Roanoke, Virginia

The current site of Roanoke lies near the intersection of the Great Wagon Road and the Carolina Road, two branches of a network of early colonial roads that developed from Native American trails in the Appalachian region.[8] While the name Roanoke is said to have originated from an Algonquian word for "shell money",[9] that name was first used 300 miles (480 km) away where the Roanoke River empties into the Atlantic Ocean near Roanoke Island.[10] The Roanoke Valley itself was originally home to members of the Tutelo tribe,[10][11] a Siouan-speaking people who were gradually pushed out of the area by advancing European settlers.[11]

Many of those settlers were Scotch-Irish who arrived in the region during the 18th and early 19th centuries following the Plantation of Ulster.[12]^: 3 These pioneers often moved with the frontier, however, pushing farther west into Kentucky and beyond rather than taking root in one location.[13] In their place came significant numbers of Germans from Pennsylvania via the Great Wagon Road who stayed and farmed the land.[12]^: 3 By 1838 the area was populated enough that Roanoke County was created out of parts of Botetourt and Montgomery Counties,[14] and the area's first railroad, the Virginia and Tennessee, arrived in 1852.[15]^: 49

The railroad built its new depot just south of a small town named Gainesborough but named the depot after Big Lick, another small community located just to the east, which itself was named after the salt deposits that had drawn game to the area for years.[15]^: 49[16]^: 2 Gainesborough became increasingly referred to as Big Lick and even later as Old Lick once development drifted farther south towards the depot.[17] Growth in the area was stalled by the Civil War; Roanoke County voted 850–0 in favor of secession and lost many of its men in the subsequent fighting.[15]^: 53 The burgeoning tobacco trade helped the region's recovery during Reconstruction. Within a decade of the war's end, there were no fewer than six tobacco factories near the Big Lick Depot.[15]^: 58

In 1874, the community surrounding the depot applied for and received a town charter, and the Town of Big Lick was formally established.[12]^: 71 A pivotal moment in the area's history occurred eight years later when efforts by town boosters succeeded in securing Big Lick as the junction of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad and the Norfolk and Western Railway (N&W).[15]^: 65 The two companies also relocated their respective headquarters to the town (the two lines would officially merge in 1890).[15]^: 70[12]^: 204 Big Lick's relatively small size compared to the nearby county seat Salem worked in its favor as a draw for the companies, as Big Lick's ample farmland and nearby water sources were well suited to the railroads' goal of building what was essentially an entire town, including railroad shops, offices, a hotel, and suitable housing for their many employees.[12]^: 86[16]^: 8

Hotel Roanoke as it appeared in 1910. N&W ordered an expansion to the hotel before the original structure was completed.[18]

Big Lick's residents voted to rename the town "Kimball" after Frederick J. Kimball, an executive for the two railroad companies who played a significant role in their new location.[16]^: 10 Kimball turned down the honor, saying, "On the Roanoke River in Roanoke County – name it Roanoke."[12]^: 90 The town obliged, officially becoming the Town of Roanoke on February 3, 1882.[15]^: 65 The new charter also annexed nearly two and a half square miles of additional land, including the Town of Gainesborough (later shortened to Gainsboro), which by that point had already become the center of the area's African American community.[19][20]^: 153 Kimball chose a wheat field north of the railroad tracks and east of Gainsboro for the N&W's new hotel,[15]^: 66 and the 69-room Hotel Roanoke – designed originally in the Queen Anne style before numerous rebuilds and expansions gave it its current Tudor Revival appearance – opened its doors in 1882.[16]^: 12

With the rapid influx of railroad employees and others in associated industries, Roanoke's population soared and, by the end of 1883, had passed 5,000.[15]^: 71 That milestone made the town eligible for a city charter, and on January 31, 1884, the town became the City of Roanoke.[12]^: 135

With a population that ballooned from under 700 residents in 1880 to over 16,000 in 1890[21] – and earning itself the nickname "The Magic City" in the process[16]^: 1 – Roanoke suffered many of the same difficulties that affected other 19th century boomtowns.[22] Its infrastructure was essentially nonexistent, and a lack of sewers combined with the area's marshy terrain contributed to regular outbreaks of diphtheria and cholera.[16]^: 37 Bond initiatives designed to alleviate these and other issues highlighted racial tensions in the city, as the African American community – roughly 30 percent of Roanoke's population in 1891[16]^: 105 – opposed the measures because the money would only be used to improve white neighborhoods.[16]^: 42 Black neighborhoods in Roanoke typically received public amenities such as running water and paved roads only after their white counterparts, and Roanoke was among the first to adopt the Jim Crow laws that were becoming increasingly popular in the South.[16]^: 108 The local press, for its part, stoked the white population's fears and anxiety with near-constant reports of African American "savagery".[16]^: 125[23][24][25]

In September 1893, tensions boiled over when a white woman was allegedly robbed and beaten by an African-American man near the city's market.[15]^: 78 The supposed assailant was being held in the city jail when a mob of hundreds surrounded the building and demanded "lynch justice".[16]^: 135 A shootout between the mob and an undermanned militia ensued, leaving eight dead and thirty-one more injured. Included among the wounded was the city's mayor, the previously widely admired Henry S. Trout,[16]^: 134 who had vowed protection of the prisoner.[15]^: 79 A renewed and riotous mob was eventually successful in gaining control of the accused assailant and proceeded to hang him and mutilate his body, which was eventually burned when the mob was deterred from its initial plan to bury it in Mayor Trout's front yard.[16]^: 140 The mayor himself was forced to flee the city out of fear for his life and only returned a week later after the national press condemned the riot and praised Trout's courage during the event.[16]^: 145

Despite these and other setbacks, the city grew through the early 20th century.[15]^: 84 This growth was manifested both in population surges as well as in multiple annexations of land from the surrounding county.[26] In addition to land gained with its 1882 town charter, relatively unopposed annexations occurred five more times by 1926, though Roanoke County would become less agreeable to later attempts.[26] Mill Mountain became a popular entertainment locale for early residents; an observation tower and the Rockledge Inn each opened atop the mountain in 1892.[12]^: 250 Mountain Park, an early amusement center complete with a casino and roller coaster, opened at the foot of the mountain in 1903,[12]^: 205 and beginning in 1910 visitors could pay a quarter to ride an incline railway to the top of Mill Mountain and back.[12]^: 473

Another mainstay at the base of the mountain has been Roanoke Memorial Hospital. Completed in 1900 as Roanoke Hospital,[12]^: 341 the building has undergone many expansions and today is the flagship of the Carilion Clinic healthcare group.[27] The hospital joined some manufacturing operations that were established along the banks of the Roanoke River in the early 20th century, including the American Viscose Corporation.[28] That company built a plant in 1917 that by a decade later employed 5,000 and was reportedly the largest rayon producing mill in the world.[15]^: 96

The city leased land for an airfield beginning in 1929.[12]^: 570 Still, its development into the region's primary airport did not begin until its designation as a defense project provided federal funding in 1940.[15]^: 103 That same year, N&W donated the fairground Maher Field to the city to build a stadium and armory.[15]^: 103 Victory Stadium – optimistically named upon its completion in 1942[29] – played host to the annual Thanksgiving Day football game between Virginia Tech and Virginia Military Institute for years afterward.[30]

By the mid-20th century, Roanoke was increasingly losing population and businesses to a Roanoke County that had become less rural and more suburban in nature and consequently more resistant to annexation attempts by the city.[15]^: 109[26] The city was nevertheless successful in annexing additional land in 1943, 1949, three small acquisitions in 1965, 1967, and 1968, and once more in 1976.[26] The county won immunity from further annexations in 1980, but by then, the city had grown from its original size of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km²) to 43.0 square miles (111 km²).[26]

The Roanoke Star is the origin of the city's nickname Star City of the South.

In 1949, the local merchants association erected an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star at the top of Mill Mountain in celebration of the upcoming Christmas shopping season.[31] The star was an immediate hit among the city's population, leading to its illumination year-round and earning the city its nickname of "Star City of the South".[32] Despite the popularity boost for the merchants association, shopping habits in Roanoke were becoming more fractured as suburban shopping centers drew patrons away from an increasingly vacant downtown.[33] Crossroads Mall, the first enclosed shopping center in Virginia,[34] and Towers Mall, at the time one of the largest shopping centers in the state,[35] were each completed in 1961.[33] In later years, Tanglewood Mall (1973)[36] and Valley View Mall (1985)[37] contributed to Roanoke's status as the region's retail hub.[38]

Another drastic mid-century change to the city arrived with a massive "urban renewal" effort that saw the construction of both the Roanoke Civic Center (now Berglund Center) as well as an interstate spur into Downtown Roanoke.[39] Much of the land for these projects was in Northeast Roanoke, a community of primarily African American citizens who had been largely redlined from the rest of the city.[40] City officials gained the land through eminent domain and proceeded to clear over 1,000 buildings, often through widescale burning.[39] Later projects in the largely black Gainsboro neighborhood removed hundreds of homes and businesses there as well, and late-20th and early-21st century revitalization efforts by the city's government have been met with distrust and varied success.[39][41][42][43]

The second half of the 20th century ushered in a change of identity for Roanoke.[44] In 1982, the N&W completed a merger with the Southern Railway to form the Norfolk Southern Railway, which then relocated their headquarters from Roanoke to Norfolk, Virginia (and have since moved again to Atlanta, Georgia).[44][45] The company closed their regional headquarters in Roanoke in 2015, and in 2020 shuttered the locomotive shops.[46][47] The railroad's departure and a string of manufacturing plant closures left a hole in the city's economic base.[44]

In 1987, however, the merger of two of the area's largest hospitals created what eventually became Carilion Clinic, a medical group that has since become the largest employer in the state west of Richmond.[48] The group's partnerships with Virginia Tech and Radford University have created two colleges and a research facility in what was formerly an industrial brownfield area but has since been termed the city's "innovation corridor".[49][50] These developments along with the city's decision to improve its parks and recreation amenities and market itself as an outdoor tourism hotspot have helped reverse its decades-long loss of young adults,[51][52] and in 2020 Roanoke's population passed 100,000 for the first time since 1980.[53]

The Grandin Theatre located in Grandin Village

Within its boundaries, Roanoke is divided into 49 individually defined neighborhoods.[70] The city has incorporated into its comprehensive plan the goal of developing these neighborhoods into "villages", each with their own village center, and with the Downtown neighborhood acting as the village center for the city as a whole.[71] The Raleigh Court neighborhood has been cited as a model for such development, consisting of a variety of residential settings located around Grandin Village, an active commercial hub anchored by the Grandin Theatre, the city's only surviving historic theatre.[72] That commercial district is one of the city's eight neighborhoods or portions thereof that have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[73]

Though located along the Blue Ridge Mountains at elevations exceeding 900 ft (270 m), Roanoke lies in the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa), with four distinct, but generally mild, seasons,[74] and it is located in USDA hardiness zone 7b, with the suburbs falling in zone 7a.[75] Extremes in temperature have ranged from 105 °F (41 °C) as recently as August 21, 1983, down to −12 °F (−24 °C) on December 30, 1917, though neither 100 °F (38 °C) nor 0 °F (−18 °C) is reached in most years; the most recent occurrence of each is July 20, 2020 and February 20, 2015, respectively.[76] More typically, the area records an average of 6.1 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing and 30.5 days with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs annually.[76][77] The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 37.9 °F (3.3 °C) in January to 77.8 °F (25.4 °C) in July.[76][77]

Based on the 1991−2020 period, the city averages 14.8 inches (38 cm) of snow per winter.[77] Roanoke experienced something of a snow drought in the 2000s until December 2009 when 17 inches (43 cm) of snow fell on Roanoke in a single storm.[78] Winter snowfall has ranged from trace amounts in 1918–19 and 1919–20 to 62.7 inches (159 cm) in 1959–60;[76] unofficially, the largest single storm dumped approximately three feet (0.9 m) from December 16−18, 1890.[79]

Historically, flooding has been one of the main weather-related hazards faced by Roanoke.[80] Heavy rains, most frequently from the remnants of a hurricane, drain from surrounding areas to the narrow Roanoke Valley.[81] The most recent significant flood was in the fall of 2018 when the remains of Hurricane Michael dumped over five inches of rain on the area in the span of only a few hours.[82][83] The most severe flooding in the city's history occurred on November 4, 1985, when heavy storms from Hurricane Juan stalled over the area.[84] Ten people drowned in the Roanoke Valley and others were saved by rescue personnel.[85] That incident prompted a major flood reduction effort completed in 2012 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which has limited the damage caused by subsequent storms.[86]

At the 2020 census,[91] there were 100,011 people residing in 44,411 households in the city, 21,199 of which housed families. The population density was 2,352.0 inhabitants per square mile (908.1/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 55.94% White, 27.07% African American, 0.21% Native American, 2.46% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.52% from other races, and 5.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.48% of the population.

Among the number of households, 25.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 30.4% were married couples living together, 37.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present, and 42.3% were non-families. 38.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

24.0% of the population were under the age of 20, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.1 years.

The median household income was $45,664, and the median family income was $55,345. The per capita income was $29,585. About 20.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.2% of those under age 18 and 12.3% of those age 65 or over.

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

According to Roanoke's 2022 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[110] the top employers in the city are:

Center in the Square, an arts and culture organization located near downtown's historic market building and farmers' market, was developed alongside the city's "Design '79" downtown revitalization effort and opened in 1983.[114] The center, located in a converted warehouse, originally housed the city's arts council and museum, history and science museums, and the Mill Mountain Theatre.[115] It has since expanded to five buildings providing rent-free space to twelve institutions, including the Science Museum of Western Virginia and Hopkins Planetarium, the Harrison Museum of African American Culture, and the Roanoke Pinball Museum.[115]

The Taubman Museum of Art

One of the original tenants of Center in the Square, the Art Museum of Western Virginia, moved to a downtown Salem Avenue facility in 2008.[116] The move was made with the help of a $15.2 million donation from Nicholas and Jenny Taubman, whose family had established Advance Auto Parts in Roanoke in the 1930s.[117] As a result, the museum was renamed the Taubman Museum of Art.[118] The art museum features 19th and 20th century American art, contemporary and modern art, decorative arts, and works on paper, and presents exhibitions of both regional and national significance.[119] The 75,000-square-foot (7,000 m²) facility was designed by Los Angeles-based architect Randall Stout, who earlier in his career worked under Frank Gehry.[116] Though the building's avant-garde design was controversial,[120][121] it has since won international praise for its architecture.[122][123]

Jupiter Rocket outside the Virginia Museum of Transportation

Also located downtown is the Virginia Museum of Transportation, which houses many locomotives that were built in Roanoke by the Norfolk & Western Railway, including the 1218 and 611 steam engines, the latter being a J-class steam engine considered the pinnacle of steam locomotive technology.[124][125] A 2013 fundraising campaign led to the engine's refurbishment,[126] and it now does tourist excursion runs when not home at the museum.[127] In addition to its rail exhibits, the museum also displays a US Army Jupiter rocket[128] and houses exhibits covering aviation as well as automobiles.[129] The museum itself is located in the former Norfolk and Western freight depot which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[130]

The former Norfolk and Western Passenger Station hosts two museums: the O. Winston Link Museum, dedicated to the late steam-era railroad photography of O. Winston Link, and the History Museum of Western Virginia.[131] Originally built in 1905, the station underwent a 1949 renovation in the Moderne style by designer Raymond Loewy, and is one of four contributing structures to the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[132]

The Berglund Performing Arts Theatre is a 2,150-seat venue within the larger Berglund Center complex.[133] It regularly hosts concerts,[134][135] touring Broadway theatre performances,[136][137] stand-up comedy shows,[138][139] and the Miss Virginia pageant.[140][141] The city's first permanent artwork funded by the Percent for Art ordinance – a law stating that the city must set aside 1% of its capital improvements budget for the purchasing of public art[111] – stands before the theater. Dedicated in 2008 to celebrate the city's 150th anniversary,[142] the 30-foot (9.1 m) stainless steel sculpture, "In My Hands", is one of over 160 works in the city's public art catalog.[143]

The Jefferson Center as it appeared in 2023. The Tudor Revival building opened as Jefferson High School in 1924.[144]

The Jefferson Center is a former city high school that saw extensive renovation during the 1990s, turning it into a mixed-use building including office space for non-profits and city departments, event space for meetings and receptions, and the Shaftman Performance Hall, a 925-seat theatre created from the original high school's auditorium.[145][146]

In 2006, the former Dumas Hotel was reopened as the Dumas Center for Artistic and Cultural Development.[147] The center is located on Henry Street, which served as the commercial and cultural center of Roanoke's African-American community before a mid-20th century urban renewal project that saw much of the historic Gainsboro neighborhood razed or relocated.[39][148] The Dumas Hotel hosted such guests as Louis Armstrong, Ethel Waters, Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Nat King Cole when they performed in Roanoke.[149] The renovated Dumas Center features an auditorium with more than 200 seats,[147] and the building is a contributing structure to the Henry Street Historic District, listed in 2004 to the National Register of Historic Places.[150]

Since 1964, the Roanoke Valley has enjoyed performances by the Mill Mountain Theatre, a regional theatre that has been located in Center in the Square since its original home atop Mill Mountain burned down in 1976.[151] The theatre has both a main stage for mainstream performances and a smaller black box theatre called Waldron Stage, which hosts both newer and more experimental plays along with other live events.[152]

Roanoke has been home to the Showtimers Community Theatre since 1951,[153] and since 2008, the Virginia Children's Theatre has presented shows aimed at a younger audience, often based on children's literature.[154] Originally formed as Roanoke Children's Theatre and housed in the Taubman Museum at that building's opening, the theatre expanded into the Dumas Center in 2013, and in 2016 moved to its current home in the Jefferson Center.[154]

Opera Roanoke is Southwest Virginia's only professional opera company, established in 1976 as the Southwest Virginia Opera Society.[155] It has performed under its current name since 1991, and its official orchestra since 2004 has been the Roanoke Symphony Orchestra (RSO).[156] That group was established in 1953, and has been led since 1996 by music director and conductor David Wiley,[157] under whose leadership the orchestra has grown to be the largest in Virginia west of Richmond.[157] The orchestra performs out of the Berglund Performing Arts Theatre, Salem Civic Center, and Shaftman Performance Hall at Jefferson Center.[158]

Roanoke is the largest metropolitan area on the Blue Ridge Parkway,[159] a 469-mile-long scenic road that is the most-visited element of the National Park System.[160] The Mill Mountain Parkway exit off of the Blue Ridge Parkway leads to the Roanoke Star, an 88.5-foot-tall (27.0 m) illuminated star sitting atop a mountain inside the city's limits and affording panoramic views of the valley.[161] Also on the mountain's summit is Mill Mountain Zoo, a Zoological Association of America-accredited facility housing over 170 animals.[162][163]

The Texas Tavern has changed little since its establishment in 1930.

St. Andrew's Catholic Church rests on a hill overlooking downtown and has been called "one of Virginia’s foremost examples of the High Victorian Gothic".[164] The church dates to 1900, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.[165] Just below the church lies the Hotel Roanoke, a historic 330-room Tudor Revival hotel originally built by the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1882 and rebuilt and expanded many times since.[166] Nicknamed the "Grand Old Lady",[167] the hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.[168]

A pedestrian bridge leads from the Hotel Roanoke to the city's historic market building and farmers' market, the latter of which dates to 1882 and is the oldest continuously operating open-air market in Virginia.[169] Near the terminus of the market is Fire Station No. 1, which for a time was the oldest continuously operating station in the state.[170] The Georgian Revival structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973,[171] and currently houses a local furniture showroom, restaurant, and boutique hotel.[172] Two blocks west on the same street is Texas Tavern, an "iconic"[173][174] ten-seat greasy spoon restaurant that the same family has operated since its establishment in 1930.[175]

Parade of Nations at the Local Colors Festival

Roanoke features several annual festivals and events of various types. A parade for St. Patrick's Day occurs every March,[176] and Pride in the Park is an LGBTQ+ community celebration that draws thousands of visitors every April.[177] Several events occur in May, including the Local Colors festival celebrating the cultures of the area's diverse ethnicities,[178] the city's Strawberry Festival,[179] the Down by Downtown music festival which coincides with the Blue Ridge Marathon,[180] and Memorial Day weekend's Festival in the Park, which brings music and vendors to downtown Elmwood Park.[181]

Later in the year, Elmwood Park hosts the Henry Street Heritage Festival, the primary fundraiser for the Harrison Museum of African American Culture.[182] The event's popularity necessitated the move from its eponymous location.[182] The Go Outside Festival, also known as GO Fest, is a free three-day event every October that celebrates the region's outdoor recreation opportunities,[183] and the city holds the multi-week Dickens of a Christmas each December. This Victorian era-themed event includes a Christmas tree lighting, parade, and horse-drawn carriage rides through downtown.[184]

Interstate 581, the primary north–south roadway in the city, connects Roanoke to Interstate 81 to the north. Interstate 581 is a concurrency with U.S. Route 220, which continues as the Roy L. Webber Expressway from downtown Roanoke, where the I-581 designation ends, south to State Route 419. Route 220 continues south to connect Roanoke to Martinsville, Virginia and Greensboro, North Carolina; a proposed extension of Interstate 73 into Roanoke from North Carolina, running partially concurrent with and parallel to US 220, has long been stalled due to funding issues.[264]

The primary east–west roadway through the city is U.S. Route 460, named Melrose Avenue and Orange Avenue. Route 460 connects Roanoke to Lynchburg to the east and Christiansburg to the west. U.S. Route 11 passes through the city, primarily as Brandon Avenue and Williamson Road, which was a center of automotive-based commercial development after World War II.[265] Other major roads include U.S. Route 221, State Route 117 (known as Peters Creek Road) and State Route 101 (known as Hershberger Road). The Blue Ridge Parkway also briefly runs adjacent to the city border.[266]

Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport terminal building

Roanoke is divided into four quadrants: Northwest (NW), Northeast (NE), Southwest (SW) and Southeast (SE).[267] The mailing address for locations in Roanoke includes the two-letter quadrant abbreviation after the street name. For example, the Center in the Square complex in downtown Roanoke has the address "1 Market Square SE".[268]

The Roanoke-Blacksburg Regional Airport is located in the northern part of the city. It is the primary passenger and cargo airport for Southwest Virginia.[269] The airport is served by American Airlines, United Airlines, Delta, and Allegiant Air.[270] Due to the facility's size, location in the mountains, and proximity to Andrews Air Force Base, it is often used as a pilot training destination for the Special Air Mission fleet that serves as Air Force One and Two when the nation's leaders are aboard.[271]

While Roanoke is known for its rail history, low ridership numbers led Amtrak to discontinue passenger rail service to the city in 1979.[272] Beginning in 2011, Roanoke funded a bus service, the Smart Way Connector, to connect riders to the Amtrak station in Lynchburg as well as to show Amtrak that there was once again a demand for the service in Roanoke.[273] In August 2013, it was announced that Amtrak's Northeast Regional service would be extended from Lynchburg by 2017. On October 31, 2017, after 38 years without passenger rail service, Amtrak resumed service to Roanoke.[274] The service has been successful enough that a second daily train to Roanoke was added in 2022.[275]

The N&W 611 waiting at Roanoke station in 2017

Despite Norfolk Southern's relocation of its corporate headquarters out of the city, Roanoke is still a major hub in the company's freight rail system.[276] The railway's Pocahontas Division, consisting of over 2,500 miles of track, is headquartered just outside of Downtown Roanoke,[277] and though the volume of coal passing through the city has declined in recent decades, 70 million tons of freight are shipped on the area's railroads annually.[278][279]

The Valley Metro provides bus service to the city of Roanoke and surrounding areas. In June 2023, the service began operating out of a new facility on Third Street in Downtown Roanoke, built to replace the aging Campbell Court station.[280] Valley Metro also offers bus service to Blacksburg, Christiansburg, and Virginia Tech via its Smart Way service,[281] as well as the Ferrum Express, a free shuttle that runs between Downtown Roanoke and Ferrum College in nearby Rocky Mount.[282]

The 21st century has seen Roanoke put considerable resources towards improving its cycling infrastructure. In addition to its extensive paved greenway network, Roanoke has added 43 miles of marked bike lanes along its major roads.[283] In recent years, the city has put millions of dollars towards pedestrian safety improvements, including lane reductions on busy roads, audible signals, and additional street lighting.[284] Roanoke is served by RIDE Solutions, a regional transportation demand management agency that provides carpool matching, cycling advocacy, transit assistance and remote work assistance to businesses and citizens in the region.[285]

Roanoke is supplied electricity by the Appalachian Power Company, an American Electric Power division. Appalachian Power serves roughly 500,000 people in Western Virginia and another 500,000 in West Virginia and Tennessee.[286] The area's water and wastewater operations are managed by the Western Virginia Water Authority. That organization was founded in 2004 with the consolidation of the water utilities of Roanoke City and Roanoke County, under the logic that the location of watersheds should determine the management of local resources rather than government boundaries.[287] The Water Authority has since taken on the water-based utilities of Franklin and Botetourt Counties as well as the towns of Boones Mill and Vinton.[287]

Roanoke is the primary center for healthcare in Western Virginia, serving an estimated one million people.[288] Carilion Clinic, a non-profit healthcare group, is the region's largest provider with over 750 physicians spread across eight hospitals.[98] The region is also served by the Lewis-Gale Medical Center, a 521-bed facility established in Roanoke in 1911 and now located in Salem,[288][289] as well as a Veterans Affairs Medical Center serving over 100,000 military veterans in the region, also located in Salem.[288]