Demographics of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the eighth-most populated country in the world with almost 2.2% of the world's population. As per the final results of the 2022 Census of Bangladesh, the country's population is 169,828,911.[11]

Demographics of Bangladesh
Bangladesh population pyramid in 2020
Population169,356,251 (2021 est.)[1][2]
Growth rate0.98% (2021 est.)[3]
Birth rate17.71 births/1,000
population (2020 est.)[3]
Death rate5.54 deaths/1,000
population (2020 est.)[3]
Life expectancy72.72 years (2020)[3]
 • male71.1 years
 • female74.4 years
Fertility rate2.30 children born/woman
(2022) [4]
Infant mortality rate24.73 deaths/1,000 live births
(2020 est.)[3]
Age structure
0–14 years27.21% (2019 est.)[5]
15–64 years67.61% (2019 est.)[5]
65 and over5.18% (2019 est.)[5]
Sex ratio
Total0.97 male(s)/female
(2017 est.)[6]
At birth104 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[7]
Under 15103 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[7]
65 and over97 male(s)/ 100 female (2021)[7]
Nationality
NationalityBangladeshi
Major ethnicBengalis
Minor ethnicChakma,
Tripuri,
Marma,
Mundas,
Garos (Achiks),
Oraons,
Santhals,
Mro,
Meitei people (Manipuri people[8][9][10]),
Zomi, Bihari
Khasi
Language
OfficialBengali
SpokenBengali and its dialects
Part of a series on
Bengalis

Bengali history
Bengali homeland
Bengali people
Bengali culture
Bengali symbols
Politics

Bangladesh (previously East Pakistan between 1947 and 1971 and East Bengal before 1947) is largely ethnically homogeneous, and its name derives from the Bengali ethno-linguistic group which comprises 99% of the population. The Chittagong Hill Tracts, Sylhet, Mymensingh, Barisal and North Bengal regions are home to diverse tribal peoples. There are many dialects of Bengali spoken throughout the region. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. About (91.04%) of Bangladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (largest-minority) at (7.95%), Buddhists (0.61%) and Christians (0.30%) and others (0.12%) as per 2022 census.

Bangladesh has one of the highest population densities in the world. The total fertility rate (TFR) has been reduced by more than two thirds since Independence. The current TFR in Bangladesh is 1.930 per woman,[12] globally considered to be below the benchmark for replacement level fertility.

At this TFR, and without migration, Bangladesh's population is expected to soon reach a stage where it neither grows nor shrinks, once the top of its age pyramid fills in.[13]

Population

The April 2023 total population was 169,532,362 which makes Bangladesh the eighth-most populous country in the world.

Census
Age-sex pyramid for Bangladesh, 2005

The latest decennial census was conducted by the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics in 2022.[11]

Demographic evolution of the population of Bangladesh (1900–2010).
Population of Bangladesh[14]
Census dateCensus population
(millions)		Adjusted population
(millions)
1801 14.5
1851 20.3
1901 28.928
1911 31.555
1921 33.255
1931 35.602
1941 41.997
1951 41.932
1961 50.840
1974 71.479 76.398
1981 87.120 89.912
1991 106.313 111.455
2001 124.355 130.523
2011 142.319 152.518
2022 165.159 169.829

UN estimates
[15] Total population (millions) Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 37.895 41.2 54.8 3.9
1955 43.444 42.4 54.1 3.5
1960 50.102 43.6 53.1 3.3
1965 57.792 44.7 52.0 3.3
1970 66.881 44.7 51.8 3.4
1975 70.582 45.8 50.7 3.5
1980 80.624 45.0 51.4 3.6
1985 92.284 43.9 52.5 3.6
1990 105.256 42.5 53.8 3.7
1995 117.487 40.3 55.9 3.8
2000 127.658 37.0 59.2 3.9
2005 139.036 34.4 61.3 4.3
2010 147.575 32.0 63.2 4.8
2015 156.256 29.3 65.6 5.1
2020 164.689 26.8 68.0 5.2

Population by sex and age group

[16][17]

Population by sex and age group (Census 15.III.2011):

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 72 109 796 71 933 901 144 043 697 100
0–4 7 638 523 7 423 447 15 061 970 10.46
5–9 9 322 514 8 850 715 18 173 229 12.62
10–14 8 614 889 8 031 726 16 646 615 11.56
15–19 6 509 492 6 352 398 12 861 890 8.93
20–24 5 777 370 7 522 419 13 299 789 9.23
25–29 6 225 252 7 254 256 13 479 508 9.36
30–34 5 079 106 5 420 659 10 499 765 7.29
35–39 4 697 349 4 859 079 9 556 428 6.63
40–44 4 280 923 3 980 739 8 261 662 5.74
45–49 3 363 273 3 016 800 6 380 073 4.43
50–54 2 952 596 2 599 675 5 552 271 3.85
55–59 1 923 534 1 577 463 3 500 997 2.43
60–64 2 081 306 1 852 708 3 934 014 2.73
65–69 1 149 569 963 921 2 113 490 1.47
70–74 1 206 398 1 025 314 2 231 712 1.55
75–79 488 338 386 389 874 727 0.61
80–84 443 239 436 840 880 079 0.61
85–89 138 268 124 343 262 611 0.18
90–94 116 916 133 273 250 189 0.17
95+ 100 941 121 737 222 678 0.15
Age group Male Female Total %
0–14 25 575 926 24 305 888 49 881 814 34.63
15–64 42 890 201 44 436 196 87 326 397 60.62
65+ 3 643 669 3 191 817 6 835 486 4.75

Population census by sex and age group (2022 census):

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 84 077 203 85 653 120 169 828 909 100
0–4 7 940 000 7 630 000 9.44
5–9 7 920 000 7 400 000 9.28
10–14 8 510 000 7 820 000 9.89
15–19 8 060 000 8 490 000 10.03
20–24 6 710 000 8 270 000 9.08
25–29 6 460 000 7 910 000 8.71
30–34 5 650 000 6 460 000 7.34
35–39 6 040 000 6 680 000 7.7
40–44 5 120 000 4 920 000 6.08
45–49 4 130 000 4 130 000 5.01
50–54 4 000 000 3 780 000 4.72
55–59 2 950 000 2 770 000 3.48
60–64 3 010 000 2 590 000 3.39
65–69 2 150 000 1 770 000 2.38
70–74 1 570 000 1 260 000 1.71
75–79 670 000 550 000 0.74
80+ 820 000 920 000 1.06
Age group Male Female Total Per cent
0–14 24 535 272 23 929 621 48 464 893 28.81
15–64 54 843 936 55 713 243 110 557 179 65.72
65+ 4 810 792 4 387 136 9 197 928 5.47

Other sources

The following table lists various recent estimates of the population.

Source Year Population (millions)
US State Dept[18] 2005 144
Population Reference Bureau[19] 2020 170
World Bank[20] 2020 165
CIA World FactBook[21] 2021 164
World Population Reference[22] 2010 164

According to the OECD/World Bank population in Bangladesh increased from 1990 to 2008 with 44 million and 38% growth in population compared to 34% growth in India and 54% growth in Pakistan. The annual population growth 2007–2008 was 1.4% compared to India 1.35%, Pakistan 2.2%, Dem. Rep. of Congo 2.9%, Tanzania 2.9%, Syria 3.5% or Yemen 4.0%. According to the OECD/World Bank population statistics between 1990 and 2008 the world population growth was 27% and 1,423 million persons.[23]

Population growth rate
A view of Paltan and Segunbagicha areas in Dhaka in 2017

Bangladesh had high rates of population growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then however it has seen significant reduction in its total fertility rate. Over a period of three decades it dropped from almost 7 to 0.74 in 2005–2018.[15]

Gender ratio
Age range (years) Sex ratio (males/females) (2015 est.)[24]
at birth 1.04
0–14 1.03
15–24 0.89
25–54 0.90
55–64 1.01
65 and over 0.97
total population 0.95

Urban and rural

The sprawling mega-city of Dhaka has a huge population, but the majority of the people nonetheless still live in villages in rural areas.

Urban population: 37.4% of total population (2019 est.)
Rate of urbanization: 3.13% annual rate of change (2019 est.)
Bangladesh is considered an urban country based on their population density

Population density

Based on United Nations Data 2020 figures for population (164,689,383) and land area (130,170 km2), Bangladesh has the highest population density among large countries, 1265 persons per square kilometer, and 10th overall, when small countries and city-states are included.[25]

Vital statistics

Births and deaths

Notable events in Bangladesh demography:

The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Population estimates account for under numeration in population censuses.[26]

Mid-year population (thousands) Live births (thousands) Deaths (thousands) Natural change (thousands) Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Total fertility rate (TFR) Infant mortality (per 1000 live births) Life expectancy (in years)
1950 39729 1848 1072  776 46.5 27.0 19.5 6.30 219.2 38.18
1951   40549   1907   1066   842 47.0 26.3 20.8 6.34 213.6 38.86
1952   41427   1960   1056   904 47.3 25.5 21.8 6.35 208.1 39.69
1953   42329   2016   1067   949 47.6 25.2 22.4 6.38 203.1 39.94
1954   43282   2079   1047   1032 48.0 24.2 23.8 6.44 197.6 41.16
1955   44316   2140   1044   1096 48.3 23.5 24.7 6.49 192.8 41.89
1956   45408   2198   1048   1150 48.4 23.1 25.3 6.53 188.4 42.42
1957   46561   2262   1037   1225 48.6 22.3 26.3 6.57 183.5 43.41
1958   47743   2329   1043   1286 48.7 21.8 26.9 6.62 179.5 43.93
1959   49005   2405   1045   1360 49.0 21.3 27.7 6.71 175.4 44.60
1960   50396   2493   1070   1423 49.5 21.2 28.2 6.78 173.4 44.74
1961   51883   2574   1064   1510 49.6 20.5 29.1 6.83 168.3 45.66
1962   53462   2650   1055   1595 49.6 19.7 29.8 6.87 164.3 46.70
1963   55094   2704   1084   1620 49.1 19.7 29.4 6.84 162.6 46.66
1964   56774   2760   1068   1692 48.6 18.8 29.8 6.84 158.7 47.74
1965   58500   2816   1130   1686 48.2 19.3 28.8 6.83 159.0 46.86
1966   60265   2881   1088   1792 47.8 18.1 29.7 6.82 154.7 48.58
1967   62104   2966   1107   1859 47.8 17.8 29.9 6.85 153.3 48.87
1968   63996   3046   1130   1916 47.6 17.6 29.9 6.85 152.5 49.09
1969   65867   3134   1159   1975 47.5 17.6 29.9 6.86 152.0 49.17
1970   67542   3209   1509   1701 47.4 22.3 25.1 6.88 165.3 42.59
1971   68376   3262 2811 451 47.6 41.0 6.6 6.87 199.4 26.00
1972   69347   3300   1189   2112 47.5 17.1 30.4 6.85 151.3 49.59
1973   71145   3349   1211   2137 47.0 17.0 30.0 6.82 151.1 49.83
1974   72948   3414   1275   2139 46.7 17.4 29.2 6.79 153.6 49.16
1975   74700   3461   1246   2215 46.2 16.6 29.5 6.74 149.3 50.29
1976   76380   3540   1260   2280 46.2 16.4 29.7 6.67 147.9 50.65
1977   78138   3610   1266   2344 46.1 16.1 29.9 6.59 146.1 51.20
1978   80008   3661   1289   2372 45.6 16.1 29.5 6.52 143.9 51.25
1979   81908   3735   1306   2429 45.5 15.9 29.6 6.42 141.3 51.46
1980   83930   3793   1313   2479 45.1 15.6 29.5 6.32 138.6 51.85
1981   86155   3859   1324   2535 44.7 15.4 29.4 6.24 135.7 52.17
1982   88555 3922   1332   2590 44.3 15.0 29.2 6.12 132.6 52.54
1983   91045   3899   1327   2572 42.8 14.6 28.2 5.89 129.2 53.01
1984   93534   3914   1318   2596 41.8 14.1 27.7 5.73 125.8 53.54
1985   95959   3913   1317   2597 40.7 13.7 27.0 5.54 122.6 53.90
1986   98272   3880   1301   2579 39.4 13.2 26.2 5.30 118.4 54.42
1987   100490   3858   1286   2572 38.3 12.8 25.6 5.07 114.7 54.93
1988   102689   3803   1290   2513 37.0 12.5 24.4 4.84 110.9 55.03
1989   104894   3801   1299   2501 36.2 12.4 23.8 4.68 106.9 55.09
1990   107148   3750   1257   2492 35.0 11.7 23.2 4.48 103.0 55.99
1991   109243   3660   1375   2285 33.4 12.6 20.9 4.24 103.6 54.15
1992   111272   3604   1178   2426 32.4 10.6 21.8 4.03 95.2 57.64
1993   113419   3579   1174   2404 31.5 10.3 21.2 3.85 91.3 57.93
1994   115615   3627   1153   2474 31.3 10.0 21.4 3.77 87.3 58.62
1995   117793   3593   1120   2472 30.5 9.5 21.0 3.61 83.4 59.47
1996   119877   3597   1138   2458 30.0 9.5 20.5 3.50 79.5 59.49
1997   122039   3692   1047   2646 30.2 8.6 21.6 3.49 75.5 61.43
1998   124350   3711   936   2775 29.8 7.5 22.3 3.39 71.8 63.92
1999   126755   3723 846 2877 29.3 6.7 22.7 3.30 68.1 66.23
2000   129193   3747   887   2860 29.0 6.9 22.1 3.22 64.6 65.78
2001   131670   3756   890   2866 28.5 6.8 21.7 3.15 61.3 66.14
2002   134140   3758   886   2872 28.0 6.6 21.4 3.08 58.2 66.61
2003   136503   3736   896   2841 27.3 6.5 20.8 3.00 55.3 66.82
2004   138790   3697   896   2801 26.6 6.4 20.1 2.91 52.6 67.19
2005   140913   3603   908   2696 25.5 6.4 19.1 2.81 50.0 67.30
2006   142629   3529   930   2600 24.6 6.5 18.2 2.71 47.5 67.24
2007   144136   3467   982   2485 24.0 6.8 17.2 2.63 45.4 66.71
2008   145421   3379   979   2400 23.1 6.7 16.4 2.54 43.0 67.05
2009   146707   3275   972   2302 22.3 6.6 15.7 2.44 41.0 67.40
2010   148391   3177   907   2269 21.4 6.1 15.3 2.34 39.0 68.64
2011   150211   3093   919   2174 20.6 6.1 14.5 2.26 37.2 68.81
2012   152091   3062   893   2169 20.1 5.9 14.2 2.21 35.6 69.55
2013   154030   3067   921   2146 19.9 6.0 13.9 2.18 33.9 69.57
2014   155961   3049   919   2130 19.5 5.9 13.6 2.15 32.4 69.99
2015   157 830   3026   912   2114 19.2 5.8 13.4 2.11 30.9 70.49
2016   159785   3037   900   2137 19.0 5.6 13.4 2.10 29.4 71.09
2017   161794   2994   881   2113 18.5 5.4 13.1 2.04 28.0 71.79
2018   163684   3025   859   2166 18.5 5.2 13.2 2.04 26.6 72.57
2019   165516   3041   875   2166 18.4 5.3 13.1 2.03 25.2 72.81
2020   167421   3023   974   2049 18.1 5.8 12.2 2.00 24.0 71.97
2021   169356   3020   962   2057 17.8 5.7 12.1 1.98 22.9 72.38

Sample vital registration system[16][27]

Year Population Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Crude death rate (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Natural change (per 1000): national (urban/rural) Fertility rates: national (urban/rural)
1981 87,119,965[28] 3,098,000 1,038,000 2,060,000 34.6 (24.8/35.7) 11.5 (7.2/12.2) 23.1 (17.6/23.5) 5.04 (3.20/5.28)
1982 92,300,000 3,189,000 1,107,000 2,082,000 34.8 (22.9/36.9) 12.2 (6.9/12.8) 22.6 (16.0/24.1) 5.21 (3.01/5.50)
1983 94,300,000 3,280,000 1,163,000 2,117,000 35.0 (27.1/36.4) 12.3 (7.5/13.2) 22.7 (19.6/23.2) 5.07 (3.45/5.36)
1984 96,300,000 3,335,000 1,182,000 2,153,000 34.8 (25.0/36.1) 12.3 (8.5/12.9) 22.5 (16.5/23.2) 4.83 (3.10/5.08)
1985 98,400,000 3,392,000 1,183,000 2,209,000 34.6 (28.0/35.3) 12.0 (8.3/12.9) 22.6 (19.7/22.4) 4.71 (3.52/4.91)
1986 100,500,000 3,448,000 1,183,000 2,265,000 34.4 (25.9/35.4) 12.1 (8.1/12.3) 22.3 (17.8/23.1) 4.70 (3.26/4.89)
1987 102,800,000 3,414,000 1,173,000 2,241,000 33.3 (24.8/34.6) 11.5 (7.6/11.8) 21.8 (17.2/22.8) 4.42 (3.05/4.64)
1988 105,000,000 3,477,000 1,179,000 2,298,000 33.2 (24.9/34.6) 11.3 (7.5/11.9) 21.9 (17.4/22.7) 4.45 (3.08/4.70)
1989 107,400,000 3,531,000 1,196,000 2,335,000 33.0 (24.4/34.5) 11.3 (7.3/11.9) 21.7 (17.1/22.6) 4.35 (2.90/4.59)
1990 109,800,000 3,559,000 1,106,000 2,453,000 32.8 (24.6/34.3) 11.4 (7.8/11.8) 21.4 (16.8/22.5) 4.33 (2.90/4.57)
1991 106,314,992[28] 3,561,000 1,110,000 2,451,000 31.6 (23.9/32.9) 11.2 (7.8/11.5) 20.4 (16.1/21.4) 4.24 (2.89/4.51)
1992 114,400,000 3,455,000 1,139,000 2,316,000 30.8 (23.7/32.2) 11.0 (7.5/11.3) 19.8 (16.2/20.9) 4.18 (2.88/4.33)
1993 116,500,000 3,350,000 1,100,000 2,250,000 28.8 (21.0/30.0) 10.0 (7.2/10.4) 18.8 (13.8/19.6) 3.84 (2.62/4.00)
1994 118,400,000 3,289,000 1,067,000 2,222,000 27.0 (20.2/29.1) 9.3 (7.1/9.3) 17.7 (13.1/19.8) 3.58 (2.58/3.79)
1995 120,200,000 3,228,000 1,007,000 2,221,000 26.5 (19.4/28.5) 8.7 (6.7/9.0) 17.8 (12.7/19.5) 3.45 (2.50/3.78)
1996 122,100,000 3,143,000 989,000 2,154,000 25.6 (19.0/27.8) 8.2 (6.5/8.8) 17.4 (12.5/19.0) 3.41 (2.48/3.76)
1997 123,900,000 2,746,000 719,000 2,027,000 21.0 (16.2/24.5) 5.5 (4.2/6.5) 15.5 (12.0/18.0) 3.10 (2.28/3.32)
1998 125,700,000 2,608,000 652,000 1,956,000 19.9 (14.0/21.0) 5.1 (3.7/5.4) 14.8 (10.3/15.6) 2.98 (2.24/3.00)
1999 127,500,000 2,542,000 649,000 1,893,000 19.2 (13.8/20.9) 5.1 (3.5/5.4) 14.1 (10.3/15.5) 2.64 (1.76/2.91)
2000 129,300,000 2,454,000 640,000 1,814,000 19.0 (13.7/20.8) 4.9 (3.5/5.3) 14.1 (10.2/15.5) 2.59 (1.68/2.89)
2001 124,355,263[28] 2,439,000 638,000 1,801,000 18.9 (13.6/20.7) 4.8 (4.3/5.2) 14.1 (9.3/15.5) 2.56 (1.73/2.84)
2002 132,900,000 2,674,000 679,000 1,995,000 20.1 (16.6/21.0) 5.1 (3.8/5.4) 15.0 (12.8/15.6) 2.55 (1.94/2.69)
2003 134,800,000 2,814,000 783,000 2,031,000 20.9 (17.9/21.7) 5.9 (4.7/6.2) 15.0 (13.2/15.5) 2.57 (1.91/2.70)
2004 136,700,000 2,830,000 794,000 2,036,000 20.8 (17.8/21.6) 5.8 (4.4/6.1) 15.0 (13.4/15.5) 2.51 (1.91/2.67)
2005 138,600,000 2,879,000 823,000 2,056,000 20.7 (17.8/21.7) 5.8 (4.9/6.1) 14.9 (12.9/15.6) 2.46 (1.87/2.65)
2006 140,600,000 2,901,000 789,000 2,112,000 20.6 (17.5/21.7) 5.6 (4.4/6.0) 15.0 (13.1/15.7) 2.41 (1.81/2.63)
2007 142,600,000 2,986,000 792,000 2,194,000 20.9 (17.4/22.1) 6.2 (5.1/6.6) 14.7 (12.3/15.5) 2.39 (1.79/2.61)
2008 144,700,000 3,022,000 885,000 2,137,000 20.5 (17.2/22.4) 6.0 (5.1/6.5) 14.5 (12.1/15.9) 2.30 (1.79/2.60)
2009 146,700,000 2,832,000 842,000 1,990,000 19.4 (16.8/20.4) 5.8 (4.7/6.1) 13.6 (12.1/14.3) 2.15 (1.65/2.28)
2010 148,600,000 2,868,494 842,095 2,026,399 19.2 (17.1/20.1) 5.6 (4.9/5.9) 13.6 (12.2/14.2) 2.12 (1.72/2.26)
2011 150,600,000 2,891,000 828,000 2,063,000 19.2 (17.4/20.2) 5.5 (4.8/5.8) 13.7 (12.6/14.4) 2.11 (1.71/2.25)
2012 152,700,000 2,933,000 826,000 2,107,000 18.9 (17.1/20.0) 5.3 (4.6/5.7) 13.6 (12.5/14.3) 2.12 (1.84/2.30)
2013 154,700,000 19.0 (18.2/19.3) 5.3 (4.6/5.6) 13.7 (13.6/13.7) 2.11 (1.84/2.19)
2014 156,800,000 18.9 (17.2/19.4) 5.2 (4.1/5.6) 13.7 (13.1/13.8) 2.11 (1.77/2.22)
2015 158,900,000 18.8 (16.5/20.3) 5.1 (4.6/5.5) 13.7 (11.9/14.8) 2.10 (1.72/2.30)
2016 160,800,000 18.7 (16.1/20.9) 5.1 (4.2/5.7) 13.6 (11.9/15.2) 2.10 (1.68/2.38)
2017 163,780,000 3,009,950 829,770 2,180,180 18.5 (16.1/20.4) 5.1 (4.2/5.7) 13.4 (11.9/14.7) 2.05 (1.68/2.37)
2018 164,600,000 18.3 (16.1/20.1) 5.0 (4.4/5.4) 13.3 (11.7/14.7) 2.05 (1.68/2.38)
2019 166,500,000 18.1 (15.9/20.0) 4.9 (4.4/5.4) 13.2 (11.5/14.6) 2.04 (1.67/2.37)
2020 168,220,000 3,040,667 852,254 2,188,413 18.1 (15.3/20.4) 5.1 (4.9/5.2) 13.0 (10.4/15.2) 2.04 (1.66/2.37)
2021 170,260,000 18.8 (16.4/19.5) 5.7 (4.8/6.0) 13.1 (11.6/13.5) 2.05 (1.66/2.18)
2022 169,828,911[29] (C)

Total fertility rate by divisions in 2020
Division TFR (total fertility rate) Crude birth rate Death rate
Mymensingh 2.69 21.8 5.0
Barishal 2.07 17.7 5.2
Chittagong 2.36 21.6 5.3
Dhaka 1.71 15.8 4.5
Rajshahi 1.99 16.8 5.4
Rangpur 2.11 18.2 5.2
Sylhet 1.94 17.7 5.3
Khulna 1.98 17.1 5.0

Fertility rate (Demographic and Health Surveys)

Crude birth rate (CBR), total fertility rate (TFR) and wanted fertility rate (WFR):[30]

Year CBR (total) CBR (urban) CBR (rural) TFR (total) TFR (urban) TFR (rural) WFR (total) WFR (urban) WFR (rural)
1993–1994 29.1 25.3 29.5 3.44 2.69 3.54 2.1 1.7 2.2
1996–1997 29.4 22.6 30.2 3.27 2.10 3.43 2.1 1.5 2.2
1999–2000 30.2 25.3 31.3 3.31 2.45 3.54 2.2 1.7 2.4
2001 28.4 26.0 28.9 3.22 2.69 3.36
2004 28.7 25.8 29.5 3.0 2.5 3.2 2.0 1.6 2.1
2007 26.1 24.7 26.5 2.7 2.4 2.8 1.9 1.7 1.9
2011 22.6 20.6 23.3 2.3 2.0 2.5 1.6 1.5 1.6
2014 22.2 20.8 22.8 2.3 2.0 2.4 1.6 1.5 1.7
2017–18 21.9 21.1 22.3 2.3 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.6 1.8
2022 21.9 20.8 22.4 2.3 2.1 2.4

Health

Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy in Bangladesh since 1876
Life expectancy in Bangladesh since 1960 by gender
Total population: 72.7 years (2018)[31]
Male: 71.1 years
Female: 74.4 years
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 40.7 1985–1990 57.0
1955–1960 44.2 1990–1995 60.0
1960–1965 47.2 1995–2000 63.7
1965–1970 49.3 2000–2005 66.7
1970–1975 46.3 2005–2010 69.1
1975–1980 52.2 2010–2015 71.2
1980–1985 54.3

Source: UN World Population Prospects[32]

HIV/AIDS
Prevalence rate: less than 0.1% (adults, 102nd in world, 2001 est.); 0.01% (2014 est.)
People living with HIV/AIDS: 12,000 (85th in world, 2007 est.)
Deaths: fewer than 500 (87th in world, 2007 est.); about 700 (2014 est.).

Major infectious diseases
Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever and malaria are high risks in some locations
Water contact disease: leptospirosis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2005)

Ethnic group

The vast majority (about 99%) of Bangladeshis are of the Bengali ethno-linguistic group. This group also spans the neighboring Indian province of West Bengal. Minority ethnic groups include Meitei, Tripuri, Marma, Tanchangya, Barua, Khasi, Santhals, Chakma, Rakhine people, Garo, Biharis, Oraons, Mundas.

Biharis are Urdu-speaking, non-Bengalis who emigrated from the state of Bihar and other parts of northern India during the 1947 partition. They are concentrated in the Dhaka and Rangpur areas and number some 300,000.[33][34] In the 1971 independence war many of them sided with Pakistan, as they stood to lose their positions in the upper levels of society.[35] Hundreds of thousands went to Pakistan and those that remained were interned in refugee camps. Their population declined from about 1 million in 1971 to 600,000 in the late 1980s.[35] Refugees International has called them a "neglected and stateless" people as they are denied citizenship by the governments of Bangladesh and Pakistan.[36] As nearly 40 years has passed, two generations of Biharis have been born in these camps. Biharis were granted Bangladeshi citizenship and voting rights in 2008.[37]

Bangladesh's tribal population was enumerated at 897,828 in the 1981 census.[35] These tribes are concentrated in the Chittagong Hill Tracts and around Mymensingh, Sylhet, and Rajshahi. They are of Sino-Tibetan descent and differ markedly in their social customs, religion, language and level of development. They speak Tibeto-Burman languages and most are Buddhist or Hindu.[35] The four largest tribes are Chakmas, Marmas, Tipperas, Tanchangya, and Mros. Smaller groups include the Santals in Rajshahi and Dinajpur, and Khasis, Garos, and Khajons in Mymensingh and Sylhet regions.[35]

There are small communities of Meitei people in the Sylhet district, which is close to the Meitei homeland across the border in Manipur, India.

There is a large population of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar near the border in the southeast. There are 28,000 living in two UN refugee camps in Cox's Bazar as well as some 200,000 "unregistered people of concern" living outside of the camps.[38] The refugee crisis originated in the early 1990s when the first wave numbering some 250,000 of the predominantly Muslim ethnic group fled persecution from their home in Rakhaine—Myanmar's westernmost state. Bangladesh seeks to repatriate the refugees back to Myanmar.[39] Since 2017, there are approximately 1.1 million Rohingya refugees living in Bangladesh.

Languages
Languages of Bangladesh (2022)[40]
Bengali
 
 99%
Others
 
 1%
Main article: Languages of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has 44 indigenous languages according to Professor Shameem Reza.[46]

Religion
See also: Religion in Bangladesh, Islam in Bangladesh, Hinduism in Bangladesh, Buddhism in Bangladesh, and Christianity in Bangladesh
Population trends for major religious groups in Bangladesh (1951–2022)
Religious
group		 Population
% 1951.[47]		 Population
% 1961[47]		 Population
% 1974[47]		 Population
% 1981[47]		 Population
% 1991[47]		 Population
% 2001[48]		 Population
% 2011[49]		 Population

% 2022[11]

Islam 76%80.4%85.4%86.6%88.3%89.7%90.4% 91.1%
Hinduism 22%18.5%13.5%12.1 %10.5 %9.2%8.5% 7.9%
Buddhism 0.7%0.7%0.6%0.6%0.6%0.7%0.6% 0.6%
Christianity 0.3%0.3%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.3%0.4% 0.3%
Other religions/No religion 0.1%0.1%0.2%0.3%0.3%0.1%0.1% 0.1%
Bangladesh religious diversity as per 2022 census[11][50][51]
Religion Population
Muslims () 150,360,404
Hindus () 13,130,109
Buddhists () 1,007,467
Christians () 495,475
Others 198,190
Total 165,158,616

Bangladesh has a population of 165,158,616 as per 2022 census.[11]

Religions in Bangladesh (2022)[52]

  Islam (91.04%)
  Hinduism (7.95%)
  Buddhism (0.61%)
  Christianity (0.30%)
  Others (0.12%)

Genetics

Bangladesh has the world's highest frequency of the M form of mitochondrial DNA. This genetic variant spans many continents, and is the single most common mtDNA haplogroup in Asia.[53] In Bangladesh it represents about 83% of maternal lineages.[54]

Education
Literacy rates in Bangladesh districts

Bangladesh has a literacy rate of 74.70 per cent as of 2019. 76.67 per cent for males and 71.95 per cent for females.

Migrants

According to the United Nations, there were 1,500,921 international migrants in Bangladesh in 2017. Estimation shows that over 1 million Rohingya Muslim refugees live in Bangladesh have arrived during the ongoing Rohingya genocide in Myanmar.[55] On 28 September 2018, at the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina said there are 1.1-1.3 million Rohingya refugees now in Bangladesh.[56][57]

Their most common countries of origin were as follows:

International migrants in Bangladesh in 2017
 Myanmar1,300,000 (Rohingya refugees)
 Malaysia208,406
 China166,646
 Indonesia156,500
 Laos90,253
 United States47,103
   Nepal39,988
 India35,250
 Great Britain34,266
 Bahrain30,877
 Vietnam28,176
 Cambodia20,109
Source: United Nations[58]

The United Nations has estimated the Bangladesh diaspora as 4,499,919 people with the greatest migration to the following countries:

International migrants from Bangladesh in 2017
 Saudi Arabia1,377,072
 United Arab Emirates1,044,505
 Kuwait381,669
 Malaysia365,600
 Oman276,518
 Great Britain228,353
 United States279,021
 Qatar183,386
 Italy100,743
 Singapore83,279
 Bahrain80,457
 Canada65,698
 Australia48,888
 Maldives38,620
Source: United Nations[58]

See also

References
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