Foreign relations of Montenegro

In a referendum on 21 May 2006, the people of Montenegro opted to leave the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. This result was confirmed with a declaration of independence by the Montenegrin parliament on 3 June 2006. It simultaneously requested international recognition and outlined foreign policy goals.

Politics of Montenegro
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Political parties
Recent elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations

As enumerated in the parliamentary declaration of 3 June 2006, Montenegro's near-term primary foreign policy objectives are integration into the European Union, membership in the United Nations, to which it was admitted on 28 June 2006 and in NATO (which it joined as of 2017).

Russia gave official recognition on 11 June 2006, and was the first permanent member of the United Nations Security Council to do so. The European Council of Ministers recognized Montenegrin independence on 12 June, as did the United States.[1] The United Kingdom extended recognition on 13 June. The last two permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, France and the People's Republic of China recognised the government of Montenegro on 14 June.

Membership in international organizations
Organization Application date Admission date
 NATO Full Membership 04 Dec 2009 5 June 2017
NATO's Partnership for Peace Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine 30 August 2006 Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine 14 December 2006
International Criminal Court (ICCt) 23 October 2006
Council of Europe (CoE) 6 June 2006 11 May 2007
Southeast European Cooperation Process (SECP) 11 May 2007 Archived 2007-03-17 at the Wayback Machine
Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC) not granted because of the Cyprus dispute Archived 2007-09-30 at archive.today
Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) Green tickY
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) 1 March 2007
World Trade Organization (WTO) 10 December 2004 29 April 2012
 United Nations (UN) 5 June 2006 28 June 2006
World Health Organization (WHO) 29 August 2006 14 September 2006
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 21 June 2006 Archived 2008-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
Energy Community 1 January 2007
Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Archived 2021-11-17 at the Wayback Machine		 5 June 2006 22 June 2006 Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
International Labour Organization (ILO) 18 July 2006
Universal Postal Union (UPU) 26 July 2006 Archived 2010-05-25 at the Wayback Machine
Central European Initiative (CEI) 2 August 2006 Archived 2012-02-04 at the Wayback Machine
Stability Pact for Southeastern Europe 3 August 2006 Green tickY
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 14 June 2006 18 September 2006
International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) 27 July 2006 22 September 2006
International Maritime Organization (IMO) 10 October 2006
Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) 16 October 2006
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) 23 October 2006
World Customs Organization (WCO) 24 October 2006
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) 25 October 2006 Archived 2012-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) Archived 2007-07-03 at the Wayback Machine
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) 22 November 2006 Archived 2007-07-01 at the Wayback Machine
International Organization for Migration (IOM) 28 November 2006
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 4 December 2006
International Monetary Fund (IMF) 18 July 2006 18 January 2007
World Bank Group (IBRD, IDA, IFC, MIGA) 3 August 2006 Archived 2008-03-24 at the Wayback Machine 18 January 2007
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 25 May 2007
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) 30 November 2007
borfer International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) 21 September 2006
International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) 16 February 2015
International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) 3 June 2006
Southeast European Cooperative Initiative (SECI) June 2008
European Civil Aviation Conference June 2008
EUROCONTROL 1 July 2007
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 17 November 2007
European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E)
Intergovernmental Organisation for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) 1 July 2010
Council of Bureaux (CoBx) 2012
Union for the Mediterranean 13 July 2008
Full European Union Membership 15 December 2008
International Sports Organizations
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) 27 July 2006
International Handball Federation (IHF) 7 August 2006
International Swimming Federation (FINA) 21 August 2006 Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
International Tennis Federation (ITF) 24 August 2006
International Basketball Federation (FIBA) 27 August 2006
International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) 23 October 2006
Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) 30 June 2006 26 January 2007
World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) 17 May 2007
International Football Federation (FIFA) 30 June 2006 31 May 2007
International Archery Federation (FITA) 5 July 2007 Archived 2009-03-05 at the Wayback Machine
 International Olympic Committee (IOC) 6 July 2007
International Bowling Federation (FIQ) 30 August 2007 Archived 2019-12-27 at the Wayback Machine
International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF)

Diplomatic relations

List of countries with which Montenegro maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country[2] Date
1 Estonia13 June 2006
2 United Kingdom13 June 2006
3 France13 June 2006
4 North Macedonia14 June 2006
5 Hungary14 June 2006
6 Italy14 June 2006
7 Germany14 June 2006
8 Czech Republic15 June 2006
9 Denmark15 June 2006
10 Latvia19 June 2006
11 Ireland20 June 2006
12 Norway21 June 2006
13 Slovenia21 June 2006
14 Serbia22 June 2006
15 Russia26 June 2006
16 Sweden26 June 2006
17 Guinea-Bissau29 June 2006
18 Singapore30 June 2006
19 Turkey3 July 2006
20  Switzerland5 July 2006
21 China6 July 2006
22 Croatia7 July 2006
23 Austria12 July 2006
24 Israel12 July 2006
25 Finland12 July 2006
26 New Zealand17 July 2006
27 Lithuania18 July 2006
28 Malta19 July 2006
29 Japan24 July 2006
30 Chile24 July 2006
31 Slovakia25 July 2006
32 Belgium25 July 2006
33 Andorra28 July 2006
34 Iran28 July 2006
35 Albania1 August 2006
— State of Palestine1 August 2006
36 Bulgaria2 August 2006
37 India2 August 2006
38 Vietnam4 August 2006
39 United States7 August 2006
40 Belarus8 August 2006
41 Romania9 August 2006
42 Poland14 August 2006
43 Malaysia17 August 2006
44 Ukraine22 August 2006
45 Tajikistan23 August 2006
46 Australia1 September 2006
47 South Korea4 September 2006
48 Canada5 September 2006
— Sovereign Military Order of Malta5 September 2006
49 Netherlands8 September 2006
50 Peru12 September 2006
51 Argentina13 September 2006
52 Bosnia and Herzegovina14 September 2006
53 Luxembourg21 September 2006
54 Iceland26 September 2006
55 Guatemala27 September 2006
56 Egypt27 September 2006
57 South Africa11 October 2006
58 Brazil20 October 2006
59 Cuba20 October 2006
60 Pakistan23 October 2006
61 Sudan31 October 2006
62 Armenia7 November 2006
63 Qatar16 November 2006
64 Guinea17 November 2006
65 Myanmar27 November 2006
66 Mongolia30 November 2006
67 Spain12 December 2006
— Holy See16 December 2006
68 Greece18 December 2006
69 Uzbekistan19 December 2006
70 Kazakhstan16 January 2007
71 Bangladesh2 March 2007
72 Tunisia7 March 2007
73 Moldova9 March 2007
74 Cyprus12 March 2007
75 Liechtenstein26 March 2007
76 San Marino29 March 2007
77 Oman11 April 2007
78 Portugal17 May 2007
79 Costa Rica24 May 2007
80 Mexico5 June 2007
81 Paraguay5 June 2007
82 Thailand6 June 2007
83 North Korea16 July 2007
84 Algeria24 September 2007
85 Monaco17 October 2007
86 Georgia29 October 2007
87 Eritrea18 March 2008
88 United Arab Emirates4 April 2008
89 Azerbaijan24 April 2008
90 Panama9 May 2008
91 Syria30 October 2008
92 Turkmenistan26 November 2008[3]
93 Lebanon4 December 2008
94 Uruguay25 February 2009
95 Dominican Republic10 March 2009
96 Kyrgyzstan24 June 2009
97 Morocco8 September 2009
98 Bahrain25 September 2009
99 Ecuador26 September 2009
100 Philippines26 September 2009
101 Nicaragua26 September 2009
102 Cambodia12 October 2009
103 Namibia16 November 2009
104 Maldives26 November 2009
105 Angola21 December 2009
106 Mauritania21 December 2009
— Kosovo15 January 2010
107 Brunei19 January 2010
108 Laos4 February 2010
109 Suriname14 May 2010
110 Seychelles19 May 2010
111 Jordan19 May 2010
112 Mozambique27 May 2010
113 Fiji15 June 2010
114 Zambia29 June 2010
115 Honduras8 July 2010
116 Botswana16 July 2010
117 Kuwait27 July 2010
118 Afghanistan21 September 2010
119 Democratic Republic of the Congo22 September 2010
120 Senegal22 September 2010
121 Saint Lucia25 September 2010
122 Timor-Leste25 September 2010
123 Bolivia18 October 2010
124 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines8 November 2010
125 Jamaica12 November 2010
126 Zimbabwe22 November 2010
127 Cape Verde17 December 2010
128 Solomon Islands23 December 2010
129 Iraq29 December 2010
130 Nauru25 January 2011
131 Samoa31 January 2011
132 Republic of the Congo1 February 2011
133 Libya9 February 2011
134 Comoros9 February 2011
135 Dominica25 February 2011
136 Sri Lanka4 April 2011
137 Antigua and Barbuda11 April 2011
138 Trinidad and Tobago15 April 2011
139 Tuvalu4 May 2011
140 Ethiopia10 June 2011
141 Uganda14 July 2011
142   Nepal18 July 2011
143 Colombia12 August 2011
144 Benin15 September 2011
145 Saudi Arabia16 September 2011
146 Malawi16 September 2011
147 Guyana19 September 2011
148 Indonesia21 September 2011
149 Kenya6 October 2011
150 Djibouti6 October 2011
151 South Sudan21 November 2011
152 Burkina Faso20 December 2011
153 Mali10 April 2012
154 Gambia16 August 2012
155 Burundi17 August 2012
156 Ghana20 September 2012
157 Mauritius26 September 2012
158 Haiti17 October 2012
159 Saint Kitts and Nevis19 October 2012
160 Gabon12 November 2012
161 Togo21 December 2012
162 Eswatini28 February 2013
163 Rwanda12 April 2013
164 Federated States of Micronesia10 September 2013
165 Lesotho23 September 2013
166 Palau25 September 2013
167 Vanuatu26 September 2013
168 El Salvador27 September 2013
169 Yemen28 September 2013
170 Kiribati[4]17 January 2014
171 Grenada17 March 2014
172 Liberia7 April 2014
173 Venezuela4 September 2014
174 Niger15 September 2014
175 Sierra Leone[5]8 October 2014
176 Ivory Coast29 October 2014
177 Chad20 March 2015
178 Central African Republic2 April 2015
179 Bahamas6 September 2017
180 Belize[6]6 September 2017
181 Barbados[7] 19 February 2020

Montenegro does not maintain diplomatic relations with the following 11 UN member states:

Montenegro-Canada relations

Canadian Foreign Minister Peter MacKay wrote to Foreign Minister Miodrag Vlahović extending diplomatic recognition and agreeing to hold discussions on the establishment of diplomatic relations, which occurred later in 2007.[8]

The Canadian Embassy in Belgrade is accredited to Montenegro.[8]

Montenegro-China relations
Main article: China–Montenegro relations

The establishment of diplomatic relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Montenegro was confirmed on 14 June 2006.

China transformed its consulate into an embassy in Podgorica on July 7, 2006. The Montenegrin embassy in China opened in Beijing on November 13, 2007.

In 2015, total trade between the two countries amounted to 160,385,964 euros.[9]

Montenegro-Russia relations

Initially strong from 2006, relations slipped from 2010 as Montenegro has looked westward, with Montenegro joining western sanctions in 2014 following the Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The failed Russian military coup in October 2016 aiming to stop Montenegro seeking NATO membership was a turning point. Despite Russian investment into Montenegro, joining the EU became a key goal of Montenegro.

Russia continues to spy on Montenegro, GRU officer Igor Zaytsev is known to have travelled to Montenegro on numerous occasions up to 2018, bring in encryption equipment to give to existing or potential agents, including allegedly former Foreign Ministry spokesperson Radomir Sekulović.[10]

Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 drove relationships down further,[11] with five diplomats expelled in March/April 2022 then six more Russian diplomats being expelled from Montenegro for alleged spying, in September, with Russia then closing its consulate in Podgorica.[12]

In August 2023 Montenegro refused to extradite Dmitry Senin, a former Russian FSB Colonel who had fled Russia in 2017 and had been granted asylum.[13]

Montenegro-United States of America relations
Main article: Montenegro–United States relations
Embassy of Montenegro in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C.

The United States recognized the Republic of Montenegro on June 12, 2006, being among the first states to do so. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established on August 15, and have since rapidly developed. On August 28, six U.S. Senators, John McCain (R-AZ), Saxby Chambliss (R-GA), Mel Martinez (R-FL), Lindsey Graham (R-SC), Richard Burr (R-NC) and John E. Sununu (R-NH), made an official visit to Montenegro. Their activities included a meeting with President Vujanović and with the speaker of the Montenegrin parliament.[14]

Soon after the congressional visit, Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld paid an official visit to Montenegro, seeking support for the War on Terror and overall American geopolitical goals in Europe.[15] Following the Secretary's meeting with Montenegrin Prime Minister Milo Đukanović, it was announced that Montenegro had agreed in principle to aid the US efforts in Iraq and Afghanistan, although no specific pledges of aid were made.[16]


See also

References
  1. "JTW News - Kacin: EU will recognize Montenegro on June 12". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  2. "Tabela priznanja i uspostavljanja diplomatskih odnosa". Montenegro Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  3. "Diplomatic Relations Between Montenegro and Turkmenistan as of 26 Nov. 2008". United Nations Digital Library. 26 November 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  4. "Establishment of diplomatic relations between Montenegro and the Republic of Kiribati". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration of Montenegro. 17 January 2014. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  5. "Detalji". Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
  6. "Belize*: Diplomatic Missions to Montenegro and visa regimes for citizens of Montenegro". gov.me. Government of Montenegro. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  7. "Diplomatic Relations Between Barbados and Montenegro as of 19 Feb. 2020". United Nations Digital Library. 19 February 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  8. Canada Europe relations
  9. "系统维护_中华人民共和国外交部". www.mfa.gov.cn.
  10. "Montenegro in the GRU activity network". 30 September 2022.
  11. "Russia's Reaction to the Integration Process of the Balkans into the EU: The Case of Montenegro". Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  12. "Montenegro expels Russian diplomats amid spying suspicions". 30 September 2022.
  13. "Montenegro Refuses To Extradite Former FSB Colonel To Russia". 30 August 2023.
  14. "Six U.S. Senators to Visit Montenegro, August 28, 2006". Archived from the original on 22 September 2006. Retrieved 26 October 2006.
  15. "Rumsfeld Arrives in Montenegro to Meet With Leaders". U.S. Department of Defence. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  16. Western Balkans Policy Review 2010. Center For Strategic & International Studies (CSIS). 2010. p. 30. ISBN 9780892066025. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
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