North Ossetia–Alania

North Ossetia (Russian: Северная Осетия, romanized: Severnaya Osetiya; Ossetian: Цæгат Ирыстон/Иристон, romanized: Cægat Iryston/Iriston), officially the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania,[lower-alpha 1] is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic borders internationally with the country of Georgia to the south, as well followed by Russian federal subjects of Kabardino-Balkaria to the west, Stavropol Krai to the north, Chechnya to the east and Ingushetia to the southeast. Its population according to the 2021 Census was 687,357.[8] The republic's capital city is the city of Vladikavkaz, located on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains.

Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
Republic
Республика Северная Осетия — Алания
Other transcription(s)
 • OssetianРеспубликӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон/Иристон — Алани
Flag of Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
Flag
Coat of arms of Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania[1]
Coordinates: 43°11′N 44°14′E
CountryRussia
Federal districtNorth Caucasian[2]
Economic regionNorth Caucasus[3]
CapitalVladikavkaz[4]
Government
 • BodyParliament[5]
 • Head[5]Sergey Menyaylo[6]
Area
[7]
 • Total7,987 km2 (3,084 sq mi)
 • Rank79th
Population
 (2021 Census)[8]
 • Total687,357
 • Estimate 
(2018)[9]
701,765
 • Rank63rd
 • Density86/km2 (220/sq mi)
 • Urban
63.8%
 • Rural
36.2%
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK Edit this on Wikidata[10])
ISO 3166 codeRU-SE
License plates15
OKTMO ID90000000
Official languagesRussian;[11] Ossetian[12]
Websitewww.rso-a.ru

Forming 68.1% of the republic's population as of 2021, the Ossetians are an Iranian ethnic group native to the republic and neighboring South Ossetia.[13] Ossetian is an east Iranian language descended from the medieval Alanic and ancient Sarmatian languages.[14] Unlike many groups in the North Caucasus, Ossetians are predominantly Christians. However, almost 30% of the population adheres to Ossetian ethnic religion, generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), and a sizable Muslim minority exists.[15] Ethnic Russians and Ingush, who form a majority in neighboring Ingushetia, form substantial minorities in the republic.[13]

The Ossetia region traces its history back to the ancient Alans, who founded the Kingdom of Alania in the 8th century and adopted Christianity in the 9th century. The kingdom would fall to the Mongols in the 13th century, and by the 17th century would be under the nominal rule of Safavid Iran. From 1774 to 1806, Ossetia was slowly incorporated into the Russian Empire, which would split the region into a northern part included in the Terek Oblast, and a southern one included in the Tiflis and Kutaisi governorates. This partition would persist in the Soviet period, where North Ossetia was made into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian SFSR, while South Ossetia became an autonomous oblast within the Georgian SSR.[16]

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the republic experienced internal conflict like in much of the North Caucasus. In 1992, a brief ethnic war between Ossetians and the predominantly Muslim Ingush population in the Prigorodny District took place. The republic has experienced spillover from the Chechen conflict, most notably in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege.[17] Proposals for Russia to annex South Ossetia in order to incorporate the two as one entity exist to this day.

Ossetian cuisine is distinguished as an integral aspect of Ossetian culture. Ossetian-style pies such as Fydzhin (a meat pie) are a quintessential component of Ossetian cuisine. The "three pies" concept holds special symbolic significance, and representing the Sun, Earth, and water.[18]

Name

In the last years of the Soviet Union, as nationalist movements swept throughout the Caucasus, many intellectuals in the North Ossetian ASSR called for the revival of the name of Alania, a medieval kingdom of the Alans.

The term "Alania" quickly became popular in Ossetian daily life through the names of various enterprises, a TV channel, political and civic organizations, publishing house, football team, etc. In November 1994, the name "Alania" was officially added to the republic's title (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania).[19]

Geography

The republic is located in the North Caucasus. The northern part of the republic is situated in the Stavropol Plain. 22% of the republic's territory is covered by forests.

Rivers

All of the republic's rivers belong to the drainage basin of the Terek River. Major rivers include:

Mountains
Mount Kazbek

All of the mountains located on the territory of the republic are a part of the Caucasus. Mount Kazbek is the highest point (5,033 m), with Mount Dzhimara being the second-highest (4,780 m).

Natural resources

Natural resources include minerals (copper, silver, zinc), timber, mineral waters, hydroelectric power, and untapped reserves of oil and gas.

Climate

The climate is moderately continental.

  • Average January temperature: −5 °C (23 °F)
  • Average July temperature: +24 °C (75 °F)
  • Average annual precipitation: 400–700 millimeters (16–28 in) in the plains; over 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in the mountains.

History
Main article: History of North Ossetia–Alania
Caucasus region in 1060
Ossetian tribes (both North and South) according to B. A. Kaloev.[20]

Early history: Kingdom of Alania and Middle Ages

The territory of North Ossetia was first inhabited by Caucasian tribes. Some Nomadic Alans settled in the region in the 7th century, forming the Kingdom of Alania. It was eventually converted to Christianity by missionaries from Byzantium.

Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory.

After the Middle Ages, the Mongols' and Tartars' repeated invasions decimated the population, now known as the Ossetians. Islam was introduced to the region in the 17th century by Kabardians.

Russian imperial rule (1806–1917)

Conflicts between the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire eventually pushed Ossetia into an alliance with Imperial Russia in the 18th century. Soon, Russia established a military base in the capital, Vladikavkaz, making it the first Russian-controlled area in the northern Caucasus. By 1806, Ossetia was under complete Russian control.

The Russians' rule led to rapid development of industry and railways which overcame its isolation. The first books from the area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century.

Soviet period (1917–1990)
Border changes after World War I.

The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in North Ossetia being merged into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. It then became the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast on 7 July 1924, then merged into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 5 December 1936. In World War II, it was subject to a number of attacks by Nazi German invaders unsuccessfully trying to seize Vladikavkaz in 1942.

The North Ossetian ASSR declared itself the autonomous republic of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1990. Its name was changed to the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994.

Russian Federation period (1990–present)

The dissolution of the Soviet Union posed particular problems for the Ossetian people, who were divided between North Ossetia, which was part of the Russian SFSR, and South Ossetia, part of the Georgian SSR. In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR abolished the autonomous Ossetian enclave amid the rising ethnic tensions in the region, which was further fanned by Moscow; a lot of the conflict zone population, faced with the ethnic cleansing, was forced to flee across the border to either North Ossetia or Georgia proper.

As a result, some 70,000 South Ossetian refugees were resettled in North Ossetia. Additionally, North Ossetia provoked the predominantly Ingush population in the Prigorodny District, which sparked the Ossetian–Ingush conflict. The results of the conflict were that 7,000 Ossetians and 64,000 Ingush refugees had to flee their homes.[21] On 23 March 1995, North Ossetia–Alania signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.[22] However, this agreement was abolished on 2 September 2002.[23]

Following the de facto independence of South Ossetia, there have been proposals in this state of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia. As well as dealing with the effects of the conflict in South Ossetia, North Ossetia has had to deal with refugees and the occasional spillover of fighting from the wars around them. This notably manifested in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege by Chechen terrorists.[17]

Administrative divisions
Main article: Administrative divisions of North Ossetia–Alania
Modern map of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania

Economy

In recent years, North Ossetia–Alania's economic development has been successful; the indicators of the republic's social and economic development between 2005 and 2007 revealed a stable growth of all sectors of the economy and major social parameters. The nature and climatic conditions of the republic contribute to the successful development of various economic sectors, which is compounded by the abundance of natural resources. Gross regional product pro capita of the region in 2006 was 61,000 rubles ($2,596) and increased 30% in the 2005–2007 time period.[24] GRP pro capita in 2007 was 76,455 rubles.[25] From 2005 to 2007, the average monthly wage in North Ossetia–Alania doubled, with the actual cash earnings increased by 42.5 percent. In terms of the average monthly wage growth, the Republic ranks first in the North Caucasus.[24]

The regional government's economic priorities include industrial growth, development of small enterprise, spas, and resorts, and strengthening the budgetary and tax discipline.[26]

The largest companies in the region include Elektrozinc, Sevkavkazenergo, Pobedit (tungsten and molybdenum producer).[27]

River Fiagdon

Natural resources, agriculture, and industry
Urukh River Valley

The most widespread resources are zinc- and lead-containing complex ores. There are deposits of limestone, dolomites, marble, and touchstone. There is also a large availability of construction materials, such as clay, sand, and gravel. The local oil deposit reserves are estimated at 10 million metric tons.[24]

The agricultural sector is varied and specializes in the cultivation of wheat, corn, and sunflowers; horticulture; viticulture; and cattle and sheep breeding.[28][29]

North Ossetia's industry is mainly concentrated in Vladikavkaz. Major companies located here include Elektrotsink, Gazoapparat, an instrument-making plant, Elektrokontraktor, a factory producing automotive electrical equipment, a large-panel construction complex, and companies in the food industry. The Sadonsky industrial center has grown around the mining and forest industries.[29]

Tourism
Cableway in Tsey canyon.
Kurtat valley
M. Tuganov Art Museum in Vladikavkaz

Despite the proximity to Chechnya, North Ossetia is making efforts to develop its tourist industry.[30] Projects under a program for spa, resort, and tourism development have been successfully implemented in the mountainous part of the republic, according to the head of the regional government.[26] There are nearly 3,000 historical monuments in the Republic and more than half of its area is occupied by Alania National Park, the North Ossetia National Preserve, and game preserves.

There are more than 250 therapeutic, mineral, and freshwater springs in the republic with estimated daily reserves of 15,000 cubic meters. Besides providing the basis for health spas, these mineral waters also have the potential to be bottled and sold. North Ossetian mineral waters are known for their unique qualities, as well as special mineral composition.[29][30]

Infrastructure

In terms of its infrastructure, North Ossetia–Alania ranks second in the Southern Federal District and 10th in the nation.[24] The republic has some of the most extensive telecommunication networks in the North Caucasus region and in Russia. It ranks first in terms of its telecom network installations in the Southern Federal District.

The republic ranks fourth in Russia in terms of its paved roads, and its expanding transport and logistics complex provides communication networks between Russia and the South Caucasus, as well as Central Asia. The complex includes two federal highways (Georgian Military Road connects Vladikavkaz with Transcaucasia) running across the Greater Caucasus Range, two customs checkpoints for cars, a developed railway network, Vladikavkaz international airport, and well-equipped transport terminals.[24]

Demographics

Population: 712,980 (2010 Census);[13] 710,275 (2002 Census);[31] 634,009 (1989 Census).[32]

Number of refugees: 12,570[33]

Life expectancy:[34][35]

2019 2021
Average: 75.8 years 72.5 years
Male: 70.5 years 68.1 years
Female: 80.6 years 76.5 years
  • Life expectancy at birth in North Ossetia
    Life expectancy at birth in North Ossetia [34][35]
  • Life expectancy with calculated differences
    Life expectancy with calculated differences
  • Life expectancy in North Ossetia in comparison with neighboring regions of the country
    Life expectancy in North Ossetia in comparison with neighboring regions of the country

Settlements

Vital statistics
[36]

[37]

 Average population (per 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 554 9,731 3,964 5,767 17.6 7.2 10.4
1975 575 10,368 4,664 5,704 18.0 8.1 9.9
1980 598 10,135 5,821 4,314 16.9 9.7 7.2
1985 617 11,598 6,047 5,551 18.8 9.8 9.0
1990 49 10,967 6,166 4,801 16.9 9.5 7.4 2.23
1991 679 10,985 6,694 4,291 16.2 9.9 6.3 2.09
1992 683 10,048 7,125 2,923 14.7 10.4 4.3 1.89
1993 661 8,251 7,872 379 12.5 11.9 0.6 1.67
1994 666 8,806 8,329 477 13.2 12.5 0.7 1.79
1995 674 8,781 8,574 207 13.0 12.7 0.3 1.78
1996 680 8,043 8,514 −471 11.8 12.5 −0.7 1.62
1997 681 7,758 8,378 −620 11.4 12.3 −0.9 1.56
1998 683 7,767 8,188 −421 11.4 12.0 −0.6 1.56
1999 689 7,195 8,412 −1,217 10.4 12.2 −1.8 1.43
2000 699 7,179 8,626 −1,447 10.3 12.3 −2.0 1.39
2001 707 7,317 8,205 −888 10.3 11.6 −1.3 1.39
2002 709 7,874 8,753 −879 11.1 12.3 −1.2 1.47
2003 709 7,978 8,952 −974 11.3 12.6 −1.4 1.48
2004 707 7,893 8,663 −770 11.2 12.2 −1.1 1.46
2005 706 7,894 8,654 −760 11.2 12.3 −1.1 1.46
2006 706 8,308 8,138 170 11.8 11.5 0.2 1.53
2007 706 9,556 7,806 1,750 13.5 11.1 2.5 1.76
2008 708 9,981 7,975 2,006 14.1 11.3 2.8 1.83
2009 710 10,017 7,987 2,030 14.1 11.3 2.9 1.84
2010 712 10,303 7,748 2,555 14.5 10.8 3.7 1.88
2011 715 10,375 7,720 2,655 14.5 10.8 3.7 1.88
2012 708 10,801 7,525 3,276 15.3 10.6 4.7 1.96
2013 705 10,760 7,394 3,366 15.3 10.5 4.8 1.98
2014 705 10,798 7,554 3,244 15.3 10.7 4.6 2.01
2015 704 10,341 7,558 2,783 14.6 10.7 3.9 1.93
2016 704 9,916 7,296 2,620 14.1 10.3 3.8 1.89
2017 702 8,992 7,151 1,841 12.8 10.2 2.6 1.75
2018 9,120 7,145 1,975 13.0 10.2 2.8 1.83
2019 8,589 7,220 1,369 12.3 10.3 2.0 1.75
2020 8,157 8,361 -204 11.7 12.0 -0.3 1.72
2021 8,091 9,784 -1,693 11.7 14.1 -2.4 1.71
2022 7,470 7,885 -415 10.9 11.5 -0.6 1.59

Ethnic groups

The majority of the population of North Ossetia are Christians who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, although there is also a Muslim minority who are of Ossetian-speaking origin.

According to the 2021 Census,[38] Ossetians make up 68.1% of the republic's population. Other groups include Russians (18.9%), Ingush (3.8%), Kumyks (2.8%), Armenians (1.8%), Georgians (1.0%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 1% of the total population.

Ethnic
group		 1926 Census1 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census2
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Ossetians 141,723 49.6% 165,616 50.3% 215,463 47.8% 269,326 48.7% 299,022 50.5% 334,876 53.0% 445,310 62.7% 459,688 65.1% 439,949 68.1%
Russians 68,192 23.8% 122,614 37.2% 178,654 39.6% 202,367 36.6% 200,692 33.9% 189,159 29.9% 164,734 23.2% 147,090 20.8% 122,240 18.9%
Ingush 23,851 8.3% 6,106 1.9% 6,071 1.3% 18,387 3.3% 23,663 4.0% 32,783 5.2% 21,442 3.0% 28,336 4.0% 24,285 3.8%
Kumyks 3,153 1.1% 85 0.0% 3,921 0.9% 6,363 1.2% 7,610 1.3% 9,478 1.5% 12,659 1.8% 16,092 2.3% 18,054 2.8%
Armenians 9,185 3.2% 8,932 2.7% 12,012 2.7% 13,355 2.4% 12,912 2.2% 13,619 2.2% 17,147 2.4% 16,235 2.3% 11,668 1.8%
Georgians 6,057 2.1% 6,312 1.9% 8,160 1.8% 10,323 1.9% 11,347 1.9% 12,284 1.9% 10,803 1.5% 9,095 1.3% 6,756 1.0%
Ukrainians 19,101 6.7% 7,063 2.1% 9,362 2.1% 9,250 1.7% 10,574 1.8% 10,088 1.6% 5,198 0.7% 3,251 0.4% 925 0.1%
Others 14,690 5.1% 12,477 3.8% 16,938 3.8% 23,210 4.2% 26,182 4.4% 30,141 4.8% 32,982 4.6% 26,636 3.8% 22,418 3.5%
1 The results of the 1926 census refer to the present territory, which is a combination of the North Ossetian AO, the city of Vladikavkaz and adjacent areas.[39]

2 41,062 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[40]

Languages
Main article: Ossetian language

There are two official languages in North Ossetia: Russian, which is official in all Russian territory, and Ossetian. Ossetian is an Indo-European language, belonging to the East Iranian group. Ossetian is one of the few Iranic languages spoken natively in Europe. Russian, acting as a lingua franca in the region, is an East Slavic language and as such also belongs to the Indo-European family, which means the two languages are related, albeit distantly.

Religion
Religion in North Ossetia–Alania as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[15][41]
Russian Orthodoxy
 
 49.2%
Other Orthodox
 
 2.4%
Protestantism
 
 0.8%
Other Christians
 
 9.8%
Islam
 
 30%
Uatsdin and other native faiths
 
 29.4%
Spiritual but not religious
 
 0.8%
Atheism and irreligion
 
 3%
Other and undeclared
 
 0.6%

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,[15] 49% of the population of North Ossetia–Alania adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 10% declare to be unaffiliated Christian believers, 2% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies. The second-largest religion is Ossetian ethnic religion, generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, "True Faith"), a Scythian religion organized into movements such as the Atsætæ Church, comprising 29% of the population. Muslims constitute 30% of the population, and Protestants the 1%. In addition, 1% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious" and 3% to be atheist.[15]

Education
North Ossetia State University

The most important facilities of higher education include North Caucasus State Technological University, North Ossetian State University, North Ossetian State Medical Academy, and Mountain State Agrarian University – all in Vladikavkaz.

Politics
Seat of the Republic's Government

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three people; the first secretary of the North Ossetia Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the fundamental law of the region. The Parliament of North Ossetia–Alania is the republic's regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Republic's Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

The head of government in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the Head of the Republic. The current head of the republic is Sergey Menyaylo. Taymuraz Mamsurov succeeded Alexander Dzasokhov as head on 31 May 2005 following the Beslan school siege.[42]

Culture

There are six professional theaters in North Ossetia–Alania, as well as Ossetian State Philharmonia.

See also

References

Notes
  1. Russian: Республика Северная Осетия — Алания, romanized: Respublika Severnaya Osetiya — Alaniya, Russian pronunciation: [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ˈsʲevʲɪrnəjə ɐˈsʲetʲɪjə ɐˈlanʲɪjə]; Ossetian: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон/Иристон — Алани, romanized: Respublikæ Cægat Iryston/Iriston — Alani, IPA: [resˈpublikə t͡səˈgät iɾɨˈʃton/iɾiʃton äˈläni] ⓘ; Ingush: Республика Гӏинбухера Хӏирийче — Аланойче, romanized: Republika Ghinbukhera Hiriyche — Alanoyche
  1. Law #520A
  2. Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №849 от 13 мая 2000 г. «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе». Вступил в силу 13 мая 2000 г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. 20, ст. 2112, 15 мая 2000 г. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #849 of May 13, 2000 On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District. Effective as of May 13, 2000.).
  3. Госстандарт Российской Федерации. №ОК 024-95 27 декабря 1995 г. «Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов. 2. Экономические районы», в ред. Изменения №5/2001 ОКЭР. (Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. #OK 024-95 December 27, 1995 Russian Classification of Economic Regions. 2. Economic Regions, as amended by the Amendment #5/2001 OKER. ).
  4. Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 64
  5. Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 7
  6. Doroshenko, Ekaterina (9 April 2021). "Sergey Menyailo left the post of plenipotentiary representative of the President of Russia". Vesti Omsk (in Russian). Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  7. "Сведения о наличии и распределении земель в Российской Федерации на 01.01.2019 (в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации)". Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Archived from the original on 9 February 2022. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  8. Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  9. "26. Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2018 года". Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 23 January 2019.
  10. "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  11. Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  12. Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania, Article 15
  13. Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  14. Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780755618453.
  15. "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012.
  16. "WHKMLA : History of Northern Ossetia". www.zum.de. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  17. Chappell, Bill (13 April 2017). "'Serious Failings' By Russia In Deadly Beslan School Siege, European Court Says". NPR. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  18. "The history of the origin of the Ossetian pie. Key travel destinations". boned.ru. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
  19. Shnirelman, Victor (2006). The Politics of a Name: Between Consolidation and Separation in the Northern Caucasus. Acta Slavica Iaponica 23, pp. 37–49.
  20. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  21. (Organization), Human Rights Watch (May 1996). RUSSIA: THE INGUSH-OSSETIAN CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNYI REGION. ISBN 1-56432-165-7. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  22. Solnick, Steven (29 May 1996). "Asymmetries in Russian Federation Bargaining" (PDF). The National Council for Soviet and East European Research: 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2019.
  23. Chuman, Mizuki. "The Rise and Fall of Power-Sharing Treaties Between Center and Regions in Post-Soviet Russia" (PDF). Demokratizatsiya: 146. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2019.
  24. "North Ossetia–Alania: social and economic indicators looking up". Moscow News. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 4 March 2009. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  25. Валовой региональный продукт на душу населения Федеральная служба государственной статистики
  26. "Republic of North Ossetia–Alania: Introduction". Russia: All Regions Trade & Investment Guide. CTEC Publishing LLC. 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
  27. Выписки ЕГРЮЛ и ЕГРИП, проверка контрагентов, ИНН и КПП организаций, реквизиты ИП и ООО. СБИС (in Russian). Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  28. "North Ossetia–Alania". Microsoft Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
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  30. "Republic of North Ossetia". Russia Profile. 25 August 2008. Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
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Sources
  • Парламент Республики Северная Осетия — Алания. Закон №520А от 24 ноября 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 31 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия — Алания "О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания"». Опубликован: Газета "Северная Осетия". (Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. Law #520A of 14 November 1994 On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of 31 July 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania "On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania". ).
  • Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой "Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания". (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994 Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
  • Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780755618453.
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