Komi peoples

There have been at least three names for the Komis: Permyaks, Zyrians (Russian: пермяки, зыряне) and Komi, the last being the self-designation of the people.[7]

The name Permyaks firstly appeared in the 10th century in Russian sources and came from the ancient name of the land between the Mezen River and Pechora River – Perm or "Great Perm" (Russian: Пермь Великая).[8] Several origins of the name have been proposed but the most accepted is from Veps Peräma "back, outer or far-away land" from Veps perä "back, extreme" and ma "land". In Old Norse and Old English, it was known as Bjarmaland and Beormas respectively[9] but those Germanic names might designate some other place than the Russian Perm.[10]

Since the 20th century, the name has been applied only to the southern Komi (Komi-Permyaks) in Perm Krai.[10] In Russia, permyak also means "an inhabitant of Perm or Perm Krai" independently from ethnicity.[10]

The name for the northern Komis – Zyrians – has a more contradictory origin. It exists since the 14th century and it had many different forms in various Russian sources such as Seryan, Siryan, Syryan, Suryan and Ziryan, Ziranian, Zyryan (Russian: серьяне, сирьяне, сыряне, суряне, зиряне, зыряне), but the latter finally became predominant.[11] Turkin believed that it may come from a small local tribe of the Komis (probably named saran) which first met the Russians, hence the name became default for all the northern Komis.[12] The neighbouring Uralic-speaking peoples call the Komis with similar names: Khanty sərän, sərån, săran, sārån, Mansi sarän, Nenets sānnğr, saran, Udmurt sara-kum.[13]

The name Komi is the endonym for all groups of the people. It was first recorded by ethnographers in the 18th century.[14] It originates from a Finno-Ugric word meaning "man, human": Komi kom, Udmurt kum, Mansi kom, kum, Khanty xum, Selkup qum, Hungarian hím "male".[14] The origin from the name of the Kama River is disproved[14] though some scholars (like Paula Kokkonen[15]) favour this version.

  Komi-Zyryans

  Komi of the Izhma River

  Komi-Permyaks

  Komi of the Yazva River

  Komi of the Upper Kama River (Zyuzdino or Afanasyevo), nearly fully assimilated

Komi people are divided into two main groups, which are the Zyryans (northern Komi) & the Permyaks (southern Komi). They are divided into 8 major subgroupings (9 if counting the nearly-assimilated Komi of the Upper Kama), of which they are divided into several even smaller subgroups. The Komi have been traditionally named after the rivers where they live:

• Komi-Zyryans[16]
  • Komi-Izhma of the Izhma River (Komi: Изьватас, Iźvatas; Nenets: нысма, nysma)
    • Komi of the Kola Peninsula
    • Komi of Nenets Autonomous Okrug
    • Komi of the Lower Ob and Lyapin Rivers
  • Komi of the Vashka and Mezen Rivers (Komi: Удораса, Udorasa)
  • Komi of the Vym River (Komi: Емватас, Emvatas)
  • Komi of the Lower Ob River
  • Komi of the Pechora River (Komi: Печораса, Pećorasa)
  • Komi of the Vychegda River (Komi: Эжватас, Ežvatas)
  • Komi of the Sysola River (Komi: Сыктывсаяс, Syktyvsayas)
  • Komi of the Letka and Luza Rivers (Komi: Лузса, Lusza)
• Komi-Permyaks
  • Komi of the Yazva River
  • Komi of the Upper Kama River (nearly fully assimilated into Russians)

The majority of Komi live in the Komi Republic as a separate national-administrative entity of the Russian Federation. They numbered 256,000 as of the beginning of the 2000s.[17] Although the majority of the Komi population live in the Komi Republic, they make up only 30% (256,000) of the total population there as a noticeable minority population. About 60% (607 thousand) are Russians, about 6% (62 thousand) are Ukrainians, 1.5% (15.5 thousand) are Tatars, and 1.4% (15 thousand) are Belarusians.

Most of the population of the Republic of Komi resides in urban centres. A notable minority continues to live in villages. The Komi population in the countryside tends to be higher than that of Komi in urban areas, where ethnic Russians make up the majority of the population. Like the rest of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, the population continues to steadily decrease - the 2010 census recorded only 228,235 people who indicated their nationality as "Komi", as compared to the 336,309 recorded as Komi in the 1989 census.

Writings in the Old Permian (Anbur) script.

The Komi language belongs to the Permian branch of the Uralic family. There is limited mutual intelligibility with Udmurt.[18] There are two main dialects: Zyrian and Permyak, though Permyak is sometimes considered to be a separate language. Until the 18th century, Komi was written in the Old Permic alphabet (Komi: Важ Перым гижӧм, 𐍮𐍐‎𐍕 𐍟‎𐍔‎𐍠𐍨𐍜 𐍒‎𐍣‎𐍕𐍩𐍜‎, Važ Perym gižöm), also known as Anbur in reference in reference to its first 2 letters, which was invented by Saint Stephen of Perm in the 14th century, seeing use up to the 16th century after which it saw use as a cryptographic writing system for Russian speakers.[19]

Cyrillic was used from the 19th century and briefly replaced by the Latin alphabet between 1929 and 1933. The Komi language is currently written in Cyrillic, adding two extra letters - Іі and Ӧӧ - to represent vowel sounds which do not exist in Russian. The first book to be printed in Komi (a vaccination manual) appeared in 1815.[19]

Based on linguistic reconstruction, the prehistoric Permians are assumed to have split into two peoples during the first millennium BC: the Komis and the Udmurts. By the 16th-17th centuries, the Komis further divided into the Komi-Permyaks (who remained in the Kama River basin) and the Komi-Zyryans (who migrated north).[14]

From the 12th century the Russians began to expand into the Perm region and the Komis came into contact with Novgorod. Novgorodian traders travelled to the region in search of furs and animal hides.[20] The Novgorodians referred to the southern Komi region as "the Great Perm". Komi dukes unified the Great Perm with its centre at the stronghold of Cherdyn. As the Middle Ages progressed, Novgorod gave way to Moscow as the leading Russian power in the region.[21]

In 1365, Dmitry Donskoy, Prince of Moscow, gave Stephen of Perm the task of converting the region to Christianity. Stephen's mission led to the creation of the eparchy of Perm in 1383. After his death, Stephen became the patron saint of the Komis. He also devised an alphabet for the Komi language.[22]

Some Komis resisted Christianisation, notably the shaman Pama. The Duke of Perm accepted baptism only in 1470 (he was given the Christian name Mikhail), possibly in an attempt to stave off Russian military pressure in the region. Mikhail's conversion failed to stop an attack by Moscow which seized Cherdyn in 1472. Mikhail was allowed to keep his title of duke but was now a vassal of Moscow. The duchy survived only until 1505 when Mikhail's son Matvei was replaced by a Russian governor and Komi independence came to an end.[23]

In the 1500s, many Russian migrants began to move into the region, beginning a long process of colonisation and attempts at assimilating the Komis. Syktyvkar (Ust-Sysolsk before 1930) was founded as the chief Russian city in the region in the 18th century. The Russian government established penal settlements in the north for criminals and political prisoners. There were several Komi rebellions in protest against Russian rule and the influx of Slav settlers, especially after large numbers of freed serfs arrived in the region from the 1860s. A national movement to revive Komi culture also emerged.[24]

Russian rule in the area collapsed after World War I and the revolutions of 1917. In the subsequent Russian Civil War, the Bolsheviks fought the Allies for control of the region. The Allied interventionist forces encouraged the Komi to set up their own independent state with the help of political prisoners freed from the local penal colonies. After the Allies withdrew in 1919, the Bolsheviks took over. They promoted Komi culture with the policy of korenizatsiya, but increased industrialisation damaged the Komis' traditional way of life & the landscape of the republic. Stalin's purges of the 1930s devastated the Komi intelligentsia, who were accused of "bourgeois nationalism".

The remote and inhospitable region was also regarded as an ideal location for gulags. The influx of political prisoners and the rapid industrialisation of the region as a result of World War II left the Komi a minority in their own lands. Stalin carried out further purges of the Komi intellectual class in the 1940s and 1950s, and Komi language and culture were suppressed. Since the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Komi have reasserted their claims to a separate identity.

The most common Y-DNA haplogroup among Komi is N1c.[29]

A study on north-eastern-European populations, published in March 2013, found that Komi-Zyryans form a distinct pole of genetic diversity.[30]

• Sami people
• Nenets people
• Indigenous peoples

• Avril, Yves (2006). Parlons komi. Harmattan.
• Minahan, James (2002a). "Komi". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. Vol. II (D–K). Greenwood. pp. 1003–1008. ISBN 9780313321108.
• Minahan, James (2002b). "Permyaks". Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations. Vol. III (L–R). Greenwood. pp. 1505–1509. ISBN 9780313321115.
• Taagepera, Rein (1999). The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State. C. Hurst & Co.
• Туркин, А. И. (1995). "Происхождение названий коми народа" [Turkin, Adolf. The origin of the names for Komi people]. Linguistica Uralica (in Russian). XXXI (1): 17–28. ISSN 0868-4731.

• Tsypanov, Evgenii (March 2001). "Language and ethnic mobilization among the Komi in the post-Soviet period". Nationalities Papers. 29 (1): 109–128. doi:10.1080/00905990120036402. S2CID 154436659.
• Istomin, Kirill V.; Shabaev, Yuri P. (2016). "Izhma Komi and Komi-Permiak: Linguistic Barriers to Geographic and Ethnic Identity". Region. 5 (1): 53–74. doi:10.1353/reg.2016.0000. JSTOR 24896614. S2CID 147432795.

Folktale compilations

• Kallistrat F. Zhakov. "Зыряношя Сказки". In: "Живая старина". Vol. 17, 1908, Tome 2. pp. 232-242.
• Wichmann, Yrjö. Syrjänische Volksdichtung. Helsinki: Société finno-ougrienne, 1916.
• Fokos-Fuchs, Dávid Rafael (1951). Volksdichtung der Komi (Syrjanen). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
• "Коми народные сказки" [Komi Folk Tales]. Составитель [Compiler]: Федор Плесовский [Fëdor Plesovsky]. Сыктывкар: Коми книжное издательство, 1975.