National Christmas Tree (United States)

The idea of a decorated, outdoor national Christmas tree originated with Frederick Morris Feiker. Feiker was a highly educated engineer who had been a technical journalist for General Electric from 1906 to 1907 and editor of Electrical World and Electrical Merchandising from 1915 to 1921.[5][6]

In 1921, Feiker joined the personal staff of United States Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover as a press aide.[5][7] The Society for Electrical Development, an electrical industry trade group, was looking for a way to encourage people to purchase more electric Christmas lights and thus use electricity,[8] and Feiker suggested that President Calvin Coolidge personally light a tree as a way of giving Christmas lights prominence and social cachet.[9] Vermont Republican Senator Frank L. Greene accompanied Feiker to the White House, where they successfully convinced Coolidge to light the tree.[9]

Feiker arranged for Paul Moody, president of Middlebury College in Vermont, to donate a 48-foot (15 m) tall balsam fir as the first National Christmas Tree.[9][10][11] Middlebury College alumni paid to have it shipped via express to Washington.[9] The branches on the lower 10 feet (3.0 m) of the tree were damaged in transit, so cut branches from a local evergreen were tied to the tree to restore its appearance.[12]

Feiker put together a group of local civic organizations to erect the tree in the center of the Ellipse[13][14] and decorate it, and the U.S. electrical industry donated $5,000 worth of electrical cables (which were buried under the Ellipse and provided the tree with electricity).[9] The site for the tree was personally approved by Grace Coolidge.[15] Arrangements were also made to have 3,000 city school children present to sing Christmas carols and the United States Marine Band to play music.[16] The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) agreed to broadcast the event on radio.[9] The tree was decorated with more than 2,500 electric bulbs in red, white, and green donated by the Electric League of Washington.[10]

At 3 p.m. on December 24, 1923, a 100-voice choir from the First Congregational Church assembled on the South Portico of the White House and began a two-hour concert of Christmas carols.[17] At 5 p.m. (dusk) on Christmas Eve,[17] President Coolidge touched a button at the foot of the tree which lit the lights and electric candles adorning the tree,[17][18] but he did not speak.[9] A searchlight from the nearby Washington Monument was trained on the tree to help illuminate it as well.[18] The Coolidge family invited citizens of the city to sing Christmas carols on the Ellipse after dark. Between 5,000 and 6,000 people thronged the park, joined by 3,000 more people by 9 p.m.[17][18] The crowds were joined by the Epiphany Church and First Congregational Church choirs, which sang carols, and the Marine Band, which played Christmas-themed music.[17][18] The singing ended shortly before midnight. After the white residents of the city had dispersed, African American residents of the city were permitted on the park grounds to see the National Christmas Tree.[17] An outdoor Christian worship service was held, and a mass choir composed of signing groups from area community centers sang more Christmas carols.[18] An illuminated Christian cross was flashed on the Washington Monument, to which men dressed as shepherds walked from the National Christmas Tree.[18]

Planting the National Community Christmas Tree (December 17, 1924)

The 1924 ceremony changed significantly. In April 1924, Coolidge gave a speech to the American Forestry Association in which he criticized cutting down trees for use as Christmas decorations.[19] Feiker believed this was the end of the Christmas tree lighting ceremony, but his wife suggested that a live tree be used instead.[20] Feiker, accompanied by T. H. Ormesby of the Society for Electrical Development and Republican Representative Hamilton Fish II of New York, extended the invitation to light the tree to Coolidge on December 6, which he again accepted.[21]

Will H. Hays, chairman of the Republican National Committee, was also chairman of Amawalk Nursery, and Hays arranged for a live, 30-year-old,[22] 35-foot (11 m) Norway spruce to be delivered to the capital.[10][20][23] The tree arrived in the city on December 13[22] and was planted on December 17 on the west side of Sherman Plaza — a patio, garden, and public square just south of the Treasury Building and its adjacent Alexander Hamilton Place.[14][24] The tree was planted by the American Forestry Association[25] and decorated with 1,000 red, white, and green lights and white electric candles again provided by the Electric League of Washington.[20][26] The organization donated the strings of lights to the federal government.[27] Power was provided by the Potomac Electric Power Company via an open manhole on the plaza.[28] The tree was now called the National Community Christmas Tree,[29]. The Community Center Department of the District of Columbia Public Schools coordinated the choirs for the event and the United States Army Band provided music.[22]

President Coolidge lights the 1924 tree.

Coolidge threw a switch at 8 p.m. to light the tree.[27][30] It was the only year a switch was used; before and since, a button has been pushed.[28] Although the president did not address the people, he and Mrs. Grace Coolidge stayed to sing Christmas carols with the large crowd of several thousand.[25] Jason Noble Pierce, pastor of the First Congregational Church, wrote a new Christmas carol, "Christmas Bells," which was dedicated to Mrs. Coolidge (the Coolidges' son, Calvin Jr., had died on July 7 from blood poisoning).[31] The 70-voice First Congregational Church choir sang the carol for the Coolidges, accompanied by buglers and flute provided by the U.S. Army Band.[31]

Over the next few years, the annual National Community Christmas Tree lighting ceremony changed in only minor ways such as the timing and the use of illumination. The lighting ceremony was pushed back to 6 p.m. in 1925[24] to better accommodate children's bedtimes.[28] In 1926, a flare was fired into the air as the tree was illuminated, a tradition which occurred for several years.[28] In 1927, a bronze marker was placed at the base of the tree, declaring it the National Community Christmas Tree.[28] The tree was decorated with improved lighting strings (which required only 500 multicolored bulbs) as well as with 2,000 light-scattering jewels.[32] Colored floodlights at the base of the tree also helped provide color.[28] President Coolidge briefly addressed the crowd, beginning a tradition of a brief presidential speech during the ceremony.[33] NBC broadcast a selection of Christmas carols from speakers placed around the tree from 9 p.m. until midnight.[34] In 1928, the time of the lighting ceremony was again moved to 8 p.m.[35] That year, the Christmas lights were replaced completely by colored floodlights.[36]

President Herbert Hoover (center) and his family in front of the National Christmas Tree on Christmas Day 1931

An inspection of the National Community Christmas Tree in 1929 found that the tree had been severely damaged by the decoration process and the heat and weight of the lights.[37] Amawalk Nursery again donated a living tree, this one a 35-foot (11 m) tall Norway spruce.[38] It was planted on May 29 of that year.[39] The year was special in other ways, too. It was the first time that Christmas tree decorations (not just lights) were placed on the tree.[40] To prevent the tree from being damaged during the decoration process, scaffolding was erected around the tree instead of placing ladders into the branches; less heavy strings of lights with lower wattage were used; and a low fence was erected around the tree so that its roots would not be trampled.[28] Although much of the program remained unchanged that year,[41] other than the ceremony reverting to its 6 p.m. timing, the 1929 event was notable for another unique reason as well. That evening, as President Herbert Hoover and Mrs. Lou Henry Hoover were entertaining children from the local community at the White House, a fire broke out in the West Wing. While Mrs. Hoover quietly moved the children into the East Wing and safety, the president and other men rushed into the West Wing and retrieved furniture, historic items, files and important papers, Hoover's personal effects, and a puppy that was to be given as a gift to one of the children.[42] The West Wing, including the Oval Office, was gutted and had to be rebuilt.[43]

Two years later in 1931, the National Community Christmas Tree was again found to be so severely damaged that it was replaced a second time. The National Park Service history of the tree concludes that although there is no documentation that the tree was removed, photographic evidence clearly shows the 35-foot (11 m) tall Norway spruce had been replaced by a 25-foot (7.6 m) tall blue spruce.[28] The National Park Service believes this tree was obtained from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capitol, an independent federal agency, in the spring of 1931.[28] During the ceremony that year, the button President Hoover pressed at 5 p.m. was not actually connected to the electricity^[1] but set off a buzzer to alert another official to actually light the tree.^[2] The button to be pushed by the president would not be reconnected to actual electricity again until 1980.^[2]

Other changes occurred in the 1932 tree ceremony. It was the first year that someone other than the president lit the tree. Because President Hoover and his family were vacationing away from Washington, Vice President Charles Curtis lit the tree at 5 p.m. on December 24.[44] It was also the first year of the use of recorded music, with loudspeakers concealed in the branches of the tree and connected to a phonograph in a nearby police booth to play Christmas carols every night from 6 to 10 p.m. until New Year's Day.[28] The "Singing Tree" was a hit with the public,[45] and although music and choirs continued to perform each year thereafter, the tradition of the Singing Tree lasted for several more decades.[28]

In 1933, the National Community Christmas Tree stood alone on Sherman Plaza. All plants but the National Christmas Tree had been removed from the area in the fall and the ground regraded as part of a widening of E Street NW.[46] During early 1934, the tree was cut down and replaced with double row of willow oaks.[47]

The annual lighting ceremony for the National Community Christmas Tree expanded at a fast pace in the 1950s. In 1953, The New York Times reported that millions of Americans were watching the ceremony on television.[82] There were also pressures to expand the event. For roughly 15 years, the ceremony had remained largely the same: a local choir would sing some carols; a military service band would play a selection of Christmas music for a half-hour before the president emerged to speak briefly and light the tree; a member of the Boy Scouts of America and either the Girl Scouts of the USA or the Camp Fire Girls would greet the president on behalf of the people of the city of Washington; after the president returned to the White House, the band would play more music for a half-hour; and then the public would be cleared from the area.

In 1952, however, a group of Catholic Church sodalities asked that a nativity scene be included in the ceremony,[62] repeating the request in 1953.[62] There was also pressure to move the ceremony off the White House South Lawn. In 1953, due to security concerns, only 700 members of the public were allowed onto the White House grounds while another 3,500 watched from outside the fence.[83]

The beginning of an actual pageant was the brainchild of Edward M. Kirby, public relations counsel for the National Capitol Committee of the Washington Board of Trade.[84] The idea came to him after flying into the District of Columbia in early December 1953 and feeling disappointment at looking out the windows of the plane to see that the city had none of the visual impact of other major metropolises at Christmastime. A few weeks later, December 29, Kirby submitted a memo to the Board of Trade proposing a Christmas-themed "Pageant of Peace" to expand the tree lighting ceremony into a program filled with light, music, and art [84] with international focus on the theme of PEACE but not emphasizing any particular religion.[85] The peace theme was intended to echo the words of the angels ("Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men")[86] announcing the birth of Jesus to shepherds as described in the New Testament.[87] The concept evolved into a three-week-long series of nightly performances and religious observances.[88][89]

The Board of Trade was attracted to the idea of a pageant because of waning public interest in the tree lighting ceremony,[88] although the pageant would require that the Christmas tree be moved off the White House grounds and the tree lighting ceremony shifted from Christmas Eve to earlier in December.[88] President Dwight Eisenhower approved the plan on November 4, 1953,[87] and the first pageant — entitled Christmas Pageant of Peace[90] — was held on the Ellipse December 17, 1954.[87][91] A cut tree was used because Park Service officials felt that a living tree would interfere with various cultural and recreational events on the Ellipse at other times of the year.[88]

The tree chosen for the first Pageant of Peace was a 67-foot (20 m) tall balsam fir from northern Michigan, decorated with 2,100 red, blue, and gold lights and topped by a brilliant white star.[92][93][94] South of the tree — leading toward it in a straight line from E Street NW — was a "Pathway of Peace."[84] On either side of the Pathway stood smaller Christmas trees, decorated with lights and a variety of ornaments, from U.S. states and territories as well as foreign embassies.[92][95]

Man-made snow covered the grounds. Wooden boardwalks were used to guide visitors on the Pathway as well as elsewhere around the spacious exhibits that took up much of the Ellipse.[96] These included a life-size nativity scene with live animals, an outdoor stage that accommodated singing groups and tableau vivant, and a "Children's Corner" with live reindeer, a puppet stage, and a place for children to donate toys to less fortunate children overseas.[87][92][97] Religious ceremonies as well as entertainment both religious and secular occurred nightly through Epiphany.[87]

Preceding the 5:30 pm tree lighting ceremony was a half-hour concert by the United States Marine Band and the 80-voice Justin Lawrie Choir.[98] Also preceding the event — but not part of the planned performances — was the escape by several sheep from the life-size nativity scene. They ran into the nearby rush-hour traffic (one even entered a local drugstore) until rounded up by Metropolitan Motorcycle Police,[99][100] placing the sheep in their sidecars and shepherding them back safely to their enclosure before the arrival of the presidential party.[101]

President Eisenhower lit the tree in front of 7,500 people.[92] Six Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts from around the world, flown in with funds provided by UNICEF, joined the president on the dais.[102] Movie actor Robert Montgomery, who served as Eisenhower's advisor on the president's television appearances, was also present.[92] The ceremony was carried live nationally by all the major radio and television networks,[103] as well as internationally on Voice of America.[104]

The initial Pageant of Peace was a huge success. More than 6,000 people performed or otherwise participated in the event.[105] Up to 20,000 people a day visited the event.[106] A grand total of between 300,000 and 500,000 people visited the Ellipse over its three weeks to see the exhibits and performances, with bumper-to-bumper traffic on nearby streets as people drove by to view the trees, and the Pageant proved so popular that it was extended for two days.[94][107][108]

The total cost of the event was set at $30,000 (about $253,000 in 2011 inflation-adjusted dollars), most of which was provided by payment in kind although the Board of Trade contributed $7,500 in cash.[109] Most of the goods and services that made the first Pageant of Peace possible were donated. Local architect Leon Chatelain Jr., designed the site. Michigan State College provided the tree and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Norfolk Southern Railway the transportation to bring the tree to Washington. Pepco supplied the Christmas lights and power. The Hargrove Display Decorators of Cheverly, Maryland, provided the nativity scene. Twenty-seven U.S. states and territories as well as 23 embassies set up peace symbols, plaques, and small Christmas trees along the Pathway of Peace. The National Park Service provided animal stalls, metal fencing, stage, and wooden walkways.[84] The American Ice Co. provided the man-made snow.[92]

Having used cut trees from around the country since 1954, the Christmas Pageant of Peace reintroduced a living tree in 1973. A spontaneous, grass-roots letter writing campaign by American citizens began pressing in 1965 for a live tree.[133] The letter-writing campaign intensified in 1969.[141] Prodded by environmentalists, a much larger letter-writing campaign ("more letters and phone calls of protest than in the previous 10 years" a Park Service spokesperson said) occurred in the two months prior to the 1972 tree lighting ceremony, which prompted the National Park Service to bow to public pressure and plant a live tree.[152]

A 42-foot Colorado blue spruce from the Sunset Lake Nursery near Shickshinny, Pennsylvania, was donated by the National Arborist Association and planted in the Ellipse close to the Zero Milestone just east of the central north–south axis of the White House.[153][154] The tree arrived in the city via flatbed truck and was planted on October 11, 1973.[155] Because the tree had been badly damaged when it fell off the flatbed truck, the tree's life span was significantly affected.[156] North of the tree, a bronze plaque was installed that read "National Christmas Tree, Transplanted October 11, 1973, Christmas Pageant of Peace Committee."[156] Initially, the General Electric company, which had been donating the lighting for the tree for years, developed a "cool lighting" system to help protect the tree from the heat damage caused by standard Christmas tree lights.[155] But this scheme was subsequently abandoned due to the need to conserve energy because of the 1973 oil crisis.[157] Instead, eight colored floodlights at the base of the tree were used to illuminate the National Christmas Tree's decorations and its 36-inch (91 cm) high gold snowflake tree-topper[158] (although the snowflake itself was lit from within).[157] The spotlights did not illuminate the tree directly for fear of causing heat damage; instead, the light was reflected on the tree.[157] To further conserve energy, the National Christmas Tree was lit not 24 hours a day but only from 5 to 10 p.m.[157]

Public pressure on the Park Service and the energy crisis also led to changes in the 1973 Pageant of Peace. The Park Service used no cut trees,[152] but instead obtained 57 live trees and planted them on the Ellipse.[155] After the Pageant of Peace ended, the living trees were replanted in D.C. area parks or donated to the states they were intended to represent.[155] These trees were decorated, but had no Christmas lights due to the energy crisis.[158] Only footlights illuminated the Pageant's trees, primarily for safety reasons.[157] Upset by a court ruling that held that the Christian nativity scene could not be included in the Pageant of Peace, local resident Vaughn Barkdoll and a few friends formed the Christian Heritage Association and won a permit to display a nativity scene just beyond the service road encircling the Ellipse.[158] The Barkdoll display included four sheep, a donkey, and a Holstein calf. An American Legion post from Hyattsville, Maryland, erected a similar but smaller display on the opposite side of the Ellipse.[158]

Energy conserving lights were used on the National Christmas Tree in 1974, however. More than 2,000 tiny amber and white lights (which used just a third of the wattage of pre-1973 strings of lights), as well as braided gold-colored rope and large gold ornaments, were used.[159] The Pageant of Peace continued to feature just 57 trees,[160] but there was competition over the nativity scene (which was no longer part of the festival). Barkdoll's Christian Heritage Association provided a creche with 2-foot (0.61 m) high plaster figures and no live animals. The Hyattsville American Legion provided a display with life-size papier-mâché figures and live animals including some sheep, a calf, and a burro. A third display was provided by the Christian Service Corps (a nondenominational Christian organization whose members mixed public service with missionary work). The Christian Service Corps display included live actors in period costumes, a musical soundtrack, three camels, a cow, a donkey, and 15 sheep.[161]

In 1975, the National Christmas Tree had a Bicentennial theme. The tree was decorated with 4,600 red, white, and blue lights; red, white, and blue ornaments, and silver garland; and topped by a 4-foot (1.2 m) high gold and green Liberty Bell.[131][162] The low-watt Christmas tree lights were specially designed by General Electric.[162] In a circle around the National Christmas Tree were 13 tall evergreen trees, symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies.[162] An additional 47 smaller trees formed the Pathway to Peace, representing the rest of the states, U.S. territories, POW/MIAs, and senior citizens.[162] The 12,000 total light bulbs and 2-mile (3.2 km) of electrical cord used 40 percent less wattage than the year before.[162] Once more, three different organizations provided three different nativity scenes away from the pageant.[131] With the Bicentennial year ending, the 1976 National Christmas Tree was decorated with 2,500 red lamps (rather than strings of tree lights), which represented the theme "Youth."[163] That year's Pageant of Peace was also truncated, presenting live entertainment only through December 23.[163] However, there were now 60 trees in the Pathway to Peace.[164]

By December 1976, it was clear that the National Christmas Tree planted just three years earlier was dying. The appearance of the tree had deteriorated significantly, with many of the lower branches dead or damaged and many parts of the tree showing large areas of dead needles.[163][164] Government horticulturalists said the tree had suffered root damage and had not thrived in the hot, damp climate of Washington, D.C.[164] David Rhoads, a citizen from Silver Spring, Maryland, donated his 25-foot (7.6 m) tall blue spruce to the National Park Service, chopped off its branches and wired many of them to the lower part of the existing tree to cover up the damage.[164] The tree's plight was so obvious that the public made 112 offers for a new living tree to the government by early December.[163]

The 1974 tree was removed and used for the Yule log in 1977.[164] An anonymous resident of Potomac, Maryland donated a 34-foot (10 m) tall blue spruce as the new National Christmas tree.[165][166] The new tree was planted on the Ellipse on November 3, 1977.[166] President Jimmy Carter, assisted by his daughter, Amy, lit the tree during a ceremony on December 15, 1977.[167] The tree was decorated with 2,000 five-watt green lamps (not bulbs) symbolizing "Hope," as well as 500 "twinkle lamps" and white ornaments.[168] Due to the ongoing energy crisis, the tree was only lit from dusk to midnight from December 15 to December 26, and from dusk to 10 p.m. from December 27 to January 2.[168] This achieved a further 74 percent reduction in energy use.[168] A petting zoo was added to the Pagaent of Peace for the first time.[168]

The 1977 living tree did not last, however. January 1978 brought several severe rain and snow storms to the Washington, D.C., region, along with heavy winds, heavy precipitation, and extremes in temperatures. On January 26, 62 mph (100 km/h; 54 kn) winds whipped through the nation's capitol (and a tornado damaged homes in nearby Quantico, Virginia). Park Service officials feared the National Christmas Tree would be toppled, and attached guy-wires to the tree to keep it upright.[169] But despite the additional bracing, the tree was nearly uprooted in mid-afternoon and leaned at a 45 degree angle for several hours until workers were able to get it upright again.[169] A National Park Service spokesperson said that the agency feared the tree had suffered extensive root damage, and would not survive.[169]

The Washington Monument glows behind the yet-to-be-lit 1979 U.S. National Christmas Tree.

The National Park Service undertook a lengthy study to find a species of tree that could thrive in the climate and soil conditions of the capital and better withstand the annual decoration process.[170] Agency officials traveled more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) to find a tree that met their specifications.[156] A 30-foot (9.1 m)[165] tall blue spruce, located at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William E. Myers of York, Pennsylvania, was chosen as the new National Christmas Tree planted in the Ellipse in 1978.[171] (The Myers offered to donate the tree, but were paid $1,500 for it.)[156] A second tree, an 18-foot (5.5 m) tall blue spruce purchased from a nursery in New Jersey, was planted in a corner of the Ellipse in early summer 1978 for use as a spare in case the new transplanted tree did not survive.[156] New, stronger cables were used to help brace the tree against high winds.[156] The bronze plaque at the base of the tree was altered slightly to reflect the new date of the tree's transplanting (October 11, 1978).[156][172]

The tree was topped off by First Daughter Amy Carter on December 5, 1978, a ceremony which began a new tradition of having a member of the President or Vice President's family top off the tree (a tradition observed every year since except in 1980).[168] President Carter, assisted by his wife Rosalynn and daughter Amy, lit the newly transplanted National Christmas Tree on December 15, 1978.[173] The tree was illuminated by 1,600 low-watt gold lamps, floodlit with gold spotlights, and decorated with gold garland and 50 large red ornaments.[174] Once more, each state and territory was represented by a tree on the Pathway of Peace, and the petting zoo and live reindeer both returned to the Pageant of Peace.[174] Additionally, there was a small tree representing senior citizens, as well as a new "community tree."[168]

In 1979, the National Christmas Tree was only partially lit. When President Jimmy Carter sent his daughter Amy to light the tree on December 13, the switch lit only the star atop the National Christmas Tree, while the state trees on the Pathway of Peace were illuminated only by tiny blue lights.[175] Carter told the surprised crowd that the National Christmas Tree would remain dark until the American hostages in Iran were set free.[175] The theme of the tree was "Hope and Light", which celebrated the 100th anniversary of Thomas Edison's invention of the practical incandescent light.[168] The tree itself was trimmed with silver balls and white garland, and a complex, changing lighting scheme (also in white) designed.[168][175] There were only 50 smaller trees that year (one for each of the hostages),[175] and a single tree separate from the Pathway of Peace representing prisoners of war.[168] Only nine days of musical performances were planned.[176]

President Carter helps light the first National Menorah in 1979.

1979 also marked the first appearance of the National Menorah commemorating Hanukkah. The 30 feet (9.1 m) high[177] steel menorah (painted gold) was the brainchild of Rabbi Abraham Shemtov, leader of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement. President Carter assisted Rabbi Shemtov in lighting the menorah, which was placed in Lafayette Square.[178][179] By 1987, the National Menorah had been moved to The Ellipse.[180] A new aluminum menorah replaced the steel one in 1998.[181]

The National Christmas Tree again remained largely unlit in 1980. President Carter's five-year-old grandson, Jason, switched on the tree.[182] The tree had been completely decorated with large balls and lights, but at a meeting in early December 1980 the families of the American hostages asked that the tree remain unlit.[182] The lights on the tree shone for 417 seconds, one second for every day that the hostages had been captive.[168] The lights were then turned off, leaving only the star atop the tree shining.[182] When the hostages were released on January 20, 1981, the tree was redecorated.[168] It was relit for the returning hostages on January 27.[183] The year 1980 was also the first one that the Pageant of Peace organizers were required by the National Park Service to hold an open meeting to solicit input from the public.[168] Once again, a separate small tree honored American prisoners of war.[168]

Due to security concerns about assassination attempts, President Ronald Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree via remote control from the East Room of the White House in 1981,[184] 1982,[185] and 1983.[186] Supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment and increased aid for the poor protested at the event.[184] The lights on the 1981 tree suffered from faulty wiring, and could not be lit on the final night of the event (January 1, 1982).[187] The year 1981 also marked the beginning of a number of changes to the Pageant of Peace. The petting zoo was canceled due to cost concerns, but for the first time each state or territory donated the ornaments to be used on their tree lining the Pathway of Peace. A request to honor Vietnam War veterans during the ceremony was turned down to keep the focus on Christmas. A new contractor, Westport Marketing Group, was also hired to manage the tree lighting ceremony. Westport changed the ceremony so that fewer guests sat on stage. This made room for more performers. Westport also suggested that more national celebrities be invited to perform as well to turn the event into a national (rather than local) event and boost the appeal to a national audience.[188] Westport suggested even more radical reductions in the number of guests and field seating as well as elimination of the Yule log in 1982. There was also discussion of moving the entire event into the White House, but these suggestions were not acted on.[188]

In 1984, First Lady Nancy Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree from the stage on The Ellipse.[189] Westport Marketing Group proposed selling a National Christmas Tree ornament to raise money for the pageant, but the idea was discarded because it illegally commercialized a national civic event.[188] President Reagan resumed his involvement with the tree lighting ceremony in 1985, when he and Nancy Reagan jointly lit the tree via remote control while standing on the South Portico of the White House.[188] A large video screen depicted the Reagans for the crowd.[190] As the Pageant of Peace opened, the Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV; an advocacy organization for the homeless led by Mitch Snyder) sued to have a life-size statue of three homeless people huddled over a steam grate included in the event. On December 11, a federal district judge ruled against the organization.[191] A federal appellate court upheld the decision. The group then applied for a regular protest permit, which it received. The statue of the homeless family was erected on Christmas Eve just outside the fence from the official pageant.[192] Another change did occur, however. For the first time since 1954, there were no reindeer present at the Pageant of Peace. Officials said the cost of transporting the animals to and from Maine was too prohibitive. "Reindeer" (actually fallow deer from Virginia) returned to the pageant the following year.[188]

President Reagan lit the tree from inside the White House in 1986,[193] 1987,[194] and 1988.[195] The 1987 tree lighting ceremony was held on December 7 (almost a week early) due to the arrival of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit meeting to be held December 8.[196] American Marketing (the former Westport Marking) again proposed the sale of a tree ornament and was again turned down. Opposition to the nativity scene and menorah were again expressed, and CCNV again tried to get its statue of homeless people into the pageant (and was unsuccessful).[188]

Michelle Obama reads "'Twas the Night Before Christmas" at the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony on the Ellipse in Washington, D.C., on December 9, 2010.

President George H. W. Bush resumed the tradition of lighting the National Christmas Tree from a platform on The Ellipse in 1989.[197] In 1991, President Bush presided over the tree-lighting ceremony with five Americans who had recently been released by their kidnappers in Lebanon: journalist Terry A. Anderson, university employee Joseph Cicippio, professor Alann Steen, professor Thomas Sutherland, and professor Jesse Turner. Also in attendance was Secretary-General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, who had helped negotiate the release of the hostages. Anderson attempted to light the tree twice, but failed. Bush tried to the light the tree, and after several seconds the lights finally came on.[198] In 1992, the National Park Service permitted the first National Christmas Tree ornament to be produced. The designer was Peggy Henkel, president of Georgetown Marketing Company (formerly American Marketing), and to avoid rules against commercialization the ornament was distributed without charge. The year 1992 was also the year that the National Christmas Tree and Pageant of Peace was featured on the official White House Christmas card. The card was created by artist Kamil Kubik and printed by Hallmark Cards.[199]

Several changes were made to the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace in 1993 and 1994. Although organizers considered moving the pageant to the Washington Monument or onto the National Mall, no change in location was actually made.[200] In 1994, a G scale model railway was placed around the base of the tree. A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory showed that solar lighting could be used to help illuminate the tree during the daytime, and the lights (donated by the United States Department of Energy) were used. The year 1994 also saw the first commercial sales of official National Christmas Tree items. The National Park Service approved the sales after organizers said proceeds would be used to fund the Pageant of Peace. Two items were sold: a National Christmas Tree ornament, and a limited edition Christmas card bearing an image of the tree.[200]

But few other changes were made during the latter half of the 1990s. In 1995, the National Christmas Tree was lit by solar power for the first time at night, using energy stored during the day. The United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 forced the cancellation of the Pageant of Peace beginning December 16, although the National Park Service had enough funds to keep the tree lit through January 1, 1996. The park service also decided to discontinue the display of live deer during the pageant.[200] In 1996, the Office of Surface Mining declined to donate trees for the Pageant of Peace (as it had done for many years). This forced the pageant organizers to purchase cut trees. Pageant organizers also sold 1,950 limited-edition prints and 250 artist's proofs by local artist G. Harvey to raise money for the pageant. Finally, the President's Park unit of the National Park Service began administering the music portion of the pageant.[200]

The National Christmas Tree Growers Association provided cut trees for the Pageant of Peace in 1997, and another limited edition print was sold to raise money for the event.[200] But in 1998, tree grower Ron Hudler of North Carolina agreed to begin donating cut trees for the festival. Polk Aristo-Craft began providing the model train, and for the first time refreshments were sold.[200]

To celebrate the millennium on December 31, 1999, the National Christmas Tree's lights turned white at midnight.[201] The following year, Polk Aristo-Craft expanded the model train display and a new wrought iron fence was erected around the tree (replacing an older chain-link fence).[200]

In the wake of the September 11 attacks, the United States Secret Service announced on November 16 that only those individuals with tickets would be permitted onto The Elllipse for the December 6 tree lighting.[202] The restrictions were lifted just 10 days later.[203] Access to The Ellipse was closed except for two points (at 17th and E Streets NW and at 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW).[204] 15th Street NW was temporarily closed for the event, while traffic moved only in a north-bound direction on 17th Street NW.[205] (The street closings during the ceremony continued to occur through the 2011 ceremony.)[206] The original gold, green, and red lighting scheme was changed after September 11 to a patriotic red, white, and blue with red garland. The model train was provided again by Aristo-Craft, with financial, set-up, and other assistance from the National Capital Trackers (a model train enthusiasts group).[204] Clowns, a magician, and a juggler were added to help lighten the crowd's mood.[205][207]

Major changes to the lighting display and ornaments were made after 2001. In 2002, the National Christmas Tree sported a gold, green, and red design (again) with gold garland and wreath-shaped ornaments. For the first time, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were used as part of the lighting scheme. Two strands of red LED lights were entwined with the garland. The incandescent tree lights changed from gold to green and back again continuously.[208] The garland and lighted ornaments remained lit without a color change.[205] The tree consumed enough power nightly to light two homes.[208] The following year, the 80th anniversary of the tree-lighting ceremony, a nostalgic and simplified lighting design featuring 13,000 incandescent blue, gold, green, and red lights with lighted candle and snowflake ornaments was used.[205][209] In 2004, holographic suncatchers were first used as ornaments on the tree, to help make it sparkle during daylight hours.[205] A blue, gold, green, and red lighting scheme (composed of 15,000 incandescent bulbs)[205] was used again, but de-emphasized the green in order to evoke a patriotic theme.[210] One-hundred and thirty star-shaped ornaments also adorned the tree.[210] A three-dimensional star made of Lexan topped the tree.[205] The 2005 lighting design used 25,000 clear white incandescent lights. There were 105 large snowflake ornaments (each lit from within by 25 clear incandescent lights) with holographic blue vinyl accents, and a three-dimensional snowflake tree topper. Suncatchers were used also again. There were 105 snowflake-shaped suncatchers on the tree.[205] A traditional lighting design returned in 2006. The tree featured 25,000 blue, green, orange purple, and red incandescent lights. Its 125 18-inch (46 cm) wide round ornaments with concave fronts. The glass fronts were reverse painted, while the concave area was covered in a gold holographic material that made the ornament appear to sparkle when lit. The tree topper was a star in three dimensions, with a holographic vinyl plate between the two to enhance its sparkle.[112]

In 2007, LEDs replaced the incandescent lights on the National Christmas Tree. The tree's 1,000 feet (300 m) of red garland also used LEDs. The 2006 star-shaped tree-topper was reused, although it was reworked to use LEDs as well.[211] According to the National Park Service officials, the tree was 100 times more energy efficient than in 2006[205] — although the lighting designer from General Electric said it was just 60 percent more energy efficient.[211] The ornaments were 125 red bows 26 inches (66 cm) high and 20 inches (51 cm) wide. SABIC Innovative Plastics donated the Lexan used to make the ornaments.[205] That same year, the tree lighting ceremony was officially named the Lighting of the National Christmas Tree.[212] The Pageant of Peace was also officially renamed as "The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace."[205] LEDs replaced incandescent lights on the state trees along the Pathway of Peace, the lighted garland was omitted, and smaller illuminated ornaments were used in 2008, achieving an additional 50 percent savings in electricity. However, traditional bulbs were still used in the ornaments. A Santa's workshop was added to the pageant in 2008 as well. The lighting ceremony was dedicated to the memory of Ron Hudler.[205][213]

The three-dimensional star tree topper first created in 2006 continued to top the National Christmas Tree in 2011.[214]

The replacement National Christmas Tree on November 2, 2012, six days after it was planted.

On Saturday, February 19, 2011, the National Christmas tree was felled after its trunk snapped in a windstorm which contained gusts of up to 50 mph (80 km/h; 43 kn).[215] National Park Service spokesman Bill Line noted the tree was at risk since it stood alone exposed to the elements and lacked the protection of other trees.[215] Knowing the tree was at risk and would eventually need to be replaced, a successor tree had already been selected.[215] The new tree was planted on March 19, 2011.[216] The new tree was a 26.5-foot (8.1 m) tall Colorado blue spruce which was obtained from an unnamed tree nursery in New Jersey.[216]

On May 5, 2012, the blue spruce was declared dead by the National Park Service due to "transplant shock".[217] The agency said the exceptionally warm summer of 2011 and the winter of 2011-2012 also played a role.[218] The dead tree was cut down. The NPS said it had already identified a Colorado spruce as a replacement.[217]

On Saturday, October 27, 2012, a 28-foot (8.5 m) Colorado blue spruce from Virginia was planted as the new National Christmas Tree. The Park Service decided to plant the tree even though Hurricane Sandy would pass near the D.C. area in less than 48 hours. Park Service horticulturists felt the tree was safer in the ground than in the container in which it was shipped. Wires were attached to the tree to help stabilize it, and a special base (hidden by mulch and soil) surrounded the roots to help prevent flooding.[219]

For the first time in 50 years, the National Park Service did not have a Yule log during the 2012 Pageant of Peace. The performance stage was made much smaller and shifted from the east side of the display area to the south (so that the National Christmas Tree provided a backdrop for performances). Park Service personnel say that this interfered with the Yule log pit. The model railroad, nativity scene, Santa's Workshop, and state trees and Pathway of Peace remained in 2012. The Yule log pit remains,[220] but is covered over by steel plates and 14 inches (36 cm) of soil and sod.[221]

The lighting scheme for the National Christmas Tree was altered in 2013. General Electric provided the lights, as it had since 1962, and for the fourth year in a row LED lights were used. New round "sugar plum lights" in bright blue, green, and red colors were added in 2013 to enhance the tree's nighttime appearance. A garland of twinkling white 7-inch (18 cm) spherical ornaments were also added. The ornaments were lit during the day as well to improve the tree's daytime visual interest.[222] The star-shaped tree topper was rebuilt for 2013 as well using a commercial lighting system to provide for brighter illumination.[222][223] The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights strung in 110 nets and 225 strings, and 265 spherical ornaments.[222][223] The lighting scheme weighed several hundred pounds,[223] and used 5700 watts of power.[222]

CNN said in 2013 that the National Christmas Tree was the sixth most beautiful Christmas tree in the world. The cable new channel listed 12 trees, and put the National Christmas Tree behind the tree erected in Cathedral Square, Vilnius, Lithuania; the Lego Christmas tree at Legoland Malaysia; the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center in New York City; the tree at the Galeries Lafayette department store in Paris, France; and the "Floating Christmas tree" erected by oil company Bradesco Seguros in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[224]

The 2015 Christmas Tree was covered in amber and white lights that occasionally twinkled. The state and territory trees had the same color lights and were decorated with ornaments made from the state or territory they represented.

On December 21, 2018, a man climbed the illuminated Christmas Tree, damaging branches that were 15 feet (4.6 m) to 20 feet (6.1 m) feet high, as well as its lights. Police detained the man after coaxing him down from the tree, whereupon first responders transported him to the District of Columbia's Comprehensive Psychiatric Emergency Program for a mental health evaluation. The government never charged the man with a crime.[225]

On October 26, 2019, the National Park Service and a tree company planted a new tree to replace the one that the climber had damaged. The U.S. government paid the company $163,984 for the 30 feet (9.1 m) Colorado blue spruce from Palmyra, Pennsylvania, which was the sixth living tree planted at the site. The White House paid $180,633 for the 2019 lighting ceremony, which was the third in which President Donald Trump participated.[226]

On November 30, 2022, President Joe Biden lighted the National Christmas Tree on the Ellipse near the White House and celebrated the 100th year since the first lighting by President Calvin Coolidge on December 24, 1923.[227] The tree, a 27 foot white fir, today has 64,000 Christmas lights.[228] The event was hosted by LL Cool J and performances were prepared by United States Marine Band, Andy Grammer, Ariana DeBose, Joss Stone, Gloria Estefan, Shania Twain and Yolanda Adams.[229]

As of 2010, 56 smaller cut evergreen trees representing the states, District of Columbia, and unincorporated territories of the United States are arranged in a large oval around the National Christmas Tree each December.[240] A sign in front of each tree identifies which geographic area the small tree represents. A temporary black plastic walkway is laid down to provide pedestrian access (the actual Pathway of Peace), and the trees guarded by a white vinyl picket fence. The National Park Service lays boardwalks, plastic paths, and artificial turf walkways on The Ellipse beginning in October.[235]

A stage and a blue plywood amphitheater are erected southeast of the National Christmas Tree, and the placement of heavy plastic mats and metal folding chairs in front of the stage (with seating for only 200 people at most) creates an audience area for performances.[240] A plywood nativity scene, 15-by-10-foot (4.6 by 3.0 m) Yule log fire pit, and barn for donkeys, reindeer, and sheep are built south of the Pathway of Peace.[240] Speakers on high stands throughout the area broadcast the live performances, or provide recorded music for viewers' enjoyment. Since the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace are traditions extending back only to 1954, they are not considered historic elements by the National Park Service.[240]