List of sovereign states in the 1900s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1900s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1900 and 31 December 1909. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states by year
List of sovereign states in 1899 Events of 1900 List of sovereign states in 1901

Sovereign states
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh (to 1903)
Capital: Kutaraja		 Protectorate of the Ottoman Empire. Annexed by the Netherlands in 1903.
→ Acre – Republic of Acre (to March 1900, from November to 24 December 1900, from 27 January to 11 November 1903.) Capital: Cidade do Acre (to 24 December 1900), Antimary (from 27 January 1903). De facto independent state. Annexed by Bolivia from 15 March to November 1900, from 24 December 1900 to 27 January 1903, and from 11 November 1903.
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr (to 1900)
Capital: Agadez		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1900.[1]
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized state. the President of France and Bishop of Urgell are ex officio Co-Princes of Andorra.[2]
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate
Capital: Angoche		 Widely recognized state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole (to 25 October 1901)
Capital: Mbarara		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 25 October 1901.[3]
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires		 Widely recognized state. Argentina is a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city.
Aro – Aro Confederacy (to January 1902)
Capital: Arochukwu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in January 1902.
Ashanti – Ashanti Empire (to 1 January 1902)
Capital: Kumasi		 Widely recognized state. Anexed by the United Kingdom on 1 January 1902.
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa		 Widely recognized state.
→ → Australia – Commonwealth of Australia (from 1 January 1901)
Capital: Melbourne (de facto seat of government)		 Widely recognized state from 1 January 1901.[4] Australia is a federation of six states and three territories, and is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. Australia has 1 External Territory:
  •  Papua (External territory, from 18 March 1902)
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)		 Widely recognized state. Austria-Hungary has 1 concession and 1 condominium:

B

Bali – Kingdom of Bali (to 18 April 1908)
Capital: Klungkung		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Netherlands on 18 April 1908.
Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized state. Belgium has 1 colony and 1 concession:
 Bhutan
Capital: Punakha
  • Bhutan (to 17 December 1907)
  • Kingdom of Bhutan (from 17 December 1907)
 Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Biu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)		 Widely recognized state.
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate (to October 18, 1904)
Capital: Aleg		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France on 18 October 1904.
Brazil Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Widely recognized state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 1]
Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia 		De facto independent state until October 5, 1908. Widely recognized state from October 5, 1908.[5]
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga (to 1906)
Capital: Bugembe		 Widely recognized state. Abandoned in 1906.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa		 Widely recognized state. Canada is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (to November 22, 1904)
Capital: Champasak		 Vassal of Siam until 1904. Annexed by France on November 22, 1904.
 Chile – Republic of Chile
Capital: Santiago		 Widely recognized state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Peking		 Widely recognized state.
 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom (to 1908)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Portugal in 1908.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogotá		 Widely recognized state.
 Congo – Congo Free State (to November 15, 1908)
Capital: Boma		 Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium. Annexed by Belgium on November 15, 1908.
→  Costa Rica – First Costa Rican Republic
Capital: San José		 Widely recognized state.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba[6] (from May 20, 1902 to September 28, 1906 and from February 6, 1909)
Capital: Havana		 Widely recognized state from May 20, 1902. Annexed by the United States of America from September 28, 1906 to February 6, 1909.

D

Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur
Capital: El Fasher		 Widely recognized state.
 Dendi – Dendi Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Lulami		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1901.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized state. Denmark has 2 colonies and 1 dependency and 1 territory:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala (to 1904)
Capital: Dhala		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1904.
Dominican Republic – Second Dominican Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo		 Widely recognized state.

E

→ Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito		 Widely recognized state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador
Capital: San Salvador		 Widely recognized state.
Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa		 Widely recognized state.

F

 France – French Republic
Capital: Paris		 Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of France:

G

 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi (to September 3, 1908)
Capital: Afgooye		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Italy on September 3, 1908.
 Germany – German Realm
Capital: Berlin		 Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, concessions and protectorates of Germany:
Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens		 Widely recognized state.
 Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City		 Widely recognized state.
 Gumma – Kingdom of Gumma (to 1902)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the Ethiopian Empire in 1902.

H

Ha'il – Emirate of Ha'il
Capital: Ha'il		 Widely recognized state.
Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince		 Widely recognized state.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras
Capital: Tegucigalpa		 Widely recognized state.

I

 Igala – Igala Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Idah		 Widely recognized state.
 Igara – Kingdom of Igara (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
 Ilé-Ifẹ̀ – Ilé-Ifẹ̀ Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Ilé-Ifẹ̀		 Widely recognized state.
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome		 Widely recognized state. Italy had two colonies and one concession:

J

 Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City		 Widely recognized state. Japan had sovereignty over the following protectorates, dependencies and concessions:
Johor – Johor Sultanate
Capital: Johor Bahru		 Widely recognized state.


K

 Kajara – Kajara Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
Kano – Kano Emirate (to February 3, 1903)
Capital: Takai		 Vassal of the Sokoto Caliphate. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 3, 1903.
 Kasanje – Jaga Kingdom
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state.
 Kebbi – Kebbi Emirate (to 1902)
Capital: Argungu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1902.
 Korea – Greater Korean Empire (to November 17, 1905)
Capital: Hanseong		 Widely recognized state. to November 17, 1905. Became a Japanese protectorate on November 17, 1905.

L

 Lafia Beri-Beri – Lafia Beri-Beri Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Lafia		 Widely recognized state to. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1900.
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia		 Widely recognized state.
 Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz		 Widely recognized state.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City		 Widely recognized state.

M

 Mbunda – Mbunda Kingdom
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state.
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City		 Widely recognized state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco		 Widely recognized state.
→ Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje		 Widely recognized state.
 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes		 Widely recognized state.
 Muscat and Oman – Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Capital: Muscat		 De jure independent state. De facto a British protectorate.
 Mutayr – Emirate of Mutayr (to 1908)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state.

N

   Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal


Capital: Kathmandu

 Widely recognized state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of the Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam		 Widely recognized state. The Netherlands had sovereignty over three colonies:
 Newfoundland – Dominion of Newfoundland (from September 26, 1907)
Capital: St. John's		 Widely recognized state. Newfoundland is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom.
New Zealand New Zealand – Dominion of New Zealand (from September 26, 1907)
Capital: Wellington		 Widely recognized state. New Zealand is autonomous but still dependent from the United Kingdom. The following are territories of New Zealand:
→ Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua
Capital: Managua		 Widely recognized state.
 Niue – Kingdom of Niue-Fekai (to October 20, 1900)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on April 21, 1900.
 Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania		 Widely recognized state. In personal union with Sweden until June 7, 1905. Norway had three uninhabited possessions:
 Nri – Kingdom of Nri
Capital: Igbo-Ukwu		 Widely recognized state.
 Nshenyi – Nshenyi Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.

O

 Obwera – Obwera Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Ankole in 1901.
 Onitsha – Onitsha Kingdom (to 1900)
Capital: Onitsha		 Widely recognized state.
 Orange Free State (to May 31, 1902)
Capital: Bloemfontein		 Widely recognized state. Independent Annexed by the United Kingdom in May 31, 1902.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are autonomous territories of the Ottoman Empire:

P

→  Panama – Republic of Panama (from November 3, 1903)
Capital: Panama City		 Widely recognized state from November 3, 1903.[7]
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción		 Widely recognized state.
Pattani – Sultanate of Patani[8] (to 1902)
Capital: Patani		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Siam in 1902.
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran		 Widely recognized state.
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima		 Widely recognized state.
Philippines – First Philippine Republic (to March 23, 1901)
Capital: Several temporary capitals		 De facto independent state to March 23, 1901.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon		 Widely recognized state. The following are colonies, vassal state and possession of Portugal:
 Potiskum – Potiskum Emirate (to 1901)
Capital: Potiskum		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.

R

Riyadh – Emirate of Riyadh (from January 15, 1902)
Capital: Riyadh		 Widely recognized state from January 15, 1902.
 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest		 Widely recognized state.
 Rujumbura – Rujumbura Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1901.
 Rukiga – Rukiga Kingdom (to 1901)
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state to 1901.
 Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg		 Widely recognized state. Russia had two protectorates, one concession and one autonomous grand duchy:

S

 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino		 Widely recognized state.
 Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade		 Widely recognized state.
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara		 Widely recognized state.
→ Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok		 Widely recognized state. Siam has one vassal state:
Sokoto – Caliphal State in the Bilād as-Sūdān (to July 29, 1903)
Capital: Sokoto		 Widely recognized state to July 29, 1903. Annexed by the United Kingdom.
Spain Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid		 Widely recognized independent state. Spain had three colonies, and two possessions:
Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (to June 1902)
Capital: Bremersdorp		 Widely recognized independent state to June 1902.
Sweden →  Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden (in personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905)
Capital: Stockholm		 Widely recognized independent state. In personal union with Norway until June 7, 1905.[lower-alpha 2]
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern		 Widely recognized independent state.

T

 Tagant – Emirate of Tagant (to 1905)
Capital: Tidjikja		 Widely recognized independent state.
Tonga – Kingdom of Tonga (to May 18, 1900)
Capital: Nuku'alofa		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Transvaal – South African Republic (to May 31, 1902)
Capital: Pretoria		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Trarza – Emirate of Trarza (to December 15, 1902)
Capital: Mederdra		 Widely recognized independent state.

U

[[File:|23x15px|border |alt=|link=]] United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are colonies, territories, dependencies and protectorates of the United Kingdom:
→  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are territories of the United States of America:
 Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom (to 5 February 1904)
Capital: Sa'id		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 5 February 1904.
 Upper Aulaqi Sultanate (to 23 April 1904)
Capital: Nişāb		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on 23 April 1904.
Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa (to 1903)
Capital: Mahjaba		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1903.
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo		 Widely recognized state.

V

Venezuela → Venezuela Venezuela – United States of Venezuela
Capital: Caracas		 Widely recognized independent state.

W

 Wadai – Wadai Empire
Capital: Abéché		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Wajoq – Kingdom of Wajoq (to 1906)
Capital: Tosora		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Wukari – Wukari Federation (to 1900)
Capital: Wukari		 Widely recognized independent state.

States claiming sovereignty

Chita – Chita Republic (from November 22, 1905 to January 22, 1906)
Capital: Chita		 Unrecognized state.
Cruzob – Chan Santa Cruz (to May 5, 1901)
Capital: Noh Kah Balam Nah Chan Santa Cruz		 De facto independent state. Reannexed to Mexico from May 5, 1901.
Dervish State – Dervish State
Capital: Taleh		 Unrecognized state.
 Gurian Republic (from 1902 to 1906)
Capital: Ozurgeti		 Unrecognized state.
 Jungle Nation – Jungle Republic (to February 27, 1900)
Capital: Moyobamba		 Unrecognized state.
Khiva – Khanate of Khiva
Capital: Khiva		 Semi-independent state. Under Russian protection.
Kruševo – Republic of Kruševo (from August 3 to August 13, 1903)
Capital: Kruševo		 De facto independent state.
Negros – Cantonal Republic of Negros (to August 20, 1901)
Capital: Bacolod		 Unrecognized state.
 Shuliavka Republic (from December 12 to December 16, 1905)
Capital: Shuliavka		 Unrecognized state.
 Shuntian Kingdom – Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun (from January 28 to January 31, 1903)
Capital: Guangzhou		 Unrecognized state from January 28 to January 31, 1903.[9]
Strandzha Commune (from August 18 to September 8, 1903)
Capital: Malko Tarnovo		 Unrecognized state.
Tagalog Republic (de facto independent state, from May 6, 1902 to July 14, 1906)
Capital: Morong		 Unrecognized state.


Notes
  1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from 30 April 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.
  2. Union Badge removed November 1, 1905.

References
  1. James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  2. "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-06, retrieved 2022-02-05
  3. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  4. "Australia", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-20, retrieved 2021-10-26
  5. "Bulgaria at the end of the 19th-century". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-02-06.
  6. Pérez, Louis A. (1998). Cuba Between Empires: 1878–1902. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Pre. p. xv. ISBN 978-0-8229-7197-9. Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  7. "Panama", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-10-19, retrieved 2021-10-26
  8. Koch, Margaret L. (1977). "Patani and the Development of A Thai State". Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. 50 (2 (232)): 69–88. JSTOR 41492172.
  9. Rong, Yuan. "洪秀全后裔今何在 [Where are the descendants of Hong Xiuquan]". Zhoumo News. Archived from the original on 2014-05-06. Retrieved October 27, 2021.
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