Luigi Russolo

Luigi Carlo Filippo Russolo (30 April 1885 – 4 February 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter, composer, builder of experimental musical instruments, and the author of the manifesto The Art of Noises (1913).[1] Russolo completed his secondary education at Seminary of Portograuro in 1901, after which he moved to Milan and began gaining interest in the arts.[2] He is often regarded as one of the first noise music experimental composers with his performances of noise music concerts in 1913–14 and then again after World War I, notably in Paris in 1921.[3] He designed and constructed a number of noise-generating devices called Intonarumori.

Luigi Russolo
Luigi Russolo ca. 1916
Luigi Russolo ca. 1916
Background information
Birth nameLuigi Russolo
Born(1885-04-30)30 April 1885
Portogruaro, Italy
Died4 February 1947(1947-02-04) (aged 61)
Laveno Mombello, Italy
Genres
Occupation(s)
Years active1901–1947

Biography
Russolo and his assistant Ugo Piatti in their Milan studio in 1913 with the Intonarumori (noise machines)

Luigi Russolo was perhaps the first noise artist.[4][5] His 1913 manifesto, L'Arte dei Rumori (The Art of Noises), stated that the industrial revolution had given modern men a greater capacity to appreciate more complex sounds. Russolo found traditional melodic music confining, and he envisioned noise music as its future replacement.[6]

Russolo designed and constructed a number of noise-generating devices called Intonarumori, and assembled a noise orchestra to perform with them. A performance of his Gran Concerto Futuristico (1917) was met with strong disapproval and violence from the audience, as Russolo himself had predicted.

None of his intoning instruments have survived: some were destroyed in World War II; while others have been lost.[7] Replicas of the instruments have since been built and performed. (See the Intonarumori page.)

Although Russolo's works bear little resemblance to modern noise music, his pioneering creations cannot be overlooked as an essential stage in the evolution of the several genres in this category.[8][9] Many artists are now familiar with Russolo's manifesto.[10]

Connections to Fascism

Russolo, like many other Futurist artists, is often associated with Italian fascism. In addition to his association with the Futurist artist and poet F. T. Marinetti, who co-authored the Fascist Manifesto (1919), Russolo presented his work at exhibitions sponsored by Mussolini's government.[11]

Collaboration with Antonio Russolo

Antonio Russolo, another Italian Futurist composer and Luigi's brother, produced a recording of two works featuring the original Intonarumori. The phonograph recording, made in 1921, included works entitled Corale and Serenata, which combined conventional orchestral music set against the sound of the noise machines. It is the only surviving contemporaneous sound recording of Luigi Russolo's noise music.[12] Russolo and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti gave the first concert of Futurist music, complete with intonarumori, in April 1914, causing a riot.[13] The program comprised four Noise Networks.[14]

  • Souvenir d'une nuit (Memories of a Night), 1911 oil on canvas, 99 × 99 cm, private collection
    Souvenir d'une nuit (Memories of a Night), 1911 oil on canvas, 99 × 99 cm, private collection
  • Sintesi plastica dei movimenti di una donna, 1912 oil on canvas, Museum of Grenoble
    Sintesi plastica dei movimenti di una donna, 1912 oil on canvas, Museum of Grenoble
  • Self-portrait with Skulls, 1909 painting
    Self-portrait with Skulls, 1909 painting
  • Russolo's Grave in Laveno-Mombello
    Russolo's Grave in Laveno-Mombello
  • Profumo (meaning "scent", "fragrance", 1910)
    Profumo (meaning "scent", "fragrance", 1910)
  • La Rivolta (The Revolt), 1911 oil on canvas
    La Rivolta (The Revolt), 1911 oil on canvas
  • La Musica (a pianist playing for his audience), 1911–12 oil on canvas
    La Musica (a pianist playing for his audience), 1911–12 oil on canvas
  • Solidity of Fog, 1912 oil on canvas
    Solidity of Fog, 1912 oil on canvas
  • 1913 score of en-harmonic notation, for Intonarumori
    1913 score of en-harmonic notation, for Intonarumori
  • Intonarumori, 1913, instruments built for music-piece Bruitism, partly operating on electricity
    Intonarumori, 1913, instruments built for music-piece Bruitism, partly operating on electricity
  • Dynamism of a Car, 1913 oil painting
    Dynamism of a Car, 1913 oil painting
  • Soap-dish, 1929 oil painting
    Soap-dish, 1929 oil painting
  • Landscape with trees, c. 1940s painting
    Landscape with trees, c. 1940s painting

See also

Notes
  1. Chilvers & Glaves-Smith, p. 619.
  2. Chessa, Luciano (31 March 2012). Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult. University of California Press. p. 69. ISBN 9780520270633.
  3. Chilvers & Glaves-Smith, p. 620.
  4. In Futurism and Musical Notes, Daniele Lombardi discusses the French composer [Louis] Carol-Bérard (1881–1942); a pupil of Isaac Albéniz, Carol-Bérard is said to have composed a Symphony of Mechanical Forces in 1910 – but little evidence as emerged thus far to establish this assertion.
  5. Luigi Russolo, "The Art of Noises"
  6. Chessa, Luciano, Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, University of California Press, 2012, p. 3
  7. Barclay Brown, "The Noise Instruments of Luigi Russolo", Perspectives of New Music 20, nos. 1 & 2 (Fall–Winter 1981, Spring–Summer 1982): 31–48; citation on 36
  8. Paul Hegarty, Noise/Music: A History (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2007), pp. 13–14
  9. László Moholy-Nagy in 1923 recognized the unprecedented efforts of the Italian Futurists to broaden our perception of sound using noise. In an article in Der Sturm #7, he outlined the fundamentals of his own experimentation: "I have suggested to change the gramophone from a reproductive instrument to a productive one, so that on a record without prior acoustic information, the acoustic information, the acoustic phenomenon itself originates by engraving the necessary Ritzschriftreihen [etched grooves]." He presents detailed descriptions for manipulating discs, creating "real sound forms" to train people to be "true music receivers and creators" (" A Brief history of Anti-Records and Conceptual Records" by Ron Rice via UbuWeb, from Unfiled: Music Under New Technology, Chris Cutler (ed.) 1994
  10. Chessa, Luciano, Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult, University of California Press, 2012, p. 3
  11. Tracy, Peter. "Luigi Russolo's Cacophonous Futures". The Public Domain Review. Retrieved 10 February 2023.
  12. Albright, Daniel (ed.) Modernism and Music: An Anthology of Source. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004. p. 174
  13. Larry Sitsky (2002). Music of the Twentieth-century Avant-garde: A Biocritical Sourcebook. Westport and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 415. ISBN 978-0-313-29689-5.
  14. Luigi Russolo, The Art of Noise (Futurist Manifesto, 1913), translated by Robert Filliou. p. 14

References
  • Chilvers, Ian; Glaves-Smith, John (2009). A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199239665.
  • Chessa, Luciano: Luigi Russolo, Futurist: Noise, Visual Arts, and the Occult. University of California Press, 2012.
  • Luigi Russolo, The Art of Noise (Futurist Manifesto, 1913), translated by Robert Filliou
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