No. %No. %No. %
2020 124,540 56.47% 91,422 41.45% 4,594 2.08%
2016 105,767 58.53% 62,878 34.80% 12,052 6.67%
2012 109,707 63.60% 59,399 34.43% 3,401 1.97%
2008 113,015 60.73% 70,215 37.73% 2,856 1.53%
2004 110,803 62.10% 66,013 37.00% 1,603 0.90%
2000 86,851 57.68% 60,969 40.49% 2,766 1.84%
1996 70,761 50.53% 61,158 43.67% 8,126 5.80%
1992 66,607 46.75% 59,702 41.90% 16,167 11.35%
1988 73,092 63.27% 41,829 36.21% 600 0.52%
1984 76,965 63.61% 43,448 35.91% 574 0.47%
1980 66,153 56.26% 45,634 38.81% 5,798 4.93%
1976 56,013 50.73% 53,034 48.03% 1,362 1.23%
1972 64,747 71.56% 24,076 26.61% 1,661 1.84%
1968 47,202 52.44% 24,528 27.25% 18,277 20.31%
1964 42,797 50.20% 42,463 49.80% 0 0.00%
1960 50,811 61.00% 31,990 38.40% 499 0.60%
1956 46,167 60.09% 29,768 38.74% 896 1.17%
1952 44,358 62.32% 26,681 37.48% 139 0.20%
1948 21,074 53.77% 15,946 40.68% 2,176 5.55%
1944 20,742 52.58% 18,482 46.85% 228 0.58%
1940 13,877 40.45% 20,226 58.96% 201 0.59%
1936 12,183 37.93% 19,837 61.76% 100 0.31%
1932 9,774 46.71% 10,755 51.39% 398 1.90%
1928 14,627 71.55% 5,767 28.21% 49 0.24%
1924 10,709 56.41% 6,935 36.53% 1,340 7.06%
1920 12,005 63.41% 6,801 35.93% 125 0.66%
1916 5,791 57.27% 4,214 41.68% 106 1.05%
1912 1,984 19.86% 4,069 40.73% 3,938 39.42%
1908 5,817 56.56% 4,090 39.77% 378 3.68%
1904 4,309 55.61% 3,196 41.25% 243 3.14%
1900 3,982 46.35% 4,389 51.08% 221 2.57%
1896 6,243 59.83% 4,020 38.52% 172 1.65%
1892 4,182 49.11% 3,987 46.82% 347 4.07%
1888 6,123 59.12% 3,929 37.94% 305 2.94%
1884 5,248 59.11% 3,481 39.21% 149 1.68%
1880 4,361 58.18% 3,119 41.61% 16 0.21%

The government of Knox County, Tennessee operates under a home rule format. The county administrator, formerly known as the County Executive, is called the County Mayor. There is also an elected county commission, which consists of 11 members. Knox County is divided into nine commission districts, with one commissioner elected from each district. Two commissioners are elected countywide and serve as at-large representatives. The county commissioners' districts do not correspond with those of the city of Knoxville, which has its own mayor and city council. Residents of the county living within Knoxville city limits vote both in city and in county elections, are represented by city and county mayors, and pay city and county taxes. While the administration appears to be duplicated, services tend to be separated. Knox County runs the local school and library systems. Knoxville maintains a police department independent of the county sheriff. The property assessor's office, tax offices, and the Metropolitan Planning Commission are combined between the city and county governments. All Knox County elections are conducted on a partisan basis.[29]

Executive branch

The county mayor is the head of the executive branch of Knox County Government. The current county mayor is Glenn Jacobs, better known by his WWE identity of Kane. According to the county's charter, the mayor is the chief financial officer of the county, which includes developing the county's annual budget, approving county contracts, etc. Other responsibilities of the county mayor's office include maintaining county roads, highways and bridges, codes enforcement and operating the county's health department and library system.[29]

The mayor has the authority to veto resolutions and ordinances passed by the Knox County Commission. A majority-plus-one vote is required to override a mayoral veto, unless the vetoed legislation was required to have a two-thirds vote for original passage. In such cases, a two-thirds vote of the commission is required to override the veto.[29]

Executive branch departments

  • Finance
    • Purchasing
    • Community Development
  • Engineering & Public Works
    • Highway Engineering
    • Highway Maintenance
    • Stormwater Management
    • Codes Enforcement
    • Solid Waste & Recycling
    • Fire Prevention Bureau
  • Probation
  • Risk Management & Human Resources
  • Veterans Services
  • Senior Services
  • Health Department
    • Air Quality
  • Knox County Public Library
  • Constituent Services
  • Communications
  • Information Technology

Legislative branch

The Knox County Board of Commissioners is the legislative body of Knox County and consists of 11 members: nine elected at the district level and two elected countywide to serve at-large.[30] Commissioners meet multiple times each month, with their primary business meetings being a monthly work session and a monthly voting meeting. During the work session, commissioners generally debate items on the monthly agenda and take a non-binding vote on each item in advance of the more formal voting meeting, which is generally held the following week.[29]

The Board of Commissioners approves resolutions, ordinances, honorariums, road names, as well as most county contracts and large expenditures. Resolutions require a single vote for passage, while ordinances require two votes, or "two readings". The County Commission also serves as the appropriating body of the county and must approve an annual budget – presented by the mayor – which includes funding for the various county departments, including the Knox County Schools. The body also sets the property tax rate for the county.[29]

District Name Party First elected Neighborhoods
1 Dasha Lundy Democratic 2020 Downtown Knoxville, East Knoxville, Fort Sanders, Holston Hills, Lonsdale
2 Courtney Durrett Democratic 2020 Alice Bell, Fountain City, North Knoxville, Oakwood-Lincoln Park, Old North Knoxville
3 Gina Oster Republican 2022 Amherst, Cedar Bluff, Deep Creek
4 Kyle Ward Republican 2020 Bearden, Rocky Hill, Sequoyah Hills, West Hills, West Knoxville
5 John Schoonmaker Republican 2016 Concord, Farragut, Shady Grove, Turkey Creek
6 Terry Hill Republican 2020 Hardin Valley, Karns, Ridgedale
7 Rhonda Lee Republican 2022 Halls Crossroads, Heiskell, Powell
8 Richie Beeler Republican 2020 Carter, Corryton, Harbison Crossroads, Mascot, Strawberry Plains
9 Carson Dailey Republican 2016 Colonial Village, Island Home Park, Kimberlin Heights, Lake Forest, New Hopewell, South Knoxville
10 Larsen Jay Republican 2018 at-large
11 Kim Frazier Republican 2022 at-large

Sheriff

The Knox County Sheriff serves as the top law enforcement office of the county, and is elected countywide. The sheriff is responsible for overseeing the county jail, providing courtroom officers, serving warrants and providing general law enforcement functions, such as patrol and criminal investigation.

Controversies

On February 11, 2017, Brandon Lambert was wanted on multiple warrants for property crimes. Sheriffs Deputies shot him to death in a Turkey Creek parking lot after, allegedly, his vehicle moved towards them. He was unarmed. There is no video of the shooting or the alleged movement of the vehicle. Knoxville Police Department investigated the incident and cleared all deputies.[31]

On July 27, 2019, Johnathan Binkley, age 35, died after being hogtied face down for four minutes. At least seven law enforcement officers were present at the time of death. Binkley was pronounced dead within an hour of being stopped. An autopsy revealed Binkley to have elevated levels of multiple illegal substances in his system at his time of death.[32] Binley's mother sued the Sheriff's department.[33] The wrongful death suit was settled for $750,000 in March 2021.[34]

Transportation

Mass transportation

Knoxville Area Transit provides city bus service, while McGhee Tyson Airport features a variety of regional flights to Midwestern and Southern cities.

Major highways

Communities

City

Town

Census-designated places

Unincorporated communities
See also: Knoxville, Tennessee § Neighborhoods

Education

Knox County School District operates public schools in the county.[35]

Tennessee School for the Deaf is a state operated school in the county.

Further reading
  • East Tennessee Historical Society, Mary Rothrock (ed.), The French Broad-Holston Country: A History of Knox County, Tennessee. Knoxville, Tenn.: East Tennessee Historical Society, 1946; revised 1972. ISBN 978-0941199025

See also

References
  1. William Blount, "," Genealogical "Fact Sheets" About Knox County. Retrieved: 05 August 2023.
  2. Steve Cotham, "Knox County," Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Retrieved: 18 October 2013.
  3. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2013.
  4. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  5. Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Government Printing Office. pp. 177.
  6. Stanley Folmsbee and Lucile Deaderick, "The Founding of Knoxville," East Tennessee Historical Society Publications, Vol. 13 (1941), pp. 3–20.
  7. "The Wonderful 18th Century House of Alexander Bishop", "Ask Doc Knox," Metro Pulse, 9 August 2010. Accessed at the Internet Archive, 2 October 2015.
  8. Nicholas Gibbs Historical Society website Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved: 18 October 2013.
  9. Doris Woods Owen, Kate Clabough, Concord-Farragut (Arcadia Publishing, 2009), p. 32.
  10. Carroll Van West, "Marble Springs." The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, 2002. Retrieved: 4 April 2008.
  11. Tumblin, J.C. "Knoxville in the Civil War". Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  12. Eric Lacy, Vanquished Volunteers: East Tennessee Sectionalism from Statehood to Secession (Johnson City, Tenn.: East Tennessee State University Press, 1965), p. 217 (Appendix B). Oliver Perry Temple (East Tennessee and the Civil War, p. 199) gives the margin as 3,196 to 752.
  13. "Furman:East Tennessee Anti-Secession Resolutions". Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  14. "Ordinance of Secession ofTennessee". Archived from the original on February 6, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2008.
  15. John Wooldridge, George Mellen, William Rule (ed.), Standard History of Knoxville, Tennessee (Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1900; reprinted by Kessinger Books, 2010), pp. 204–206.
  16. Charles Gordon, The Marbles of Tennessee (State of Tennessee Geological Survey, 1911), pp. 5–33.
  17. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  18. House Mountain State Natural Area, Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. Retrieved: 19 October 2013.
  19. "Caves of Knoxville and the Great Smoky Mountains" by Larry E. Matthews, 2008, ISBN 978-1-879961-30-2, Published by the National Speleological Society, Chapter 1 – Cherokee Caverns, pages 17–36.
  20. "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Knox County, Tennessee". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2022.
  21. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  22. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  23. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 27, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  24. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2015.
  25. Based on 2000 census data
  26. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.
  27. "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2021.
  28. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  29. "Knox County Charter". Municode.com. Retrieved April 21, 2013.
  30. "Knox County Commission".
  31. "Fugitive killed in officer-involved shooting at Turkey Creek struggled with addiction". wbir.com. February 14, 2017. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
  32. "Mother of Powell man who died while in deputies' custody sues, alleging they hogtied and kneed him". July 27, 2020.
  33. https://www.wate.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2020/07/ledford-vs-knox-county-sheriffs-office-et.-al..pdf
  34. "Knox County settles lawsuit in death of man who overdosed after being hog-tied by deputies".
  35. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Knox County, TN" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved July 23, 2022. - Text list
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