Music of Pakistan

In poetry, the ghazal is a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain. Each line must share the same meter. Etymologically, the word literally refers to "the mortal cry of a gazelle". The animal is called Ghizaal, from which the English word gazelle stems, or Kastori haran (where haran refers to deer) in Urdu. Ghazals are traditionally expressions of love, separation and loneliness, for which the gazelle is an appropriate image. A ghazal can thus be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation of the lover and the beauty of love in spite of that pain. The structural requirements of the ghazal are more stringent than those of most poetic forms traditionally written in English. In its style and content, it is a genre that has proved studied variety of expression around its central theme of love and separation between lovers. The ghazals can be written by male poets for women as well as by female poets for men, as an expression of one's feelings about mutual love and whatever comes in that package- accompanying joys, frustrations, disappointments, fulfillment and satisfactions. The ghazal spread into South Asia in the 12th century under the influence of the new Islamic Sultanate courts and Sufi mystics. Exotic to the region, as is indicated by the very sounds of the name itself when properly pronounced as ġazal. Although the ghazal is most prominently a form of Urdu poetry, today, it has influenced the poetry of many languages. Most Ghazal singers are trained in classical music and sing in either Khyal or Thumri.

The Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah was one of the most important patrons of Qawwali and is widely credited for its cultural advancement.

Qawwali (Urdu: قوٌالی) is the devotional music of the Chishti Sufis. Qawwali is a vibrant musical tradition that goes back more than 700 years in South Asia. Although most Qawwali singers are found in Pakistan and they performed mainly at Sufi shrines throughout South Asia, it has also gained mainstream popularity. Qawwali music received international exposure through the work of the Sabri Brothers in 1975, late Bakhshi Salamat, Aziz Mian and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, largely due to several releases on the 'Real World' label, followed by live appearances at WOMAD festivals. Listeners, and often artists themselves are transported to a state of wajad, a trance-like state where they feel 'one with God', generally considered to be the height of spiritual ecstasy in Sufism. Qawwali was essentially created by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century in the Mughul Empire. During the first major migration in the 11th century, the musical tradition of Sama migrated to South Asia from Turkey. Rumi and his Mevlana order of Sufism have been the propagators of Sama in Central Asia. Amir Khusrau of the Chisti order of Sufis is credited with fusing the Turkish, Persian, Arabic, and South Asian musical traditions, to create Qawwali as well as the classical music tradition. The word "Sama" is used (or is the preferred name) in Central Asia and Turkey, for forms very similar to Qawwali while in Pakistan, the formal name used for a session of Qawwali is "Mehfil-e-Sama". Instruments used in qawwali include:

• Algoza
• Tabla[1]
• Dholak
• Harmonium[1]
• Rubab (instrument)
• Sitar
• Sarangi[1]
• Guitar
• Violin
• Saxophone
• Drums
• Flute (Bansari)[1]
• Shehnai
• Piano
• Harmonica
• Tanpura
• Ektara
• Gharha
• Keyboard
• Chimta[1]
• Dhol
• Dafli or Daf

Faiz Ali Faiz, a qawwali artist live in concert

A group of qawwali musicians, called Humnawa in Urdu, typically consists of eight or nine men. Women are usually excluded from traditional Muslim music as ' respectable women' are traditionally prohibited from singing in mixed-gender public gatherings. Traditionally over the centuries, this has been the practice per the general interpretation of Islamic Law by the religious scholars. Although women are encouraged to hold their own 'Women Only' gatherings for reciting religious 'Naats' and holding live dance and music parties with musical instruments on 'Just- Before- Weddings-Mehndi' celebrations. This again, has to be a 'Women Only' event per the long practiced tradition where Islam generally discourages mixed-gender gatherings among unmarried women and unmarried men. Although in the 20th century, the so-called modern era, actual practice among Islamic societies, has been that one will see a lot of female musicians and female singers holding public concerts for both men and women. For evidence, one can just read the musician name lists on this page to spot a lot of female names on those lists now.

There is a large number of hamd and naat singers in Pakistan. This is a type of Islamic religious music where poetical verses of the love for God (Allah) is expressed. Some of the most famous artists include Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, along with his nephew Rahat Fateh Ali Khan. There are Sabri Brothers Qawwal, Qawwal Bahauddin Khan from Karachi. 'Hamd' is also used extensively in Christian religious music from Pakistan and all over the world where people from this region are found. 'Hamd' is not the exclusive domain of any religion. As pointed out – it denotes praise to God, it is more extensively used in the Muslim world. It is usually used in conjunction with the Sanna (praise) and referred to as 'Hamd – o – Sanna'. 'Naat' denotes praise to the prophet Muhammad.

The music of Balochistan province is very rich and full of varieties due to the many different types of languages which are spoken in the province, including Balochi, Pashto, Brahui, Dari and Saraiki.

According to Balti folklore, Mughal princess Gul Khatoon (known in Baltistan as Mindoq Gialmo—Flower Queen) brought musicians and artisans with her into the region and they propagated Mughal music and art under her patronage.[4] Musical instruments such as the surnai, karnai, dhol and chang were introduced into Baltistan. Classical and other dances are classified as sword dances, broqchhos and Yakkha and ghazal dances.[5] Chhogho Prasul commemorates a victory by the Maqpon rajas. As a mark of respect, the musician who plays the drum (dang) plays for a long time. A Maqpon princess would occasionally dance to this tune. Gasho-Pa, also known as Ghbus-La-Khorba, is a sword dance associated with the Gasho Dynasty of Purik (Kargil). Sneopa, the marriage-procession dance by pachones (twelve wazirs who accompany the bride), is performed at the marriage of a raja.

A Punjabi dhol band, performing at a wedding in Multan

Music from the Punjab province includes many different varieties. One can read the 'main article' link directly above for details.

Potohari has a rich tradition of poetry recital accompanied by sitar, ghara, tabla, harmonium and dholak. These poems (potohari sher) are often highly lyrical and somewhat humorous and secular in nature, though religious sher are also recited.

Music from Sindh province is sung in Sindhi, and is generally performed in either the "Baits" or "Waee" styles.

• Allan Faqir
• Abida Parveen
• Bhagat Kanwar Ram
• Sanam Marvi
• Shazia Khushk
• Zarina Baloch
• Shaman Ali Mirali

The predominant language found in Pakistan's Northern Areas has an extensive oral history which dates back several thousand years. With the increase in tourism to Pakistan's Northern Areas and increased domestic as well as international awareness of the local folk music, the Shina folk traditions have managed to stay alive and vibrant. Folk music in this region has remained relatively pure and unscathed by modern influences due to the relative isolation of this area. The arrival of many refugees from the adjacent Nuristan province of Afghanistan and the subsequent increase in commercial activity in Chitrali bazaars allowed this local form of music to flourish in the past few decades.

Saraiki language is spoken by 13.9 million people in southern Punjab and northern Sindh. Atta Ullah Essa Khelvi Khan is one of the most famous Saraiki singers in Pakistan, hailing from Mianwali.

The Khattak Dance, a swift martial arts sword-dance performed by Pashtuns in Pakistan's Northern Areas

Pashto music is commonly found in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Pakistan's major urban centres such as Karachi, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Sialkot and Multan. Music genres include Tappa, Charbeta, Neemkai, Loba, Shaan and Badala.

Music from Hazara Division is sung in Hindko dialect, and is generally performed in either the Mahiyay or Shaer styles.

Ahmed Rushdi, the father of pop, also known as the first regular pop singer of south Asia

Pop music really started in the South Asian region with the famous playback singer Ahmed Rushdi's song ‘Ko Ko Korina’ in 1966.[6] Composed by Sohail Rana, the song was a blend of 1960s bubblegum pop, rock and roll twist music and Pakistani film music. This genre would later be termed as filmi pop. Veterans like Runa Laila and Alamgir started the pop industry in Pakistan. Paired with Bengali singers Runa Laila and Alamgir, the singer is considered the pioneering father of pop music, mostly hip-hop and disco, in Pakistan.

Following Rushdi's success, Christian bands specialising in jazz started performing at various night clubs and hotel lobbies in Karachi, Hyderabad and Lahore. They would usually sing either famous American jazz hits or cover Rushdi's songs. Rushdi sang playback hits along with Laila until the Bangladesh Liberation War when East Pakistan was declared an independent state. Laila, being a Bengali, decided to leave for the newly independent Bangladesh.

Nazia Hassan, the sister of another pop singer Zohaib Hassan and the member of the pop group Nazia and Zoheb, in 1981, became the first playback singer to release a pop music album. Her first album was "Disco Deewane" and second was "Aap Jaisa Koi". Both the albums broke sales records in Pakistan and India and even topped the charts in the West Indies, Latin America and Russia. Hassan won several awards for her songs, including the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the later and received the Pakistan's highest civilian award, Pride of Performance for her contributions in the music field.

Modern pop singers such as Atif Aslam, Ali Zafar, Hadiqa Kiani, Goher Mumtaz and Farhan Saeed have made international waves as well, winning numerous awards and performing in some of the world's most prestigious arenas. In 2013 Atif Aslam became the first Pakistani pop singer to perform at The O2 Arena London twice and has sung several songs for Hollywood and Bollywood. Aslam is also the youngest recipient of Tamgha-e-Imtiaz, one of Pakistan's highest civilian honours, for his work in the music industry.[7][8][9] He was also named in 2012 among top performers of Dubai alongside Pitbull, Enrique Iglesias, Il Divo, Gotye, Evanescence and Swedish House Mafia.

Shallum Asher Xavier from Pakistani rock band, Fuzon, performing live at a concert

The rise of rock music in Pakistan began in the 1980s when cassettes first came into Pakistan bringing in a wave of Western rock music, particularly groups such as Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Van Halen, and AC/DC. Western-influenced rock music began to feature in underground concerts all across the country. In the 1980s, rock bands Vital Signs and Strings rose in defiance of the authoritarian regime and gained immense popularity amongst the youth. Vital Signs is widely regarded as Pakistan's first and most successful pop rock band. Their single "Dil Dil Pakistan" was voted the third most popular song of all time in a BBC World poll in 2003.[10] Despite being active since the late 80s, Strings achieved widespread popularity after the release of their second album in 1992. The band went on to sell over 25 million albums worldwide. Junoon, Aaroh, and Noori followed suit in the 1990s.

Junoon pioneered the genre of Sufi rock, combining the poetry of famous Sufi poets such as Rumi, Hafez, and Bulleh Shah with the hard rock brand of Led Zeppelin and Santana and South Asian percussion such as the tabla. Junoon is one of Pakistan's and South Asia's most successful bands with over 30 million albums sold worldwide; the New York Times called Junoon "the U2 of Pakistan" and Q magazine dubbed them as "One of the biggest bands in the world".[11] Junoon became the first rock band to perform at the United Nations General Assembly Hall and only the second Pakistani act to perform at a Nobel Peace Prize Concert.[12][13]

The early 2000s saw the arrival of progressive metal, progressive rock, and psychedelic rock with bands such as Entity Paradigm and Mizraab. Mekaal Hasan Band, Call, Karavan, Jal, Roxen, Mizmaar, and Qayaas also exploded onto the music scene with different brands of rock including alternative and soft rock. The television series Pepsi Battle of the Bands was instrumental in launching Entity Paradigm, Aaroh, and the Mekaal Hasan Band, all of whom competed in the inaugural edition of the show in 2002.

The resumption of the Pepsi Battle of the Bands in 2017 after almost 15 years, heralded the resurgence of Pakistani rock with the rise of Kashmir, Bayaan, and Badnaam.[14]

Although the heavy metal genre began to rise in popularity after the 1997 general elections, Pakistani heavy metal music can be traced back to the new wave of British heavy metal of the 1980s and 1990s with bands such as Black Warrant (band), Final Cut, and Barbarians. In recent years, numerous heavy and black metal bands including Overload, Saturn, Saakin, Karakoram, Burq - The Band, Taarma, The Nuke, and Aag have amassed followings in this niche rock music in Pakistan.

Pakistani hip hop is a blend of traditional Pakistani musical elements with modern hip hop music.

Pakistan's film industry known as "Lollywood" is based in Lahore and Karachi.

• Haroon Bacha - Pashtun singer, musician, and composer
• Zeek Afridi - pop singer
• Arooj Aftab - singer and composer
• Salman Ahmed - pop music performer
• Naheed Akhtar - film playback singer
• Gulzar Alam - folk and ghazal singer
• Alamgir - singer-songwriter
• Ghulam Ali - composer and performer
• Sajjad Ali - composer, singer-songwriter and performer[15]
• Waqar Ali - film and TV composer
• Khawaja Khurshid Anwar - film music composer, musicologist
• Humaira Arshad - singer
• Shani Arshad - TV and film composer
• M Ashraf - film music composer
• Atif Aslam - pop singer and performer[8][9]
• Rasheed Attre - film music composer[16]
• Fareed Ayaz - qawwali music performers
• Ali Azmat - rock singer, formed Junoon band with Salman Ahmad
• Qawwal Bahauddin - qawwal singer
• Aima Baig - singer and performer
• Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch - pop singer, performer
• Iqbal Bano - composer, semi-classical music performer
• Javed Bashir - qawwali and folk music performer
• Gulnar Begum - Pashto singer
• Munni Begum - ghazal composer and performer
• Roshan Ara Begum - classical and semi-classical composer, ghazal singer and performer
• Amjad Bobby - film music composer
• Sabri Brothers - qawwali music composers and performers

• Humaira Channa - female singer

• Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi - classical folk singer

• Sara Haider - singer
• Mehdi Hassan - playback singer, composer and performer[17]
• Nazia Hassan - singer and composer
• Zoheb Hassan - singer and composer
• Farhad Humayun - singer and composer
• Rohail Hyatt - pop musician, performer

• Junaid Jamshed - singer-songwriter
• Noor Jehan - playback singer

• Faisal Kapadia - rock/pop singer, and performer with Bilal Maqsood
• Amanat Ali Khan - classical vocalist and ghazal singer[18]
• Asad Amanat Ali Khan - classical vocalist and ghazal singer
• Hamid Ali Khan - classical vocalist and ghazal singer
• Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan - pop, classical, and playback singer
• Badar Ali Khan - (Badar Miandad) - qawwali singer and performer
• Barkat Ali Khan - composer and performer of semi-classical ghazals
• Natasha Khan - singer [19][20]
• Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan - qawwali and ghazal composer and performer
• Rahat Fateh Ali Khan - qawwali composer, performer, popular playback singer
• Farida Khanum - classical vocalist and ghazal singer
• Tassawar Khanum - film and non-film playback singer
• Bakhtiar Khattak - pop and classical singer
• Hadiqa Kiani - composer, singer and writer

• Runa Laila - film playback singer
• Alam Lohar - Punjabi folk singer
• Arif Lohar - Punjabi folk singer

• Sanam Marvi - Sindhi Sufi singer
• Aziz Mian - qawwali music composer and performer
• Sher Miandad - qawwali music performer
• Habib Wali Mohammad - performer and ghazal singer
• Khyal Muhammad - ghazal, classical, and semi-classical singer
• Goher Mumtaz - formed the band 'Jal' with Atif Aslam
• Momina Mustehsan - singer-songwriter, musician, and social activist

• Nayyara Noor - film and non-film playback singer

• Gul Panra (Pashto pop singer)
• Abida Parveen - Queen of Sufi music[21]
• Fariha Pervez - singer-songwriter and music producer
• Malika Pukhraj - folk songs composer and performer

• Abdullah Qureshi (singer) - singer-songwriter and composer

• Munshi Raziuddin - qawwali composer and performer
• Ahmed Rushdi - film playback singer

• Amjad Sabri[22] - qawwal singer
• Farhan Saeed - actor, and performer and a playback singer
• Tina Sani - TV performer
• Ali Sethi - singer, composer and writer
• Mohammad Aizaz Sohail - classical singer
• Tahira Syed - film and TV playback singer

• Sardar Ali Takkar - Pashto singer

• Zoe Viccaji - singer-songwriter

• Ali Zafar - pop singer and performer
• Mustafa Zahid - pop singer, formed band Roxen
• Ustad Badar uz Zaman - classical and semi-classical music composer and ghazal performer
• Zarsanga - Pashto singer

• Aag (band)
• Noori
• Overload
• Jal
• Mizmaar
• Leo Twins
• Mughal-e-Funk
• Call (band)
• Awaz
• Strings
• Junoon (band)
• Vital Signs (band)
• Roxen
• Fuzön
• Aaroh
• Mekaal Hasan Band
• Bayaan
• Badnaam (band)
• Black Hour
• Kashmir (Pakistani band)
• Jupiters
• The Milestones
• Mizraab
• Rushk
• The All Girl Band
• Young Stunners
• The Benjamin Sisters
• Laal (band)
• Sounds of Kolachi
• Khumariyaan
• Josh (band)

• Master Abdullah (1932–1994)
• Khalil Ahmed (1936–1997)
• Ghulam Ali
• Waqar Ali - TV music composer
• Khwaja Khurshid Anwar (1912–1984)
• Shani Arshad
• M. Ashraf (1938–2007)[23]
• Rasheed Attre (1919–1967)[16]

• Sahir Ali Bagga
• Nisar Bazmi (1925–2007)
• Amjad Bobby (1942–2005)

• Ghulam Ahmed Chishti (Baba Chishti) (1905–1994)

• Robin Ghosh (1939–2016)[24]

• Ghulam Haider (1908–1953)
• Shuja Haider
• Mehdi Hassan[17]
• Zoheb Hassan - TV performer
• Haroon
• Rohail Hyatt

• Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan (1948–1997)
• Zulfiqar Jabbar Khan

• Shoaib Mansoor
• Bilal Maqsood
• Faakhir Mehmood
• Goher Mumtaz- 'Jal' (2002–present)

• Nashad (1923–1981)
• Wajid Nashad (1953–2008) - film and TV music composer

• Sohail Rana - film and TV composer[25]

• Bilal Saeed

• Ustad Tafu - film music composer

• Aamir Zaki (1968–2017)