Montgomery County, Pennsylvania

Montgomery County, colloquially referred to as Montco,[1] is a county in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. It is the third-most populous county in Pennsylvania and the 73rd-most populous county in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population of the county was 856,553, representing a 7.1% increase from the 799,884 residents counted in the 2010 census.[2] Montgomery County is located adjacent to and northwest of Philadelphia. The county seat and largest city is Norristown.[3] Montgomery County is geographically diverse, ranging from farms and open land in the extreme north of the county to densely populated suburban neighborhoods in the southern and central portions of the county.

Not to be confused with Montgomery, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.

Montgomery County
Pennsylvanian county
Montgomery County Courthouse in Norristown, May 2007
Montgomery County Courthouse in Norristown, May 2007
Flag of Montgomery County
Flag
Nickname: 
Montco[1]
Map of Pennsylvania highlighting Montgomery County
Location within the U.S. state of Pennsylvania
Map of the United States highlighting Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 40°13′N 75°22′W
Country United States
State Pennsylvania
FoundedSeptember 10, 1784
Named forRichard Montgomery or Montgomeryshire
SeatNorristown
Largest municipalityLower Merion Township
Government
 • County CommissionersKenneth E. Lawrence Jr., Chair
Jamila H. Winder, Vice Chair
Joseph C. Gale, Commissioner
Area
 • Total487 sq mi (1,260 km2)
 • Land483 sq mi (1,250 km2)
 • Water4.2 sq mi (11 km2)  0.9%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total856,553
 • Estimate 
(2022)
864,683Increase
 • Density1,773/sq mi (685/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional districts1st, 4th, 5th
Websitewww.montcopa.org

Montgomery County is included in the Philadelphia–Camden–Wilmington PA-NJ–DE–MD metropolitan statistical area, sometimes expansively known as the Delaware Valley. The county marks part of the Delaware Valley's northern border with the Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania. In 2010, Montgomery County was the 66th-wealthiest county in the country by median household income. The county borders Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-largest city, to its southeast.

The county was created on September 10, 1784, out of land originally part of Philadelphia County. The first courthouse was housed in the Barley Sheaf Inn. It is believed to have been named either for Richard Montgomery, an American Revolutionary War general killed in 1775 while attempting to capture Quebec City, or for the Welsh county of Montgomeryshire, which was named after one of William the Conqueror's main counselors, Roger de Montgomerie since it was part of the Welsh Tract, an area of Pennsylvania settled by Quakers from Wales.[4] Early histories of the county indicate the origin of the county's name as uncertain.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 487 square miles (1,260 km2), of which 483 square miles (1,250 km2) was land and 4.2 square miles (11 km2) (0.9%) was water.[5]

Adjacent counties

National protected area

County-owned parks [6]
Park Acres Trail Miles
Central Perkiomen Valley Park 800 19
Green Lane Park 3,400 25
Lock 60 at Schuylkill Canal Park - 5
Lorimer Park 230 5.4
Lower Perkiomen Valley Park 107 -
Norristown Farm Park 690 8
Upper Schuylkill Valley Park 15 -

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
179022,918—
180024,1505.4%
181029,70323.0%
182035,79320.5%
183039,40610.1%
184047,24119.9%
185058,29123.4%
186070,50020.9%
187081,61215.8%
188096,49418.2%
1890123,29027.8%
1900138,99512.7%
1910169,59022.0%
1920199,31017.5%
1930265,80433.4%
1940289,2478.8%
1950353,06822.1%
1960516,68246.3%
1970623,79920.7%
1980643,6213.2%
1990678,1115.4%
2000750,09710.6%
2010799,8846.6%
2020856,5537.1%
2022 (est.)864,683[7]0.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]
1790–1960[9] 1900–1990[10]
1990–2000[11] 2010–2020[2]

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county was 73.27% White (72.18% White, non-Hispanic), 9.55% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American or Alaskan Native, 7.94% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, and 2.87% some other race; 6.13% were two or more races. 6.36% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.[12]

Montgomery County Racial Composition[13]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 618,244 72.2%
Black or African American (NH) 79,510 9.3%
Native American (NH) 763 0.1%
Asian (NH) 67,761 8%
Pacific Islander (NH) 168 0.02%
Other/Mixed (NH) 35,595 4.2%
Hispanic or Latino 54,512 6.4%

The largest townships/boroughs in Montgomery County include:

Township/boroughPopulation (2010 US Census)Density mi2
Lower Merion Township57,8252,526.1
Abington Township55,3103,630.3
Cheltenham Township36,7934,083.1
Municipality of Norristown34,3249,806.9
Upper Merion Township28,3951,593.3
Horsham Township26,1471,398.6
Upper Dublin Township25,5691,960.7
Lower Providence Township25,4361,458.8
Montgomery Township24,7902,067.1
Upper Moreland Township24,0153,202

Economy
Montgomery County ranges from the densely populated rowhouse streets of Cheltenham Township (top) to the forests and open land around Perkiomen Creek in the northern part of the county (bottom).

Montgomery County is a suburb of Philadelphia, the nation's sixth most populous city. Many Montco residents work in the city, but the county is also a major employment center with large business parks in Blue Bell, Lansdale, Fort Washington, Horsham, and King of Prussia attracting thousands of workers from all over the region. The strong job base and taxes generated by those jobs have resulted in Montgomery County receiving the highest credit rating of 'AAA' from Standard & Poor's, one of fewer than 30 counties in the United States with such a rating.[14] In 2012, Moody's downgraded the general obligation rating to Aa1,[15] and in 2018 the rating was revised back to Aaa.[16]

Major employers include:[17]

Education

Colleges and universities

Public school districts
Map of Montgomery County public school districts

School districts:[18]

Private secondary schools

Night schools/adult education
  • Abington Township Adult School
  • Cheltenham Township Adult School

Communities
Map of Montgomery County with municipal labels showing boroughs (red), townships (white), and census-designated places (blue)

Under Pennsylvania law, five types of incorporated municipalities are listed: cities, boroughs, townships, home rule municipalities (which can include communities that bear the name "Borough" or "Township") and, in at most two cases, towns. These boroughs, townships, and home rule municipalities are located in Montgomery County:

Home rule municipalities

Boroughs

Townships

Census-designated places

Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the United States Census Bureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law. Other unincorporated communities, such as villages, may be listed here, as well.

Even though the historic village of Valley Forge, as well as the park, are partially located within Montgomery County, the modern village is in Chester County, PA

Unincorporated communities

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Montgomery County.[21]

† county seat

Rank City/Town/etc. Municipal type Population (2010 Census)
1 † Norristown Municipality 34,324
2 Pottstown Borough 22,377
3 King of Prussia CDP 19,936
4 Lansdale Borough 16,269
5 Willow Grove CDP 15,726
6 Horsham CDP 14,842
7 Montgomeryville CDP 12,624
8 Ardmore (partially in Delaware County) CDP 12,455
9 Harleysville CDP 9,286
10 Audubon CDP 8,433
11 Glenside CDP 8,384
12 Sanatoga CDP 8,378
13 Kulpsville CDP 8,194
14 Conshohocken Borough 7,833
15 Hatboro Borough 7,360
16 Maple Glen CDP 6,742
17 Souderton Borough 6,618
18 Ambler Borough 6,417
19 Plymouth Meeting CDP 6,177
20 Blue Bell CDP 6,067
21 Trooper CDP 5,744
22 Penn Wynne CDP 5,697
23 Oreland CDP 5,678
24 Wyndmoor CDP 5,498
25 Fort Washington CDP 5,446
26 Collegeville Borough 5,089
27 Telford (partially in Bucks County) Borough 4,872
28 Gilbertsville CDP 4,832
29 Eagleville CDP 4,800
30 Royersford Borough 4,752
31 Bridgeport Borough 4,554
32 Flourtown CDP 4,538
33 Jenkintown Borough 4,422
34 Narberth Borough 4,282
35 Gladwyne CDP 4,050
36 Pennsburg Borough 3,843
37 Spring House CDP 3,804
38 Bryn Mawr CDP 3,779
39 Skippack CDP 3,758
40 Stowe CDP 3,695
41 Trappe Borough 3,509
42 Pottsgrove CDP 3,469
43 Hatfield Borough 3,290
44 North Wales Borough 3,229
45 Wyncote CDP 3,044
46 East Greenville Borough 2,951
47 Halfway House CDP 2,881
48 Rockledge Borough 2,543
49 Red Hill Borough 2,383
50 Spring Mount CDP 2,259
51 Evansburg CDP 2,129
52 Schwenksville Borough 1,385
53 Bryn Athyn Municipality 1,375
54 Haverford College (mostly in Delaware County) CDP 1,331
55 West Conshohocken Borough 1,320
56 Woxhall CDP 1,318
57 Arcadia University CDP 595
58 Green Lane Borough 508

Transportation

Major roads and highways
I-276/Pennsylvania Turnpike eastbound at the Interstate 476/Pennsylvania Turnpike Northeast Extension in Montgomery County

Public transportation

The county is served by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA), which include bus, commuter rail, and interurban rail services. Pottstown Area Rapid Transit (PART) also provides bus services around the Pottstown area in the western portion of the county.[22]

Airports

Commercial airline service is provided primarily by Philadelphia International Airport, located in Philadelphia and Delaware County.[23] Other public use airports include Heritage Field in Limerick Township, Wings Field in Blue Bell, and Pottstown Municipal Airport.

Culture

Climate

The county has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) except in some lowland areas very close to Philadelphia where it is humid subtropical (Cfa). The hardiness zones are 6b and 7a.

Climate data for Upper Hanover Twp (Elevation: 489 ft; 149 m) 1981 - 2010 Averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 37.8
(3.2)		 41.1
(5.1)		 49.8
(9.9)		 61.7
(16.5)		 72.1
(22.3)		 80.8
(27.1)		 84.9
(29.4)		 83.2
(28.4)		 76.2
(24.6)		 64.5
(18.1)		 53.3
(11.8)		 41.8
(5.4)		 62.4
(16.9)
Daily mean °F (°C) 29.3
(−1.5)		 31.9
(−0.1)		 39.7
(4.3)		 50.5
(10.3)		 60.4
(15.8)		 69.5
(20.8)		 74.0
(23.3)		 72.3
(22.4)		 64.8
(18.2)		 53.2
(11.8)		 43.5
(6.4)		 33.5
(0.8)		 52.0
(11.1)
Average low °F (°C) 20.8
(−6.2)		 22.7
(−5.2)		 29.6
(−1.3)		 39.2
(4.0)		 48.7
(9.3)		 58.3
(14.6)		 63.0
(17.2)		 61.4
(16.3)		 53.4
(11.9)		 41.9
(5.5)		 33.7
(0.9)		 25.2
(−3.8)		 41.6
(5.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.27
(83)		 2.71
(69)		 3.55
(90)		 3.86
(98)		 4.27
(108)		 4.21
(107)		 4.83
(123)		 3.90
(99)		 4.63
(118)		 4.26
(108)		 3.65
(93)		 3.75
(95)		 46.89
(1,191)
Average relative humidity (%) 68.4 65.1 60.6 59.5 63.6 69.0 69.0 71.8 72.9 71.4 70.4 70.7 67.7
Average dew point °F (°C) 20.2
(−6.6)		 21.5
(−5.8)		 27.2
(−2.7)		 36.9
(2.7)		 48.0
(8.9)		 58.9
(14.9)		 63.2
(17.3)		 62.7
(17.1)		 55.9
(13.3)		 44.2
(6.8)		 34.5
(1.4)		 25.0
(−3.9)		 41.6
(5.3)
Source: PRISM[24]
Climate data for Cheltenham (Elevation: 125 ft; 38 m) 1981 - 2010 Averages
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °F (°C) 40.6
(4.8)		 43.9
(6.6)		 52.0
(11.1)		 63.3
(17.4)		 73.0
(22.8)		 82.3
(27.9)		 86.3
(30.2)		 84.9
(29.4)		 78.0
(25.6)		 66.7
(19.3)		 55.9
(13.3)		 44.9
(7.2)		 64.4
(18.0)
Daily mean °F (°C) 33.2
(0.7)		 35.9
(2.2)		 43.2
(6.2)		 53.7
(12.1)		 63.2
(17.3)		 72.8
(22.7)		 77.3
(25.2)		 76.0
(24.4)		 68.8
(20.4)		 57.3
(14.1)		 47.5
(8.6)		 37.7
(3.2)		 55.6
(13.1)
Average low °F (°C) 25.8
(−3.4)		 27.8
(−2.3)		 34.3
(1.3)		 44.0
(6.7)		 53.4
(11.9)		 63.2
(17.3)		 68.4
(20.2)		 67.1
(19.5)		 59.6
(15.3)		 48.0
(8.9)		 39.2
(4.0)		 30.4
(−0.9)		 46.9
(8.3)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.46
(88)		 2.77
(70)		 4.10
(104)		 3.92
(100)		 4.15
(105)		 4.12
(105)		 4.96
(126)		 4.24
(108)		 4.29
(109)		 3.71
(94)		 3.52
(89)		 3.92
(100)		 47.16
(1,198)
Average relative humidity (%) 65.5 61.6 57.3 57.2 61.4 63.5 65.0 66.9 68.0 67.9 66.5 66.6 64.0
Average dew point °F (°C) 22.9
(−5.1)		 24.0
(−4.4)		 29.1
(−1.6)		 38.9
(3.8)		 49.7
(9.8)		 59.7
(15.4)		 64.6
(18.1)		 64.2
(17.9)		 57.8
(14.3)		 46.8
(8.2)		 36.9
(2.7)		 27.6
(−2.4)		 43.6
(6.4)
Source: PRISM[24]

Politics

As of December 27, 2022, there are 597,648 registered voters in Montgomery County.[25]

Historically, Montgomery County was a stronghold for the Republican Party. The county was the only one carried by Barbara Hafer in the 1990 gubernatorial election over the incumbent governor, Bob Casey. However, the Democratic Party has made substantial gains in the county over the last quarter-century and gained the registration edge early in 2008. Like neighboring Bucks County, the county voted Democratic during the Civil War era, except in 1860 and 1872. But as in most of Philadelphia's suburbs, the brand of Republicanism practiced in Montgomery County for much of the 20th century was a moderate one. As the national parties have polarized, the county's voters have increasingly supported Democrats at the national level. The county voted for the Republican presidential nominee in all but two elections from 1880 to 1988, that being in 1892 and 1964. However, Montgomery County residents have voted for the Democratic presidential nominee since 1992, with the margins progressively increasing between every election, except in 2012. In the 2020 election, Joe Biden became the first Democrat to get over 60% of the county's vote.

Despite Donald Trump's victory in the state of Pennsylvania in the 2016 election, Montgomery County was one of the few counties in Pennsylvania that swung in the Democratic presidential candidates' direction with Hillary Clinton winning Montgomery County with 58.87% of the vote, an improvement from Barack Obama's 56.6% vote share in 2012. In the 2016 U.S. Senate elections as well as the Pennsylvania Attorney General elections, Montgomery County voted for Katie McGinty and Josh Shapiro, both Democrats.[26]

Most county-level offices were held by Republicans until after the 2007 election, when Democrats picked up control of five row offices. Democrats have also won several elections in the Pennsylvania General Assembly in recent years, including two GOP-leaning State House districts in 2004, the 148th with Mike Gerber and the 153rd with Josh Shapiro. Today, although the county is very Democratic at the national level, at the state and local level, it is not specifically partisan.

In the 2004 United States Senate election, Republican Arlen Specter won the county over Montco resident Joe Hoeffel, but Democrat Bob Casey, Jr. out-polled Rick Santorum in the 2006 Senate election. In 2006, Democrat Rick Taylor unseated incumbent Republican Eugene McGill in the 151st (although Taylor lost in 2010 to Republican Todd Stephens) and, in 2008, Democrat Matthew Bradford unseated incumbent Republican Jay Moyer in the 70th. Six of the county's 12 state house seats and four of the county's eight senate seats are now held by Democrats. All four statewide Democratic candidates carried Montgomery in 2008, with Barack Obama receiving 60% of the county's vote. Barack Obama won Montgomery County in 2008 and 2012.

United States presidential election results for Montgomery County, Pennsylvania[27]
Year Republican Democratic Third party
No. %No. %No. %
2020 185,460 36.23% 319,511 62.41% 6,949 1.36%
2016 162,731 37.10% 256,082 58.38% 19,839 4.52%
2012 174,381 42.24% 233,356 56.52% 5,132 1.24%
2008 165,552 39.16% 253,393 59.94% 3,796 0.90%
2004 175,741 43.98% 222,048 55.57% 1,802 0.45%
2000 145,623 43.81% 177,990 53.54% 8,809 2.65%
1996 121,047 41.18% 143,664 48.87% 29,250 9.95%
1992 125,704 39.46% 136,572 42.87% 56,300 17.67%
1988 170,294 60.20% 109,834 38.83% 2,742 0.97%
1984 181,426 64.18% 99,741 35.29% 1,499 0.53%
1980 156,996 57.81% 84,289 31.04% 30,268 11.15%
1976 155,480 56.92% 112,644 41.24% 5,045 1.85%
1972 173,662 64.31% 91,959 34.06% 4,397 1.63%
1968 141,621 54.32% 102,464 39.30% 16,647 6.38%
1964 102,714 42.96% 135,657 56.74% 704 0.29%
1960 142,796 60.68% 92,212 39.18% 318 0.14%
1956 133,270 69.20% 59,095 30.69% 218 0.11%
1952 115,899 66.62% 57,701 33.17% 373 0.21%
1948 85,576 66.53% 41,112 31.96% 1,938 1.51%
1944 78,260 61.71% 47,815 37.70% 752 0.59%
1940 73,250 59.51% 49,409 40.14% 432 0.35%
1936 66,442 52.52% 57,870 45.74% 2,194 1.73%
1932 64,619 64.00% 32,971 32.66% 3,371 3.34%
1928 76,680 76.37% 23,026 22.93% 702 0.70%
1924 45,407 75.48% 11,094 18.44% 3,653 6.07%
1920 31,963 69.70% 12,239 26.69% 1,653 3.60%
1916 20,431 58.25% 13,658 38.94% 983 2.80%
1912 8,978 26.69% 11,894 35.37% 12,760 37.94%
1908 19,088 59.82% 11,899 37.29% 922 2.89%
1904 18,833 62.58% 10,420 34.62% 843 2.80%
1900 17,051 59.10% 11,208 38.85% 590 2.05%
1896 17,329 61.25% 9,985 35.29% 980 3.46%
1892 13,591 49.10% 13,611 49.17% 480 1.73%
1888 13,445 50.90% 12,582 47.63% 390 1.48%
1884 11,617 50.54% 11,088 48.24% 281 1.22%
1880 11,026 49.75% 11,025 49.75% 112 0.51%

Government

Montgomery County is governed by a three-person county commission. The current composition is two Democrats and one Republican. By law, the county commission must have one member of a minority party represented.

County commissioners
HolderPartyPosition
Kenneth E. Lawrence Jr.DemocraticChair
Jamila H. WinderDemocratic Vice Chair
Joseph GaleRepublican

County row offices

As of the November 2019 election:

OfficeHolderParty
Clerk of CourtsLori SchreiberDemocratic
ControllerKaren Geld SanchezDemocratic
CoronerMichael MilbourneDemocratic
District AttorneyKevin R. SteeleDemocratic
ProthonotaryNoah MarlierDemocratic
Recorder of DeedsJeanne SorgDemocratic
Register of WillsD. Bruce HanesDemocratic
SheriffSean KilkennyDemocratic
TreasurerJason SalusDemocratic
Jury CommissionerJoanne Cisco OlszewskiDemocratic
Jury CommissionerMerry WoodsRepublican

Same-sex marriage

On July 24, 2013, Montgomery County Register of Wills D. Bruce Hanes, a Democrat, announced he would begin issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples, flouting Pennsylvania law banning such unions. Hanes called the commonwealth's ban "arbitrary and suspect", saying he believes it violates the Pennsylvania Constitution and the United States Constitution. The Republican administration of Governor Tom Corbett filed suit in the Commonwealth Court of Pennsylvania in an attempt to block Hanes from licensing same-sex marriage.[28] Commonwealth Court Judge Dan Pellegrini ordered Hanes in September 2013 to stop issuing same-sex marriage licenses. After Federal Judge John Jones threw out Pennsylvania's ban on same-sex marriage in May 2014, calling it unconstitutional, offices in other counties were able to issue these licenses, while Hanes had to wait for the ruling against him to be removed.[29]

United States Senate
SenatorParty
Bob CaseyDemocrat
John FettermanDemocrat

United States House of Representatives
This 2018 Congressional map ordered by the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania places the majority of Montgomery County in the newly created 4th congressional district.
DistrictRepresentativeParty
1Brian FitzpatrickRepublican
4Madeleine DeanDemocratic
5Mary Gay ScanlonDemocratic

State senate
DistrictRepresentativeParty
4Art HaywoodDemocratic
7Vincent HughesDemocratic
12Maria CollettDemocratic
17Amanda CappellettiDemocratic
24Tracy PennycuickRepublican
44Katie MuthDemocratic

State House of Representatives
DistrictRepresentativeParty
26Paul FrielDemocratic
53Steve MalagariDemocratic
54Greg ScottDemocratic
61Liz HanbidgeDemocratic
70Matthew BradfordDemocratic
131Milou MackenzieRepublican
146Joe CiresiDemocratic
147Donna ScheurenRepublican
148Mary Jo DaleyDemocratic
149Tim BriggsDemocratic
150Joseph WebsterDemocratic
151Melissa CerratoDemocratic
152Nancy GuenstDemocratic
153Ben SanchezDemocratic
154Napoleon NelsonDemocratic
157Melissa ShustermanDemocratic
166Greg VitaliDemocratic
172Kevin J. BoyleDemocratic
194Pam DeLissioDemocratic

See also

References
  2. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  3. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  4. "Montgomery County, Pennsylvania". Family Search. Retrieved January 21, 2015.
  5. "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  6. "2023 Proposed Operating Budget".
  7. "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021". Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  8. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  9. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  10. Forstall, Richard L., ed. (March 24, 1995). "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  11. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. April 2, 2001. Retrieved March 9, 2015.
  12. "Explore Census Data".
  13. "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Montgomery County, Pennsylvania".
  14. "Montgomery County," Rydal-Meadowbrook Civic Association Archived October 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  15. "Moody's downgrades Montgomery County's (PA) general obligation rating to Aa1 from Aaa; outlook is stable". Moodys.com. July 19, 2012. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  16. "Montgomery County, PA". Montgomery County, PA. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
  17. Top 50 Employers by County – Montgomery Archived October 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  18. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Montgomery County, PA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 20, 2022. - Text list
  19. Meetings & Notices Archived July 23, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  20. Upper Frederick Township, Pennsylvania
  21. Bureau, US Census. "Decennial Census by Decades". www.census.gov. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  22. "Welcome Aboard!". Pottstown Area Rapid Transit. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  23. "About Us | PHL.org". www.phl.org. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  24. "PRISM Climate Group, Oregon State University". Retrieved August 9, 2019.
  25. Pennsylvania Department of State, Voting and Election Statistics, accessed December 27, 2022
  26. "Montgomery County Election Results". electionresults.montcopa.org. Archived from the original on November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  27. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  28. "Pennsylvania Gay Marriage Law Deemed 'Suspect' By County Official". The Huffington Post. August 19, 2013. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
  29. "Montgomery County still unable to issue same-sex marriage licenses". The Times Herald. May 21, 2014. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
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40.21°N 75.37°W / 40.21; -75.37

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