National Capital Region (Canada)

The National Capital Region (French: Région de la capitale nationale), also referred to as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau (formerly Ottawa–Hull), is an official federal designation for the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, the neighbouring city of Gatineau, Quebec, and surrounding suburban and exurban communities.[6] The term National Capital Region is frequently used to describe the Ottawa–Gatineau metropolitan area, although the official boundaries of the NCR do not correspond to the statistical metropolitan area.

Not to be confused with Capitale-Nationale, an administrative region in Quebec.

National Capital Region
Région de la capitale nationale (French)
Metropolitan area
Parliament Hill from Major's Hill Park
Parliament Hill from Major's Hill Park
National Capital Region (striped area)
National Capital Region (striped area)
Coordinates: 45°35′23″N 75°50′50″W[1]
CountryCanada
ProvincesOntario
Quebec
Principal citiesOttawa, ON
Gatineau, QC
Area
[2][3]
 • Metro
6,287.03 km2 (2,427.44 sq mi)
Elevation
70–556 m (230–1,825 ft)
Population
[4]
 • Metro density195.6/km2 (507/sq mi)
 • CMA
1,488,307
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
Area code(s)343, 613, 753, 819, 873[5]

Unlike capital districts in some other federal countries, such as the District of Columbia in the United States, the National Capital Territory of Delhi in India or the Australian Capital Territory in Australia, the National Capital Region is not a separate political or administrative entity. Its component parts are within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec.

Defined by the National Capital Act (1985),[7] the National Capital Region consists of an area of 4,715 km2 (1,820 sq mi)[8] that straddles the Ottawa River,[8] which serves as the boundary between the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. This area is smaller than that of the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA), which is 6,287 km2 (2,427 sq mi) in size.[4] Ottawa–Gatineau is the only CMA in the nation to fall within two provinces.

History
Main articles: Ottawa and Gatineau

The Algonquins are indigenous to Ottawa-Gatineau.[9][10] The first European settlement in the region was led by Philemon Wright, a New Englander from Woburn, Massachusetts who, on March 7, 1800, arrived with his own and five other families along with twenty-five labourers to start an agricultural community on the north bank of the Ottawa River (Hull, Quebec) at the portage to the Chaudière Falls.[11]

The NCR was first specified by the National Capital Act (1985).[7]

Geography
Further information: Geography of Ottawa
360° degree view of Ottawa–Gatineau skyline

Ottawa is located in the sub-region of Southern Ontario called Eastern Ontario. Gatineau is located in southwestern Quebec. Although overall Ontario is west of Quebec, the boundary in this region is situated in such a way that Gatineau is north of Ottawa, and northwest of the city centre.

The National Capital Region is situated close to where the Canadian shield and the Saint Lawrence Lowlands intersect. The area has several major fault lines[12] and small earthquakes do occur somewhat regularly, including the 2010 Central Canada earthquake that occurred in Quebec. The Gatineau Hills are the foothills of the Laurentian Mountains and located in the region.

Climate

The National Capital Region experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb), with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale.[13] In Ottawa, the average July maximum temperature is 26.6 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature is −14.4 °C (6.1 °F). In Gatineau, the average July maximum is 26 °C (78.8 °F) while the average January minimum temperature is −15 °C (5 °F).[14]

Demographics

Most of the National Capital Region is recognized as a bilingual region for federal language-of-work purposes.[15]

In addition, the City of Ottawa has a bilingualism policy, but is not declared "officially bilingual" (which would require amendments to the provincial law). About 19% of the population of the City of Ottawa has French as their first language, while 40% of the total population of the city declares itself fluent in both languages.

The National Capital Region includes the English-speaking (Ottawa) and French-speaking (Gatineau) cores. The metro region has a bilingual population of 496,025, an English-only population of 507,175, and a French-only population of 102,375.[16]

In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Ottawa - Gatineau CMA recorded a population of 1,323,783 living in 535,499 of its 571,146 total private dwellings, a change of 5.5% from its revised 2011 population of 1,254,919. With a land area of 6,767.41 km2 (2,612.91 sq mi), it had a population density of 195.6/km2 (506.6/sq mi) in 2016.[17]

Downtown Ottawa
Hull sector of Gatineau
Ottawa - Gatineau CMA 2016 population by census subdivision[18]
NameProvinceType2016
Population		2011
Population		Change
BowmanQuebecMunicipality658677−2.8
CantleyQuebecMunicipality10,6999,8888.2
ChelseaQuebecMunicipality6,9096,977−1.0
Clarence-RocklandOntarioCity24,51223,1855.7
DenholmQuebecMunicipality505572−11.7
GatineauQuebecVille276,245265,3494.1
La PêcheQuebecMunicipality7,8637,6193.2
L'Ange-GardienQuebecMunicipality5,4645,0518.2
LochaberQuebecTownship4154091.5
Lochaber-Partie-OuestQuebecTownship85664632.5
MayoQuebecMunicipality6015725.1
North GrenvilleOntarioMunicipality16,45115,0859.1
Notre-Dame-de-la-SaletteQuebecMunicipality727757−4.0
OttawaOntarioCity934,243883,3915.8
PontiacQuebecMunicipality5,8505,6813.0
RussellOntarioTownship16,52015,2478.3
ThursoQuebecVille2,8182,45514.8
Val-des-BoisQuebecMunicipality865938−7.8
Val-des-MontsQuebecMunicipality11,58210,42011.2
Total CMA——1,323,7831,254,9195.5

Economy

Silicon Valley North

During the decade of 1990–2000, Ottawa was home to several very successful tech companies, including Nortel Networks, JDS Uniphase, and Newbridge Networks. High-tech employment doubled in five years to reach 80,000 by 2001.[19] With Nortel failing to meet high earnings expectations and layoffs starting in 2002 in the wake of the dot-com bubble, the company started to decline, a devastating shock to the tech industry in Ottawa.[20] Others described it as an 'anchor' for the industry in Ottawa, and an 'incubator' and that without it the Ottawa high-tech industry could not sustain itself.[21]

By the mid 2000, other Canadian regions were competing for the title of Silicon Valley North. The term was being adopted to refer to the area between Toronto and Kitchener-Waterloo, which is home to Research in Motion (BlackBerry), and offices for Google, Adobe Inc., and Microsoft.[22] With companies such as Shopify, Halogen Software, and Kinaxis Inc, all headquartered in Ottawa, as well as over 1,700 other technology companies, Ottawa still has a significant high-tech presence today.[23]

National Capital Commission

The National Capital Commission (NCC) is a corporation that was established by the federal government in 1959 to oversee federal buildings and land in the federally designated National Capital Region (NCR).[24] Although the NCR is not a separate political jurisdiction, the NCC has a mandate and mission to build the NCR into a source of pride and unity for Canadians[24] through involvement in political, cultural, and land use planning matters that are typically powers reserved for the provincial government under the Constitution of Canada. In the Supreme Court of Canada case of Munro v. National Capital Commission, it was decided the NCC had the power to be involved in matters relating to zoning in the NCR.

In 2006, the NCC completed work on the long-discussed Confederation Boulevard, a ceremonial route linking key attractions in the NCR on both sides of the Ottawa River.[25]

The NCC reports to Parliament through the Minister of Heritage, and is governed by the National Capital Act. Its headquarters are in the Chambers Building on Elgin Street, between Queen and Sparks Streets.

Attractions
Further information: List of attractions in Ottawa
Bluesfest in LeBreton Flats Ottawa
Canadian Tire Centre in Kanata in the western part of the City of Ottawa (previously Scotiabank Place)

The NCR has numerous attractions, including world-famous festivals, national museums, famous buildings and architecture, sports, and entertainment. Ottawa has some of the best examples of Gothic Revival architecture in North America.

Festivals

These include the annual music festival Bluesfest, the world-renowned winter festival Winterlude,[26] the Canadian Tulip Festival,[27] Capital Pride, RCMP musical ride,[28] Gatineau Hot Air Balloon Festival, Buskers festival, and the biggest Canada Day[29] celebrations in the nation.

Built heritage

Ottawa and Gatineau have a number of national museums. The most prominent museums are the Canadian Museum of History, Canadian War Museum, Canadian Museum of Nature, Canada Science and Technology Museum, National Art Gallery, and Canada Aviation Museum. Some of the region's most famous buildings are the Parliament Hill, the Prime Minister's home 24 Sussex Drive, the Governor General's home Rideau Hall, the Canadian Museum of History, the National Gallery of Canada, the Supreme Court of Canada, the Royal Canadian Mint, the American Embassy, and the National Library.

There are 29 National Historic Sites of Canada within the National Capital Region: 25 sites are located in Ottawa, with the Former Almonte Post Office and Rosamond Woollen Mill in Almonte, the Gillies Grove and House in Arnprior, the Manoir Papineau in Montebello and the Symmes Hotel in the Aylmer sector of Gatineau.[30]

Sports and entertainment

The National Capital Region has many sports teams. The Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League play in the City of Ottawa's western suburb of Kanata. The Ottawa Redblacks are members of the Canadian Football League. Atlético Ottawa play in soccer's Canadian Premier League. Ottawa is also home to the Ontario Hockey League club, the Ottawa 67's. Gatineau is home to the 2007-2008 QMJHL, Gatineau Olympiques.

The Ottawa area has three universities, two of which, Carleton University and the University of Ottawa, compete in U Sports. The Carleton Ravens are regularly ranked No. 1 in men's basketball, and the Ottawa Gee-Gees are nationally ranked in football and basketball. Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships.

Transportation
The Trillium Line of Ottawa's O-Train light rail

The NCR has several major freeways including the 417, 416, 5, 50, 174, and 7.

The 417 is Ottawa's major east–west commuter expressway. It begins at the Ontario-Quebec border (continuing the route of Quebec Autoroute 40), reaches the urban portion of Ottawa at the 417-174 split, bisects the urban area, and continues westward to just beyond the city boundary where it gives way to Highway 17 in Renfrew County.

The 416 starts at the 401 near the Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge and continues north for 75 km until it ends at the 417 in Ottawa's west end.

The freeway section of Highway 7 branches off the 417 in Ottawa's west end near Stittsville and is currently undergoing a 4-lane expansion to reach the eastern fringe of Carleton Place at McNeely Avenue. As of July 2011, the expansion was complete through to Ashton Station Road.

Public transportation is handled by OC Transpo on the Ontario side, and the STO on the Quebec side. Together they serve a population over 1,130,761 and have an estimated annual ridership of over 113.2 million.[31][32]

OC Transpo operates a light rail transit (LRT) system named the O-Train with two lines in operation. The O-Train Trillium Line is a north–south line using diesel-powered units and has just over 2 million riders per year.[33] The Confederation Line links the western suburbs and the eastern suburbs via downtown, and uses electrically powered light-rail vehicles. The Confederation Line is currently 12.5 km long with 13 stations, 3 of which are underground in downtown Ottawa. There is a proposed LRT system in Gatineau that would connect with the Confederation and Trillium Lines in Ottawa.[34]

Gatineau built a bus transitway, the Rapibus, which started operation in October 2013.

OC Transpo has about 1,050 buses which run on city streets and an expansive Transitway. The STO has around 300 buses that serve the Quebec side of the Ottawa River, some routes crossing into downtown Ottawa.

Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport is the main international airport serving the Capital Region. It handled over 4.2 million passengers in 2009, making it Canada's 6th busiest air facility and the 2nd busiest airport in Ontario. It offers non-stop flights to and from destinations in Canada, the United States, Caribbean and Europe. It is part of the three busiest air routes in the nation, with hourly flights to/from Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport and Toronto Pearson International Airport.

Area codes

The NCR uses area codes 613 and 343 on the Ontario side of the Ottawa River,[35] while on the Quebec side 819 and 873 are used.[36]

Although each region has different area codes, the pre-merger territories of Ottawa and Hull are a single local calling area. Previously, Ottawa and Hull also had exchange protection in place to preserve seven-digit dialling between the two cities, implemented in such a way that if a number was in use in Ottawa the equivalent 819 number could not be assigned anywhere in western Quebec. Similarly, the 613 equivalent of a number used in Hull could not be assigned anywhere in eastern Ontario. This is no longer the case, as ten-digit local dialling has been in place since 2006. The sole legacy of the old system is a "dual dialability" system for federal government numbers on both sides of the provincial border; all federal government offices on the Quebec side duplicated several exchanges worth of their counterparts on the Ontario side.

Media
Main article: Media in Ottawa–Gatineau

There are three main daily local newspapers printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers, the Ottawa Citizen and the Ottawa Sun, with 550,777 and 238,584 weekly circulation respectively, and one French newspaper, Le Droit with 204,947 weekly circulation.[37]

Capital district proposals

Proposals have sometimes been made to separate the National Capital Region from its two respective provinces, and transform it into a separate capital district, like the District of Columbia in the United States or the Australian Capital Territory;[38] however, the proposal has never come close to fruition and there is no such movement currently active.[38] The proposal historically tended to be more common when the sovereigntist Parti Québécois held power in Quebec, owing in part to the Hull/Gatineau area's more strongly federalist orientation,[38] but any prospect of the federal government ever supporting the proposal virtually disappeared following the 1995 Quebec referendum, which would have been narrowly won by the Yes side if the solidly federalist vote in the Hull/Gatineau region had been excluded.[39]

See also

References
  1. "National Capital Region". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
  2. "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data". 2006 Canadian Census. Retrieved July 20, 2007.
  3. "Community Highlights for Ottawa (CMA)". 2001 Canadian Census. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
  4. "Ottawa - Gatineau [Census metropolitan area], Ontario/Quebec and Ontario [Province] (table). Census Profile. 2016 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2016001". Statistics Canada. May 3, 2017. Retrieved May 9, 2017.
  5. "Telecom Decision CRTC 2008-89". Crtc.gc.ca. September 10, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  6. "About Canada's Capital". National Capital Commission. September 30, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
  7. Branch, Legislative Services. "Consolidated federal laws of canada, National Capital Act". laws-lois.justice.gc.ca. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  8. "Creating Plans". National Capital Commission. Archived from the original on August 18, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2013.
  9. https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/gatineau
  10. https://ottawatourism.ca/en/ottawa-insider/discover-indigenous-culture-ottawa
  11. Keshen, Jeff; Nicole St-Onge (2001), Ottawa--making a capital, University of Ottawa Press, ISBN 978-0-7766-0521-0
  12. "Urban Geology of the National Capital Area – Bedrock topography". Gsc.nrcan.gc.ca. April 14, 2009. Archived from the original on May 18, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  13. Government of Canada, Natural Resources Canada. "Canada's Plant Hardiness Site". www.planthardiness.gc.ca. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  14. "Gatineau Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Canada) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com. Retrieved April 8, 2022.
  15. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. "List of Bilingual Regions of Canada for Language-of-Work Purposes". Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved July 19, 2009.
  16. Statistics Canada (February 5, 2010). "2006 Community Profiles – Ottawa–Gatineau (Census metropolitan area)". Retrieved November 6, 2010.
  17. "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. August 28, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  18. "Focus on Geography Series, 2016 Census: Ottawa - Gatineau, (CMA) - Ontario / Quebec". Statistics Canada. April 23, 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2017.
  19. "From hardware to software: Ottawa's push for a tech revival". Retrieved April 3, 2018 – via The Globe and Mail.
  20. "Key dates in Nortel Networks' history - CBC News". cbc.ca. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  21. "Is Ottawa still Silicon Valley North? - CBC News". cbc.ca. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  22. "Could Toronto-Waterloo be the next Silicon Valley? - CBC News". cbc.ca. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  23. "Shopify's IPO success sets the stage for Ottawa to reclaim Silicon Valley North title". financialpost.com. April 24, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  24. "About the NCC". National Capital Commission. February 24, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2006. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  25. "Confederation Boulevard, National Capital Commission Web site". Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved February 11, 2008.
  26. "Winterlude – National Capital Commission ::". Canadascapital.gc.ca. August 11, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  27. "The Canadian Tulip Festival |". Tulipfestival.ca. February 10, 2010. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  28. "RCMP Musical Ride". Rcmp-grc.gc.ca. April 18, 2007. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  29. "Celebrate Canada Day in Canada's Capital Region (Ottawa – Gatineau)". Canadascapital.gc.ca. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  30. "Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada". Parks Canada, Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada. October 10, 2008. Retrieved June 8, 2011.
  31. "Population and Ridership". Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved March 2, 2010.
  32. i4 Design. "STO – About the STO". Sto.ca. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  33. "Light Rail Rapid Transit". octranspo.com. 2010. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  34. "Gatineau reveals $2.1B LRT plan, eyes 2028 launch". CBC. June 20, 2018. Retrieved December 20, 2018.
  35. "Hey, Ottawa, we've got your number: 343". .canada.com. January 10, 2008. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009. Retrieved August 20, 2010.
  36. "New area code assigned to Quebec". CBC News. July 20, 2011.
  37. "2015 Daily Newspaper Circulation Report Newspapers Canada" (XLSX). Retrieved November 16, 2016.
  38. "Ottawa and Gatineau need not be two solitudes". Ottawa Citizen, April 9, 2014.
  39. "Le mythe du référendum perdu à Québec". Le Devoir, November 5, 2015.

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