Triangular tiling honeycomb

The triangular tiling honeycomb is one of 11 paracompact regular space-filling tessellations (or honeycombs) in hyperbolic 3-space. It is called paracompact because it has infinite cells and vertex figures, with all vertices as ideal points at infinity. It has Schläfli symbol {3,6,3}, being composed of triangular tiling cells. Each edge of the honeycomb is surrounded by three cells, and each vertex is ideal with infinitely many cells meeting there. Its vertex figure is a hexagonal tiling.

Triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeHyperbolic regular honeycomb
Paracompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol{3,6,3}
h{6,3,6}
h{6,3[3]} ↔ {3[3,3]}
Coxeter-Dynkin diagrams

Cells{3,6}
Facestriangle {3}
Edge figuretriangle {3}
Vertex figure
hexagonal tiling
DualSelf-dual
Coxeter groups, [3,6,3]
, [6,3[3]]
, [3[3,3]]
PropertiesRegular

A geometric honeycomb is a space-filling of polyhedral or higher-dimensional cells, so that there are no gaps. It is an example of the more general mathematical tiling or tessellation in any number of dimensions.

Honeycombs are usually constructed in ordinary Euclidean ("flat") space, like the convex uniform honeycombs. They may also be constructed in non-Euclidean spaces, such as hyperbolic uniform honeycombs. Any finite uniform polytope can be projected to its circumsphere to form a uniform honeycomb in spherical space.

Symmetry

Subgroups of [3,6,3] and [6,3,6]

It has two lower reflective symmetry constructions, as an alternated order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, , and as from , which alternates 3 types (colors) of triangular tilings around every edge. In Coxeter notation, the removal of the 3rd and 4th mirrors, [3,6,3*] creates a new Coxeter group [3[3,3]], , subgroup index 6. The fundamental domain is 6 times larger. By Coxeter diagram there are 3 copies of the first original mirror in the new fundamental domain: .

It is similar to the 2D hyperbolic infinite-order apeirogonal tiling, {,}, with infinite apeirogonal faces, and with all vertices on the ideal surface.

The triangular tiling honeycomb is a regular hyperbolic honeycomb in 3-space, and one of eleven paracompact honeycombs.

11 paracompact regular honeycombs

{6,3,3}

{6,3,4}

{6,3,5}

{6,3,6}

{4,4,3}

{4,4,4}

{3,3,6}

{4,3,6}

{5,3,6}

{3,6,3}

{3,4,4}

There are nine uniform honeycombs in the [3,6,3] Coxeter group family, including this regular form as well as the bitruncated form, t1,2{3,6,3}, with all truncated hexagonal tiling facets.

[3,6,3] family honeycombs
{3,6,3}
r{3,6,3}
t{3,6,3}
rr{3,6,3}
t0,3{3,6,3}
2t{3,6,3}
tr{3,6,3}
t0,1,3{3,6,3}
t0,1,2,3{3,6,3}

The honeycomb is also part of a series of polychora and honeycombs with triangular edge figures.

{3,p,3} polytopes
Space S3 H3
Form Finite Compact Paracompact Noncompact
{3,p,3} {3,3,3} {3,4,3} {3,5,3} {3,6,3} {3,7,3} {3,8,3} ... {3,,3}
Image
Cells
{3,3}

{3,4}

{3,5}

{3,6}

{3,7}

{3,8}

{3,}
Vertex
figure

{3,3}

{4,3}

{5,3}

{6,3}

{7,3}

{8,3}

{,3}

Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb

Rectified triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolr{3,6,3}
h2{6,3,6}
Coxeter diagram

Cellsr{3,6}
{6,3}
Facestriangle {3}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure
triangular prism
Coxeter group, [3,6,3]
, [6,3[3]]
, [3[3,3]]
PropertiesVertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The rectified triangular tiling honeycomb, , has trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal tiling cells, with a triangular prism vertex figure.

Symmetry

A lower symmetry of this honeycomb can be constructed as a cantic order-6 hexagonal tiling honeycomb, . A second lower-index construction is .

Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb

Truncated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolt{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellst{3,6}
{6,3}
Faceshexagon {6}
Vertex figure
tetrahedron
Coxeter group, [3,6,3]
, [3,3,6]
PropertiesRegular

The truncated triangular tiling honeycomb, , is a lower-symmetry form of the hexagonal tiling honeycomb, . It contains hexagonal tiling facets with a tetrahedral vertex figure.

Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

Bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbol2t{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellst{6,3}
Facestriangle {3}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure
tetragonal disphenoid
Coxeter group, [[3,6,3]]
PropertiesVertex-transitive, edge-transitive, cell-transitive

The bitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has truncated hexagonal tiling cells, with a tetragonal disphenoid vertex figure.

Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb

Cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolrr{3,6,3} or t0,2{3,6,3}
s2{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellsrr{6,3}
r{6,3}
{}×{3}
Facestriangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure
wedge
Coxeter group, [3,6,3]
PropertiesVertex-transitive

The cantellated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has rhombitrihexagonal tiling, trihexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a wedge vertex figure.

Symmetry

It can also be constructed as a cantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, , a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].

Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

Cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symboltr{3,6,3} or t0,1,2{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellstr{6,3}
t{6,3}
{}×{3}
Facestriangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure
mirrored sphenoid
Coxeter group, [3,6,3]
PropertiesVertex-transitive

The cantitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has truncated trihexagonal tiling, truncated hexagonal tiling, and triangular prism cells, with a mirrored sphenoid vertex figure.

Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb

Runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolt0,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cells{3,6}
{}×{3}
Facestriangle {3}
square {4}
Vertex figure
hexagonal antiprism
Coxeter group, [[3,6,3]]
PropertiesVertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The runcinated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has triangular tiling and triangular prism cells, with a hexagonal antiprism vertex figure.

Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

Runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolst0,1,3{3,6,3}
s2,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagrams
Cellst{3,6}
rr{3,6}
{}×{3}
{}×{6}
Facestriangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure
isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid
Coxeter group, [3,6,3]
PropertiesVertex-transitive

The runcitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has hexagonal tiling, rhombitrihexagonal tiling, triangular prism, and hexagonal prism cells, with an isosceles-trapezoidal pyramid vertex figure.

Symmetry

It can also be constructed as a runcicantic snub triangular tiling honeycomb, , a half-symmetry form with symmetry [3+,6,3].

Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb

Omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact uniform honeycomb
Schläfli symbolt0,1,2,3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellstr{3,6}
{}×{6}
Facessquare {4}
hexagon {6}
dodecagon {12}
Vertex figure
phyllic disphenoid
Coxeter group, [[3,6,3]]
PropertiesVertex-transitive, edge-transitive

The omnitruncated triangular tiling honeycomb, , has truncated trihexagonal tiling and hexagonal prism cells, with a phyllic disphenoid vertex figure.

Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb

Runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb
TypeParacompact scaliform honeycomb
Schläfli symbols3{3,6,3}
Coxeter diagram
Cellsr{6,3}
{}x{3}
{3,6}
tricup
Facestriangle {3}
square {4}
hexagon {6}
Vertex figure
Coxeter group, [3+,6,3]
PropertiesVertex-transitive, non-uniform

The runcisnub triangular tiling honeycomb, , has trihexagonal tiling, triangular tiling, triangular prism, and triangular cupola cells. It is vertex-transitive, but not uniform, since it contains Johnson solid triangular cupola cells.

See also

References

  • Coxeter, Regular Polytopes, 3rd. ed., Dover Publications, 1973. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. (Tables I and II: Regular polytopes and honeycombs, pp. 294–296)
  • The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve Essays (1999), Dover Publications, LCCN 99-35678, ISBN 0-486-40919-8 (Chapter 10, Regular Honeycombs in Hyperbolic Space) Table III
  • Jeffrey R. Weeks The Shape of Space, 2nd edition ISBN 0-8247-0709-5 (Chapter 16-17: Geometries on Three-manifolds I,II)
  • Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript
    • N.W. Johnson: The Theory of Uniform Polytopes and Honeycombs, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1966
    • N.W. Johnson: Geometries and Transformations, (2018) Chapter 13: Hyperbolic Coxeter groups
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