Nizari Quhistani

Nizari completed his primary education in Birjand and Qa’in, and became adept in Arabic and Persian literature and philosophy. He received higher education at a college (madrasa), which he deplored as it was quite unlike the education he had received in his home town. For a time, he served as one of the only Ismaili officials at the court of Malik Shams-uddin Muhammad Kurt I (d. 1285 CE) better known as Shams al-Din Kart in Herat. To serve the court was both a precious and precarious position for Nizari. In this role, Nizari toured Khurasan, Rayy, Sistan and Quhistan, eventually meeting the successor of the Imam Rukn al-Din Khwurshah, whom he identified as the Shah Shams. However, when an intimate of his was sentenced to death, Nizari could not hold his silence and after speaking out against the court, was discharged from his position. Nizari died in 1320 CE, approximately ten years after the death of the Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad.

Nizari Quhistani's pen name “Nizari” has been a topic of debate amongst scholars. Some historians including Mirkhwand, Khwandamir and Dawlatshah have suggested that the moniker implies Nizari's adherence to the Ismaili Imam Nizar. A second theory for Nizari's nom de plume is that he was of a slim (nizār) build, though this has been dismissed by the prominent scholar of Persian history E. G. Browne. However, even the theory of Nizari's allegiance to an Imam Nizar raises questions about the identity of such a figure. It is therefore unclear whether the name denotes Nizari's allegiance to the first Imam Nizar, that is Nizar b. al-Mustansirbillah, denoting him as a partisan of the Nizari branch of the Ismaili faith, or to the successor of the Imam Shams al-Din Muhammad who was known both as Imam Nizar and Imam Qasimshah. Shafique Virani observes that there were however no Mustaʽli Ismailis in the Persian-speaking territories and that it is therefore unlikely that the poet would distinguish himself from a branch virtually unknown in the region. Moreover, to identify oneself as such would draw attention to his religious persuasions, an altogether dangerous decision in the aftermath of the Mongol onslaught on the region.[2]

Nizari Quhistani authored numerous poetic compositions, which earned him a place amongst notable Persian literary figures. The biographer Amin Ahmad Razi remarked in 1594 CE that Nizari's place in history was unaffected by his religious affiliation to the Ismaili faith. Similarly, in his famed Literary History of Persia, E. G. Browne compares Nizari's poetic prowess to that of the acclaimed Nasir-i Khusraw. Some of his poems are preserved in other works, such as the anonymous Ismaili work “Epistle of the Right Path” (Risāla-yi Ṣirāṭ al-Mustaqīm). The following is a list of Nizari's known extant works: