Padarath

Padarath (Punjabi: ਪਦਾਰਥੁ, lit. 'treasure, wealth')[1][2] is used in Sikhism for a "step of spiritual Enlightenment."[3] In the Guru Granth Sahib, the term padarath is used for temporal, as well as spiritual, attainments.[3]

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Description

There are four "Spiritual Treasures" in Sikhism, known as the Char Padarath (Punjabi: ਚਾਰਿ ਪਦਾਰਥੁ; "four human pursuits"):[3]

  1. Gyaan Padarath (ਗਿਆਨੁ ਪਦਾਰਥੁ) — Treasure of Wisdom
  2. Mukti Padarath (ਮੁਕਤਿ ਪਦਾਰਥੁ) — Treasure of Liberation
  3. Naam Padarath (ਨਾਮੁ ਪਦਾਰਥੁ) — Treasure of Supreme Command (Wisdom from Divine)
  4. Janam Padarath (ਜਨਮੁ ਪਦਾਰਥੁ) — Treasure of Living (Supreme Enlightenment)

According to Guru Arjan Dev, if a soul attains Naam Padarath, he gets Janam Padarath automatically. In the Guru Granth Sahib, he mentioned in a salok, "O Nanak, if I am blessed with the Naam, I live, and my body and mind blossom forth."[lower-roman 1] Only the liberated soul can achieve Naam Padarath. The liberation (Mukat Padarath) is attained by accepting wisdom of Guru (Gyan Padarath) and applicable in one's lifestyle. Guru Amar Das states "Through the Spiritual wisdom, the Gurmukh is liberated."[lower-roman 2] All the above tasks are categorized under Hari Ki Seva (Pleasing the one God).[lower-roman 3]

As per Mahankosh,[4] Padarath is a "noun" means a thing or precious thing and as per Hindu Puranas, there are four Padarath which are Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha.

According to Harbans Singh, Char Padarath is the Sikh gurus reenvisionment and reinterpretation of the concept of Puruṣārtha of Hinduism.[3]

See also

References

Primary text
  1. Guru Arjan Dev, Guru Granth Sahib, p. 1429, line 16:
    ਨਾਨਕ ਨਾਮੁ ਮਿਲੈ ਤਾਂ ਜੀਵਾਂ ਤਨੁ ਮਨੁ ਥੀਵੈ ਹਰਿਆ ॥੧॥
  2. Guru Amar Das, Guru Granth Sahib, p. 117:
    ਗੁਰਮੁਖਿ ਗਿਆਨੁ ਨਾਮਿ ਮੁਕਤਿ ਹੋਈ ॥
  3. Guru Granth Sahib, p. 108, line 6:
    ਚਾਰਿ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਹਰਿ ਕੀ ਸੇਵਾ ॥ [The four cardinal blessings are obtained by serving the Lord.]
    ਪਰਮਾਤਮਾ ਦੀ ਸੇਵਾ-ਭਗਤੀ ਹੀ (ਦੁਨੀਆ ਦੇ ਪ੍ਰਸਿਧ) ਚਾਰ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਹਨ।

Citations
  1. Khalsa, Sant Singh, trans. English Translation of Guru Granth Sahib. p. 18: "In the Society of the Saints, the Guru is found. He is the Treasure of Liberation, the Source of all good fortune. ||1||Pause||."
  2. Singh, Manmohan. English Translation of Guru Granth Sahib. p. 18: "Guru, the wealth of salvation giver, elysian cow, is obtained in the society of saints."
  3. Singh, Harbans (1992–1998). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 419. ISBN 9788173803499.
  4. ਸੰ. ਪਦਾਰ੍‍ਥ. ਸੰਗ੍ਯਾ- ਪਦ ਦਾ ਅਰਥ. ਤੁਕ ਅਤੇ ਸ਼ਬਦ ਦਾ ਭਾਵ। ੨. ਕਿਸੇ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ (ਸ਼ਾਸਤ੍ਰ) ਦਾ ਮੰਨਿਆ ਹੋਇਆ ਵਿਸਯ, ਜੈਸੇ ਵੈਸ਼ੇਸਿਕ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਦ੍ਰਵ੍ਯ. ਗੁਣ, ਕਰਮ, ਸਾਮਾਨ੍ਯ, ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ ਅਤੇ ਸਮਵਾਯ, ਇਹ ਛੀ ਪਦਾਰਥ ਹਨ. ਗੌਤਮ ਦੇ (ਨ੍ਯਾਯ) ਮਤ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਸੋਲਾਂ ਪਦਾਰਥ. ਦੇਖੋ, ਖਟਸ਼ਾਸਤ੍ਰ। ੩. ਪੁਰਾਣਾਂ ਅਨੁਸਾਰ ਧਰਮ, ਅਰਥ, ਕਾਮ ਅਤੇ ਮੋਕ੍ਸ਼੍‍। ੪. ਚੀਜ਼. ਵਸਤੁ। ੫. ਧਨ। ੬. ਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਗੁਰੂ ਰਾਮਦਾਸ ਜੀ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਪ੍ਰੇਮੀ ਸਿੱਖ, Gur Shabd Ratnakar Mahankosh, Bhai Kahn Singh Nabha
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