List of active separatist movements in Africa
This is a list of currently active separatist movements in Africa. Separatism includes autonomism and secessionism.
Separatist movements in Africa. In green: countries with no separatist movements; in blue: separatist movements; in white: countries with separatist movements.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ethno-religious/racial/regional/religious group(s).
Algeria
Location of Kabylie
- Ethnic group: Kabyle Berbers[1]
- Proposed state: Kabylia (Berber language: Tagduda Taqvaylit).
- Government-in-exile: Kabyle Provisional Government (ANAVAD AQVAYLI UΣḌIL).[2]
- Movement leader: Ferhat Mehenni.[3]
- Political party: Movement for the self-determination of Kabylie (Mak-Anavad).[4]
The Kabyle independence movement is supported by the Kabyle people, a Berber ethnic group. Kabylia was an independent from colonial Algeria until it was annexed in 1857. Supporters of independence from the region are opposed to the perceived Arabization policies pursued by the Algerian government.[5]
Kabylia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Angola
A map of Angola showing majority ethnic groups (Bakongo area is north, dark green)
Central-Eastern Angola
- Ethnic group:
Lunda-Tchokwé people
- Proposed state: Lunda-Tchokwé (República Democrática da Lunda-Tchokwé) (RDLT)[7][8]
- Government-in-exile: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT),[7] led by Dr. Jota Filipe Malakito[9]
- Claimant group: Manifesto Jurídico Sociológico do Povo Lunda-Tchokwé (MJSPL),[10] also an Advocacy group
- Political party: Partido Democrático da Defesa do Estado Lunda-Tchokwé (PDDELT)[7][8]
- Movements: Mulher Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (MULT), Pioneiros Unidos da Lunda-Tchokwé (PULT), Juventude Unida da Lunda-Tchokwé (JULT)
- Ethnic group: Bakongo
- Proposed state: Republic of Cabinda[11]
- Government-in-exile: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC) (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Political party: Frente para a Libertação do Enclave de Cabinda (FLEC), Liberation Front of the State of Cabinda
- Militant organization: Forças Armadas de Cabinda (FAC)
- Status: Ongoing low-intensity war
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Cabinda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Botswana
Map of Zambesia
Cameroon
.png.webp)
Proclaimed Ambazonian territory
- Ethnic group: Anglophones of the former Southern Cameroons, consisting of over 80 ethnic groups
- Population: ~4 million people
- Proposed state: Federal Republic of Ambazonia[15]
- Advocacy group: Interim Government of Ambazonia, Ambazonia Governing Council and others[16]
- Militant groups: Ambazonia Self-Defence Council, Ambazonia Defence Forces, SOCADEF, other smaller militias
- Status: Ongoing civil war
Ambazonia is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Bakassi
- People: Oron
- Population: 150,000–300,000 people (subject of dispute)
- Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Bakassi[17]
- Militant groups: Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination
- Status: Active insurgency until 2009, isolated incidents until 2015
Central African Republic
Territories under control of FPRC around 2021
Areas claimed by Dar al-Kuti
Dar El Kuti (Republic of Logone)
- Ethnic group: Muslims in the Central African Republic
- Proposed state: Dar al-Kuti[18]
- Advocacy group and militant organization: Séléka[19]
- Status: Ongoing civil war, effectively a proto-state
Dar El Kuti is a self-proclaimed state supported by the Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC), a Muslim rebel movement in the Central African Republic.[20]
Republic of the Congo
- Ethnic group: South Congolese
- Advocacy group: Provisional Assembly and governance of the State of South Congo
- Proposed state:
State of South Congo[21][22]
Democratic Republic of the Congo
_-_Bas-Congo.svg.png.webp)
- Advocacy group: Bundu dia Kongo
- Proposed state: Kingdom of Kongo[23]
Katanga in green
- Political parties: Union of Independent Federalists and Republicans
- Militant organizations: Mai Mai Kata Katanga
Katanga is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Eritrea
Map of Dankalia, Saho, and Kunama
- Ethnic group: Afar people, Saho people
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Dankalia or unification with 
Ethiopia - Advocacy groups: Red Sea Afar Democratic Organisation, Democratic Movement for the Liberation of the Eritrean Kunama, Saho People's Democratic Movement[24][25][26][27]
- Proposed autonomous area or state:
Equatorial Guinea
- Ethnic group: Bubi
- Proposed state: Bioko Island
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Self-Determination of Bioko Island
- Ethnic group: Portuguese Africans, Fang
- Proposed state: Republic of Annobón
- Advocacy group: Free Annobón[28][29]
Ethiopia
Map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia
Ogaden
Greater Somalia including Ogaden
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.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Proposed state: Ogadenia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) or unification with
Somalia
- Political party: Ogaden National Liberation Front
Oromia
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Oromia (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organizations: Oromo Liberation Front, Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromia
- Advocacy group: Qeerroo
tigray region
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Tigray[30]
- Political party: Tigray Independence Party[31]
Sidama region
- Proposed: Self-determination and/or autonomy for the Sidama people
- Militant organization: Sidama National Liberation Front[32]
Amhara
- ethnic group: Amhara people
- proposed: self determination for
Amhara - political party: National Movement of Amhara
- status: Ongoing
- proposed: self determination for
France
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Map of Réunion
.svg.png.webp)
Map of Mayotte
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Secessionist movements:
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp)
Lorganizasion Popilèr po Libèr nout Péi (Lplp) – Popular Front for National Liberation: composed of Nasion Rénioné, Mar, Drapo rouz, Patriot rénioné and Mir. - Political party: Communist Party of Réunion
- Proposed state: Republic of Zabon
- Political party:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Mayotte continues to have autonomist movements despite the island having voted to become France's 101st department in 2011.[35]
Ghana
Map of the Togoland
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
- Militant organizations: Western Togoland Restoration Front (member of UNPO)
- Proposed state: Western Togoland
Kenya
Mombasa
- Proposed state: Mombasa Republic
- Political party: Mombasa Republican Council[36][37]
- Status: Active[38]
Mombasa Republic is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Rift Valley, Western, Nyanza, Coast Province, and the Counties of Kitui, Makueni, Garissa and Machakos
Libya
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Cyrenaica in Libya
- Ethnic group: Arabs
- Proposed autonomous region:
Cyrenaica[44] - Political party: Cyrenaica Transitional Council
- Proposed autonomous region:
.svg.png.webp)
[Situation in Libya
- Ethnic group:
Toubou[45][46]
- Proposed state: Toubouland
- Militant organisations:
Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya[47]
Mali
- Ethnic group: Tuareg
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Azawad - Political party: Coordination of Azawad Movements, which includes MNLA
- Militant organisations: National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Azawad is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Mauritius
Location of Rodrigues in the Indian Ocean
- Ethnic group: Rodriguan
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Rodrigues - Political party: Rodrigues People's Organisation[48][49]
- Proposed greater autonomous area or state:
Morocco
Rifian speaking regions of Morocco (yellow)
- Ethnic group: Riffian Berbers
- Proposed state: Republic of the Rif
- Political party: Rif Independence Movement
- Militant organisation(s): Rif Independence Movement
Started in Morocco during the 1920s,[50][51] and was revitalized in 2013.[52] The Rif Independence Movement is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States.[52]
Namibia
Map of the Caprivi
- Ethnic group: Masubia, Nzanza, Mbowe, Makalahari, MaYeyi, Mampukushu, Makwengari, Mambunda, Matotela, Batoka, Mafwe, Barotse, Leya, Nanzwa, Lujana, Dombe
- Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the River Races of Zambesia
- Militant organization:
Caprivi Liberation Army[53] - Political party: Caprivi National African Union,
United Democratic Party - Proposed state:
Zambesia[12][13] or Caprivi Strip[54]
- Ethnic group: Baster
- Proposed autonomous area:
Rehoboth area[55] - Political party: The United People`s Movement (UPM)[56] Rehoboth Basters (Member of the UNPO)[57]
- Proposed autonomous area:
Nigeria
- Ethnic group: Igbo, Anioma, Igede, Igala, Idoma, Ijaw, Kalabari, Ibibio, and Ogoni.
- Proposed state:
Republic of Biafra (defunct) - Separatist movements: The Indigenous People of Biafra, Biafra Zionist Movement, Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra
- Militant organization: Eastern Security Network
- Government in exile: Biafran Government in exile[58]
- Proposed state:
Biafra is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Republic of Oduduwa
- Ethnic group: Yorùbá ethnic groups in Ekiti, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Osun, Kwara, Òkun in Kogi states in Nigeria, Itsekiris in Delta state and Akoko in Edo state.
- Proposed state: Republic of Oduduwa
- Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization[59]
- Civic organizations: Ilana Omo Oodua, Nigerian Indigenous Nationalities Alliance for Self-Determination(NINAS)
- Movement leaders: Professor Stephen Adebanji Akintoye, Sunday Igboho
- O'odua Grand Alliance for Independence & Oodua People's Congress Ogafi.org [60]
- Status: Constitutional Force Majeure
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Urhobo, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ijaw, Ukwuani, Edo, Esan, Ogoni, Kalabari and many more.
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Niger Delta Republic[62] was declared in February 1965 by Isaac Adaka Boro,[63] but failed to be established and remains an inspiration if not an aspiration.[64] - Movement: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND) formed in 2006 for the self-determination of the people of the Niger Delta[65]
- Militant groups: Niger Delta Avengers,[66] Niger Delta Greenland Justice Mandate, Niger Delta Vigilante, Niger Delta People's Volunteer Force (NDPVF), and other groups
- Status: Ongoing war
- Proposed: Autonomous regionalism:
Arewa（Northern Nigeria, Area of the Sharia Law）
- Ethnic group: Hausa people
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
Arewa Republic - Political organisations Arewa Consultative Forum
- Proposed State or Autonomous Area:
- Ethnic group: Ogoni people
- Proposed autonomous region:
Ogoniland[68] - Advocacy group: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People
- Proposed autonomous region:
Senegal
- Ethnic group: Diola
- Proposed state:
Republic of Casamance - Militant organization: Movement of Democratic Forces of Casamance[69]
- Proposed state:
Somalia
Political map of Somalia
- Ethnic group: Somali, Arabs
- De facto state:
Somaliland - Political organisations: Government of Somaliland
- Militant organisation: Somaliland Armed Forces
- De facto state:
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
South Africa
Municipalities often included in Cape Independence movements
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Cape Republic[73] or 
Sovereign State of Good Hope[74]
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Afrikaners, Khoisan, Griqua people, Cape Malays, Bantu peoples of South Africa (Primarily Xhosa)
- Political parties: Cape Independence Party[75] Freedom Front Plus[76]
- Advocacy groups: CapeXit[77] Cape Independence Advocacy Group (CIAG),[73]
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Sovereign State of Good Hope
- Ethnic groups: Cape Coloureds, Khoisan, Cape Malays, Griqua people
- Advocacy Groups:
Goringhaicona Khoikhoin Indigenous Traditional Council[lower-alpha 1],[78] First Indigenous Nation of South Africa (FINSA) - Status: Unrecognized
- Ethnic group: Afrikaners
- Proposed state or autonomous area: Volkstaat[79]
- Political Party: Freedom Front Plus (in parliament and member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization).[80] Outside parliament: National Conservative Party of South Africa, Boerestaat Party, Herstigte Nasionale Party, Afrikaner Self-determination Party.
- Advocacy group: Orania Movement
- Movement: Boere-Vryheidsbeweging
- Status: Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
Autonomy movements
- Ethnic groups: Vhavenda People
- Proposed: Autonomous area for the Vhavenda People
- Political Parties: Dabalorivhuwa Patriotic Front (DPF)
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Vhavenda is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
Spain
_in_Spain.svg.png.webp)
- Secessionist movement
- People: Canarians
- Proposed state:
Republic of the Canary Islands
- Political parties (autonomist): Coalición Canaria, Partido Nacionalista Canario, Centro Canario Nacionalista, Nueva Canarias
- Political parties (secessionist): FREPIC-AWAÑAK, Alternativa Nacionalista Canaria, Alternativa Popular Canaria, Unidad del Pueblo, National Congress of the Canaries
- Trade union: Intersindical Canaria
- Youth movement: Azarug
- Proposed state:
Canary Islands is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
- autonomist
- proposed autonomous region:
Ceuta
- political parties: Movement for Dignity and Citizenship and Ceuta Ya!
Sudan
- Ethnic group: Fur, Arabs, Zaghawa, Masalit, Tama
- Proposed state: Darfur or unification with Chad[81][82]
- Militant organization: Darfur Liberation Front
- Status: War in Darfur
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
- Ethnic group: Nubians
- Ethnic group: Beja
- Proposed state: Beja state or autonomy[87][88][82]
- Political groups: Beja Congress[88]
Tanzania
_sv.svg.png.webp)
- Ethnic group: Arabs, Shirazi
- Proposed state:
Zanzibar - Political party: Civic United Front (member of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Uamsho[89]
- Proposed state:
- ethnic group: Bantu People of Pemba
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Zambia
- Ethnic group: Barotse
- Proposed state:
Barotseland - Militant organization: Barotse National Council[95]
- Proposed state:
Zimbabwe
- Ethnic group:
Matabele
: Matabele is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States[6]
See also
Notes
- Khoi-San is a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States
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