Attitude (heraldry)

A beast rampant (Old French: "rearing up") is depicted in profile standing erect with forepaws raised.[3] The position of the hind legs varies according to local custom: the lion may stand on both hind legs, braced wide apart, or on only one, with the other also raised to strike; the word rampant is sometimes omitted, especially in early blazon, as this is the most usual position of a carnivorous quadruped. Note: the term segreant denotes the same position, but implies a particular wing position and is only used in reference to winged quadrupeds such as griffins and dragons.[4] Rampant is the most frequent attitude of quadrupeds, and as supporters they are rarely seen in any other attitude. Forcené is the term for this position when applied to horses or unicorns.

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  Lion rampant
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  Lion rampant guardant
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  Lion rampant regardant

A beast passant (Old French: "striding") walks toward dexter (the viewer's left) with the right forepaw raised and all others on the ground.[5] Early heralds held that any lion in a walking position must necessarily be a "leopard", and this distinction persists in French heraldry; however, this use of the term leopard has long since been abandoned by English heralds.[6] A "Lion of England" denotes a lion passant guardant Or, used as an augmentation.[5] The Welsh flag features a dragon passant. For stags and other deer-like beasts of chase, the term trippant is used instead of passant.

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  Lion passant
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  Lion passant guardant
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  Lion passant regardant

A beast sejant or sejeant (Middle French: seant, "sitting") sits on its haunches, with both forepaws on the ground.[7]

A beast sejant erect is seated on its haunches, but with its body erect and both forepaws raised in the "rampant" position (this is sometimes termed "sejant-rampant").[7]

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  Lion sejant
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  Lion sejant erect

A beast couchant (Old French: "lying down") is lying down, but with the head raised.[8] Lodged is the term for this position when applied to the "docile" (i.e. herbivorous) animals.

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  Lion couchant

A beast courant (French: "running"; also at speed or in full chase) is running, depicted at full stride with all four legs in the air.

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  Lion courant

A lion coward (Old French coart, cuard, "turning tail") carries the tail between its hind legs and is otherwise shown rampant to dexter; "coward" takes no other modifiers such as "regardant" or "sejant".[9]

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  Lion coward

A beast dormant (French: "sleeping") is lying down with his head lowered, resting upon the forepaws, as if asleep.[8] (However, perhaps counterintuitively, some sources would have the lion dormant with the eyes open.)

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  Lion dormant

A beast salient (Latin: saliēns, "leaping") (also springing) is leaping, with both hind legs together on the ground and both forelegs together in the air.[10] This is a very rare position for a lion,[10] but is also used of other heraldic beasts. The stag and other docile animals in this position are often termed springing. Certain smaller animals are sometimes blazoned as saltant rather than salient.

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  Lion salient

A beast statant (Old French: "standing") is "standing" (in profile toward dexter), all four feet on the ground, usually with the forepaws together.[11] This posture is more frequent in crests than in charges on shields.[10] In certain animals, such as bears, this may refer to an upright, bipedal position (though this position may also be referred to as statant erect), though bears blazoned as 'statant' can also be found with all four feet firmly on the ground (e.g. in the arms of the former borough council of Berwick-upon-Tweed).[12] While statant is used in reference to predatory beasts, the more docile animals when in this position may be called at bay, while such creatures statant guardant are said to be at gaze. This is particularly true of stags (harts).[13]

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  Lion statant
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  Lion statant guardant

Also spelled morné or mortine, a lion depicted with neither claws, teeth, nor tongue, in the rampant position. The term is from the Old French verb morner, from morne, a ring placed over the point of a lance, from Latin mora, "sword guard".[14][15]

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  Lion morne

A lion baillone is show in the rampant position holding a baton in its teeth.

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  Lion baillone

Also called diffame, infamed, and defame, a lion shown in the rampant position without its tail.

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  Lion defamed

A lion shown with its paws and head (but not its tail) detached from its body is called "disjointed" (i.e., torn away at the joints), and it is always shown in the rampant position.

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  Lion disjointed

A lion tricorporated is shown having three bodies combined with one head, with the main/ central lion facing "rampant guardant" (i.e., with its face towards the viewer and with body upright facing to dexter).

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  Lion tricorporated
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  Lion tricorporated, as illustrated in Arthur Charles Fox-Davies' Complete Guide to Heraldry

Herbivores can be shown as pascuant ("grazing") or paissant ("peaceful"), with head lowered to the same level as their four legs, as the head of a cow would be when eating grass.[16][17]

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  Arms of Ladevèze-Rivière: gules a sheep pascuant
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  Arms of Hranice, Cheb District, Czech Republic, featuring a horse pascuant argent
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  Arms of Betpouey, France: vert a sheep pascuant, on a chief azure three fleurs de lys Or
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  Arms of Saint-André-d'Embrun, France, with a sheep pascuant to sinister

A bird displayed is shown affronté with its head turned to dexter and wings spread to the sides to fill the area of the field. This position is presumed of the eagle, and the symbolic use of eagles in this position was well established even before the development of heraldry, going back to Charlemagne.[18]

A bird overt ("open") or disclosed has wings open and pointing downward.

Close ("closed"), the bird's equivalent of statant, is shown in profile and at rest with its feet flat on the ground and its wings folded at its sides. Trussed is the term used for domestic or game birds, implying the bird is tied up or caught in a net respectively, and is not applied to predator birds like the eagle and hawk. Perched is overt while sitting atop a charge. If a bird's attitude is not blazoned, it is assumed to be close; the exception is the eagle, whose default attitude is displayed.

Used to describe a phoenix, though potentially other flying creatures as well, when depicted arising from, for example, a line of flames, a coronet, an amphora, etc.[19]

A bird rising, rizant[20][21] or rousant faces dexter with its head upturned, wings raised, and standing on the tips of its feet as if about to take flight. A bird rising may have its wings described as either displayed or addorsed, and the wings may be further described as elevated or inverted.

A bird volant faces the dexter with its wings spread in flight (usually shown addorsed and elevated) and its legs tucked under its body. Volant en arrière is when the bird is shown from a top-down perspective with the head facing straight ahead, its back to the viewer, and the wings spread in flight (usually shown displayed and inverted). A bird volant is considered in bend ("diagonal") as it is flying from the lower sinister to the upper dexter of the field.

An eagle volant recursant descendant in pale, the emblem of the 38th Air Division of the US Air Force

An eagle or hawk shown recursant has its back towards the viewer, e.g., "an eagle volant recursant descendant in pale" is an eagle flying downward in the vertical center of the shield with its back towards the viewer.

A crane vigilant

A crane standing on one leg (usually with a stone held in the other foot) may be called vigilant or in its vigilance (e.g. Waverley Borough Council's "crane in its vigilance"[22]). A stone is usually shown held in the claw of the raised leg. This is as per the bestiary myth that cranes stayed awake by doing so. If it dozed, the crane would supposedly drop the rock, waking itself up.

A pelican in her piety, wings addorsed and elevated

One peculiar attitude, reserved only to the pelican, is the pelican in her piety. The heraldic pelican, one of the few female beasts in heraldry, is shown with a sharp stork-like beak, which it uses to vuln (pierce or wound) her own breast. This is per the bestiary myth that a female pelican wounded herself thus to feed her chicks. This symbol of sacrifice carries a particular religious meaning (usually a reference to Christ's sacrifice), and became so popular in heraldry that pelicans rarely exist in heraldry in any other position.[23] A distinction is sometimes observed, however, between a pelican vulning herself (alone, piercing her breast) versus "her piety" (surrounded by and feeding her chicks).[24]

A griphon segreant

A creature segreant has both forelegs raised in the air, as a beast rampant, with wings addorsed and elevated. This term is reserved to winged quadrupeds (such as griffins and dragons). It is of uncertain etymology; it is first recorded as sergreant in the 16th century.[25][26][27] Payne Fisher's 1682 Synopsis of Heraldry uses the term segriant, as seen in some blazons.[28]

Creatures combatant (French, "fighting") are shown in profile facing each other in the rampant or segreant position, always paired and never appearing singly. Nearly any creature can be rendered combatant, although this term is usually applied to predatory beasts and mythical creatures; herbivorous animals in such a position are typically blazoned as respectant (Latin respectāns, "watching").

Two goats addorsed

Creatures or objects addorsed or endorsed (Latin ad-, "to" and dorsum, "back"; Middle English endosse, Old French endosser, influenced by Medieval Latin indorsare) are shown facing away from each other. As with combatant, charges addorsed can only appear in pairs. One also frequently finds keys addorsed (placed in parallel, wards facing outward).

A dolphin naiant

An animal or creature naiant is swimming. This term is typically applied to fish (when shown in a horizontal position), but may also apply to other sea creatures and, occasionally, water fowl (i.e. swans, ducks or geese shown without legs). A dolphin blazoned as naiant is always shown as embowed, unlike any other sea creature or monster, even though the blazon may not specify this.

A fish, dolphin, or other sea creature hauriant (Latin hauriēns, "drawing up") is in a vertical position with its head up.

A fish, dolphin, or other sea creature urinant (/ˈjʊərɪnənt/) (Latin ūrīnāns, "diving") is in a vertical position with its head down.

A serpent glissant is gliding horizontally in an undulant posture.

Serpents, and the tails of other beasts and monsters, may be nowed (/naʊd/ (French noué, "knotted")—often in a figure-eight knot.

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  Griffin segreant or armed and langued gules
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  Lions combatant or armed and langued azure
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  Barbels addorsed or
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  Arms of USS Tornado, with a dragon urinant
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  Arms of the 37th Armor Regiment, featuring a wyvern glissant
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  Dolphin naiant or
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  Dolphin haurient argent
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  Lion or armed argent, langued gules, tail nowed