Drostanolone propionate

Drostanolone propionate
Clinical data
Trade names	Drolban, Masteril, Masteron, others
Other names	Dromostanolone propionate; NSC-12198; Drostanolone 17β-propionate; 2α-Methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone 17β-propionate; 2α-Methyl-DHT propionate; 2α-Methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one 17β-propionate
Pregnancy; category	X;
Routes of; administration	Intramuscular injection[1]
Drug class	Androgen; Anabolic steroid; Androgen ester
ATC code	A14 ;
Legal status
Legal status	CA: Schedule IV; US: Schedule III;
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Oral: 0–2%; Intramuscular: 100%
Protein binding	High
Metabolism	Hepatic
Elimination half-life	Intramuscular: 2 days[1]
Excretion	Urine
Identifiers
	IUPAC name (2R,5S,8R,9S,10S,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-2,10,13-trimethyl-1,2,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-tetradecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one;
CAS Number	58-19-5 ;
PubChem CID	224004;
IUPHAR/BPS	6947;
DrugBank	DB00858 ;
ChemSpider	194604 ;
UNII	7DR7H00HDT;
ChEBI	CHEBI:31523 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID1022971 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.007.550
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C23H36O3
Molar mass	360.538 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
	SMILES CCC(=O)O[C@H]1CC[C@@H]2[C@@]1(CC[C@H]3[C@H]2CC[C@@H]4[C@@]3(C[C@H](C(=O)C4)C)C)C;
	InChI InChI=1S/C23H36O3/c1-5-21(25)26-20-9-8-17-16-7-6-15-12-19(24)14(2)13-23(15,4)18(16)10-11-22(17,20)3/h14-18,20H,5-13H2,1-4H3/t14-,15+,16+,17+,18+,20+,22+,23+/m1/s1 ; Key:NOTIQUSPUUHHEH-UXOVVSIBSA-N ;
	(verify)

Drostanolone propionate, or dromostanolone propionate, sold under the brand names Drolban, Masteril, and Masteron among others, is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) medication which was used to treat breast cancer in women but is now no longer marketed.[1][2] It is given by injection into muscle.[1]

Side effects of drostanolone propionate include symptoms of masculinization like acne, increased hair growth, voice changes, and increased sexual desire.[1] It has no risk of liver damage.[1] The drug is a synthetic androgen and anabolic steroid and hence is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR), the biological target of androgens like testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT).[1][3] It has moderate anabolic effects and weak androgenic effects, which give it a mild side effect profile and make it especially suitable for use in women.[1] The drug has no estrogenic effects.[1] Drostanolone propionate is an androgen ester and a long-lasting prodrug of drostanolone in the body.[1]

Drostanolone propionate was first described in 1959 and was introduced for medical use in 1961.[1][4][5] In addition to its medical use, drostanolone propionate is used to improve physique and performance.[1] The drug is a controlled substance in many countries and so non-medical use is generally illicit.[1][6]

Medical uses

The principal clinical indication of drostanolone propionate in the United States as well as international markets was the treatment of advanced inoperable breast cancer in women.[1]

Hormonal treatment is part of the complex therapy for some kind of tumors, particularly the ones associated with hormone-active tissues like breast or prostate cancer. Some types of breast cancer cells, expressing estrogen receptors (called ER+ cancers), use estrogen for their growth and dissemination. That is why drugs that block estrogen receptors or decrease their expression on the cell membrane, antiestrogens, could limit the tumor spread and size. Drostanolone propionate has been FDA approved[7] as an antiestrogenic drug for the treatment of breast cancer. By the time of its release, there were not many alternatives for patients with breast cancer and drostanolone propionate was a revolution for these patients. As it has lower androgenic rate compared to testosterone, the risk of virilization is much lighter. Due to this fact, women, who usually do not respond well to any AAS, were having much greater chance to survive cancer. Drostanolone propionate can also be used for breast tumors that do not respond well to other treatments or also as palliative care for advanced incurable tumors. The effects of the product depend of course on the dose and period of administration. The risk of virilization becomes greater with high doses and continuous administration period.

Androgen/anabolic steroid dosages for breast cancer
Route	Medication	Form	Dosage
Oral	Methyltestosterone	Tablet	30–200 mg/day
	Fluoxymesterone	Tablet	10–40 mg 3x/day
	Calusterone	Tablet	40–80 mg 4x/day
	Normethandrone	Tablet	40 mg/day
Buccal	Methyltestosterone	Tablet	25–100 mg/day
Injection (IMTooltip intramuscular injection or SCTooltip subcutaneous injection)	Testosterone propionate	Oil solution	50–100 mg 3x/week
	Testosterone enanthate	Oil solution	200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
	Testosterone cypionate	Oil solution	200–400 mg 1x/2–4 weeks
	Mixed testosterone esters	Oil solution	250 mg 1x/week
	Methandriol	Aqueous suspension	100 mg 3x/week
	Androstanolone (DHT)	Aqueous suspension	300 mg 3x/week
	Drostanolone propionate	Oil solution	100 mg 1–3x/week
	Metenolone enanthate	Oil solution	400 mg 3x/week
	Nandrolone decanoate	Oil solution	50–100 mg 1x/1–3 weeks
	Nandrolone phenylpropionate	Oil solution	50–100 mg/week
Note: Dosages are not necessarily equivalent. Sources: See template.

Non-medical uses

Drostanolone propionate is or has been used for physique- and performance-enhancing purposes by competitive athletes, bodybuilders, and powerlifters.[1]

Side effects

Drostanolone propionate produces considerably less virilization in women compared to equal doses of testosterone propionate.[1] However, since the given dosage for breast cancer was relatively high (200 mg/twice a week),[8] mild virilization including oily skin, acne, voice deepening, hirsutism, and clitoral enlargement could still occur, and marked virilization could manifest with long-term therapy.[1] The drug has no estrogenic activity and hence has no propensity for causing gynecomastia (in males) or fluid retention.[1] Drostanolone propionate is not known to pose a risk of hepatotoxicity.[9][1]

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Androgenic vs. anabolic activity
of androgens/anabolic steroids
Medication	Ratio^a
Testosterone	~1:1
Androstanolone (DHT)	~1:1
Methyltestosterone	~1:1
Methandriol	~1:1
Fluoxymesterone	1:1–1:15
Metandienone	1:1–1:8
Drostanolone	1:3–1:4
Metenolone	1:2–1:30
Oxymetholone	1:2–1:9
Oxandrolone	1:3–1:13
Stanozolol	1:1–1:30
Nandrolone	1:3–1:16
Ethylestrenol	1:2–1:19
Norethandrolone	1:1–1:20
Notes: In rodents. Footnotes: ^a = Ratio of androgenic to anabolic activity. Sources: See template.

Drostanolone propionate is a prodrug of drostanolone.[1] Like other AAS, drostanolone is an agonist of the androgen receptor (AR).[1] It is not a substrate for 5α-reductase and is a poor substrate for 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSD), and therefore shows a high ratio of anabolic to androgenic activity.[1] As a DHT derivative, drostanolone is not a substrate for aromatase and hence cannot be aromatized into estrogenic metabolites.[1] While no data are available on the progestogenic activity of drostanolone, it is thought to have low or no such activity similarly to other DHT derivatives.[1] Since the drug is not 17α-alkylated, it is not known to cause hepatotoxicity.[1]

Drostanolone propionate, via its active form drostanolone, interacts with the AR and activates a cascade of genetic changes, including increased protein synthesis (anabolism) and decreased amino acid degradation (catabolism). It also induces a reduction or inhibition of prolactin or estrogen receptors in the breasts, which is linked to its antitumor effects.[10]

Pharmacokinetics

Drostanolone propionate is not active via the oral route and must be administered via intramuscular injection.[1] The elimination half-life of the drug via this route is approximately 2 days.[1] It has a much longer elimination half-life via intramuscular injection than drostanolone.[1] Drostanolone propionate is metabolized into drostanolone, which is the active form.[1]

Chemistry

Drostanolone propionate, or drostanolone 17β-propionate, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a derivative of DHT.[11][12][1] It is the C17β propionate (propanoate) ester of drostanolone, which itself is 2α-methyl-4,5α-dihydrotestosterone (2α-methyl-DHT) or 2α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-one.[11][12][1]

Structural properties of major anabolic steroid esters
Anabolic steroid	Structure	Ester				Relative mol. weight	Relative AAS content^b	Duration^c
Anabolic steroid	Structure	Position	Moiety	Type	Length^a	Relative mol. weight	Relative AAS content^b	Duration^c
Boldenone undecylenate		C17β	Undecylenic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	11	1.58	0.63	Long
Drostanolone propionate		C17β	Propanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	3	1.18	0.84	Short
Metenolone acetate		C17β	Ethanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	2	1.14	0.88	Short
Metenolone enanthate		C17β	Heptanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	7	1.37	0.73	Long
Nandrolone decanoate		C17β	Decanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	10	1.56	0.64	Long
Nandrolone phenylpropionate		C17β	Phenylpropanoic acid	Aromatic fatty acid	– (~6–7)	1.48	0.67	Long
Trenbolone acetate		C17β	Ethanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	2	1.16	0.87	Short
Trenbolone enanthate^d		C17β	Heptanoic acid	Straight-chain fatty acid	7	1.41	0.71	Long
Footnotes: ^a = Length of ester in carbon atoms for straight-chain fatty acids or approximate length of ester in carbon atoms for aromatic fatty acids. ^b = Relative androgen/anabolic steroid content by weight (i.e., relative androgenic/anabolic potency). ^c = Duration by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection in oil solution. ^d = Never marketed. Sources: See individual articles.

History

Drostanolone and drostanolone propionate were first described in 1959.[1][4] The related AAS oxymetholone and methasterone (methyldrostanolone) were first described in the same paper as well.[1] Drostanolone propionate was introduced for medical use in the United States in 1961 and in Europe shortly thereafter.[5]

Society and culture

Generic names

Drostanolone propionate is the generic name of the drug and its BANMTooltip British Approved Name, while dromostanolone propionate is the USANTooltip United States Adopted Name and USPTooltip United States Pharmacopeia; there is no INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name for this form.[11][12][13] The generic name of the unesterified form of the drug is drostanolone or dromostanolone and the former is its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, BANTooltip British Approved Name, and DCFTooltip Dénomination Commune Française while there is no USANTooltip United States Adopted Name.[11][12][13][2]

Brand names

Drostanolone propionate was marketed under a variety of brand names including Drolban, Masterid, Masteril, Masteron, Masterone, Mastisol, Metormon, Permastril, and Prometholone.[11][12][1]

Availability

Drostanolone propionate appears to no longer be marketed.[1][2] It was previously available in the United States, Europe, and Japan.[12][1] In Europe, it was specifically marketed in the United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Bulgaria.[12][1]

Legal status

Drostanolone propionate, along with other AAS, is a schedule III controlled substance in the United States under the Controlled Substances Act.[6]

References

Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 517–. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.
"Anabolic Agents". Drugs.com.
Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.
Ringold HJ, Batres E, Halpern O, Necoechea E (1959). "Steroids. CV.12-Methyl and 2-Hydroxymethylene-androstane Derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (2): 427–432. doi:10.1021/ja01511a040. ISSN 0002-7863.
William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1402–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.
Karch SB (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8.
"Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
"Drostanolone propionate (Masteron) administration - The Dose for Treating Breast Cancer". Masterone. 2020-01-24. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2021-02-23.
Solimini R, Rotolo MC, Mastrobattista L, Mortali C, Minutillo A, Pichini S, et al. (March 2017). "Hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids in doping". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 21 (1 Suppl): 7–16. PMID 28379599.
"Drostanolone (PIM 901)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.
Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 377–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.
Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.

External links

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[Llewellyn2011-1] Llewellyn W (2011). Anabolics. Molecular Nutrition Llc. pp. 517–. ISBN 978-0-9828280-1-4.

[Drugs.com-2] "Anabolic Agents". Drugs.com.

[pmid18500378-3] Kicman AT (June 2008). "Pharmacology of anabolic steroids". British Journal of Pharmacology. 154 (3): 502–521. doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.165. PMC 2439524. PMID 18500378.

[RingoldBatres1959-4] Ringold HJ, Batres E, Halpern O, Necoechea E (1959). "Steroids. CV.12-Methyl and 2-Hydroxymethylene-androstane Derivatives". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 81 (2): 427–432. doi:10.1021/ja01511a040. ISSN 0002-7863.

[Publishing2013-5] William Andrew Publishing (22 October 2013). Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Encyclopedia, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1402–. ISBN 978-0-8155-1856-3.

[FFFLM2006-6] Karch SB (21 December 2006). Drug Abuse Handbook, Second Edition. CRC Press. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-1-4200-0346-8.

[7] "Orange Book: Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations". www.accessdata.fda.gov. Retrieved 2016-03-15.

[8] "Drostanolone propionate (Masteron) administration - The Dose for Treating Breast Cancer". Masterone. 2020-01-24. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2021-02-23.

[9] Solimini R, Rotolo MC, Mastrobattista L, Mortali C, Minutillo A, Pichini S, et al. (March 2017). "Hepatotoxicity associated with illicit use of anabolic androgenic steroids in doping". European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences. 21 (1 Suppl): 7–16. PMID 28379599.

[INCHEM-10] "Drostanolone (PIM 901)". www.inchem.org. Retrieved 2016-03-15.

[Elks2014-11] Elks J (14 November 2014). The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies. Springer. pp. 652–. ISBN 978-1-4757-2085-3.

[IndexNominum2000-12] Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory. Taylor & Francis. January 2000. pp. 377–. ISBN 978-3-88763-075-1.

[MortonHall2012-13] Morton IK, Hall JM (6 December 2012). Concise Dictionary of Pharmacological Agents: Properties and Synonyms. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 106–. ISBN 978-94-011-4439-1.