Peter Brook

Peter Stephen Paul Brook[1] CH CBE (21 March 1925 – 2 July 2022) was an English theatre and film director. He worked first in England, from 1945 at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, from 1947 at the Royal Opera House, and from 1962 for the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). With them, he directed the first English-language production in 1964 of Marat/Sade by Peter Weiss, which was transferred to Broadway in 1965 and won the Tony Award for Best Play, and Brook was named Best Director. He also directed films such as an iconic version of Lord of the Flies in 1963.

This article is about the theatre and film director. For the painter, see Peter Brook (painter). For other people with similar names, see Peter Brooke and Peter Brooks.

Peter Brook

CH CBE
Brook in 2009
Born
Peter Stephen Paul Brook

(1925-03-21)21 March 1925
Chiswick, England
Died2 July 2022(2022-07-02) (aged 97)
Paris, France
Occupation(s)Theatre and film director
Years active1943–2022
Spouse
​
​
(m. 1951; died 2015)​
Children
Relatives

Brook was based in France from the early 1970s, where he founded an international theatre company, playing in developing countries, in an approach of great simplicity. He was often referred to as "our greatest living theatre director".[2] He won multiple Emmy Awards, a Laurence Olivier Award, the Japanese Praemium Imperiale, the Prix Italia and the Europe Theatre Prize.[3] In 2021, he was awarded India's Padma Shri.

Early life

Brook was born on 21 March 1925 in the Bedford Park area of Chiswick,[1] the second son of Simon Brook and his wife Ida (Judelson), both Lithuanian Jewish immigrants from Latvia.[4][5][6] The family home was at 27 Fairfax Road, Turnham Green.[6] His elder brother Alexis became a psychiatrist and psychotherapist.[7] His first cousin was Valentin Pluchek, chief director of the Moscow Satire Theatre.[8] Brook was educated at Westminster School, Gresham's School, and Magdalen College, Oxford, where he studied languages until 1945.[9] Brook was excused from military service during World War II due to childhood illness.[10][11]

Career

England

Brook directed Marlowe's Dr Faustus, his first production,[9] in 1943 at the Torch Theatre in London, followed at the Chanticleer Theatre in 1945 with a revival of Cocteau's The Infernal Machine.[12] He was engaged from 1945 as stage director at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre (BRT).[9] Hired by BRT direct Barry Jackson when he was just twenty years old, Jackson described Brook as "the youngest earthquake I've known".[13]

In 1947, Brook went to Stratford-upon-Avon as assistant director on Romeo and Juliet and Love's Labour's Lost for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre. From 1947 to 1950, he was Director of Productions at the Royal Opera House in London. His work there included an effective re-staging of Puccini's La bohème using sets dating from 1899, in 1948, and a highly controversial staging of Salome by Richard Strauss with sets by Salvador Dalí in 1949.[9][14] A proliferation of stage and screen work as producer and director followed. Howard Richardson's Dark of the Moon at the Ambassadors Theatre, London, in 1949 was an early, much admired production. From 1962, he was director of the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), together with Peter Hall.[9] With them, he directed the first English-language production in 1964 of Marat/Sade by the German playwright Peter Weiss. It transferred to Broadway in 1965 and won the Tony Award for Best Play, and Brook was named Best Director.[15] In 1966, they presented US, an anti-Vietnam War protest play.[16]

Influences

Brook was influenced by the work of Antonin Artaud and his ideas for his Theatre of Cruelty.[12]

In England, Peter Brook and Charles Marowitz undertook The Theatre of Cruelty Season (1964) at the Royal Shakespeare Company, aiming to explore ways in which Artaud's ideas could be used to find new forms of expression and retrain the performer. The result was a showing of 'works in progress' made up of improvisations and sketches, one of which was the premier of Artaud's The Spurt of Blood.

– Lee Jamieson, Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice, Greenwich Exchange, 2007

His greatest influence, however, was Joan Littlewood. Brook described her as "the most galvanising director in mid-20th century Britain". Brook's work was also inspired by the theories of experimental theatre of Jerzy Grotowski,[17] Bertolt Brecht, Chris Covics and Vsevolod Meyerhold and by the works of G. I. Gurdjieff,[18] Edward Gordon Craig,[19] and Matila Ghyka.[20]

Collaborators

Brook collaborated with actors Paul Scofield as Lear, John Gielgud in Measure for Measure,[16] and Glenda Jackson; designers Georges Wakhévitch and Sally Jacobs; and writers Ted Hughes and William Golding. Brook first encountered Wakhévitch in London when he saw the production of Jean Cocteau's ballet Le Jeune Homme et la Mort which Wakhévitch designed. Brook declared that he "was convinced that this was the designer for whom I had been waiting".[21]

International Centre for Theatre Research
Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord, Paris

In 1971, with Micheline Rozan, Brook founded the International Centre for Theatre Research, a multinational company of actors, dancers, musicians and others, which travelled widely in the Middle East and Africa in the early 1970s. It has been based in Paris at the Bouffes du Nord theatre since 1974.[11][9][22] The troupe played at immigrant hostels, in villages and in refugee camps,[11] sometimes for people who had never been exposed to theatre.[16] In 2008 he resigned as its artistic director, beginning a three-year handover to Olivier Mantei and Olivier Poubelle.[23]

The Mahabharata
Main article: The Mahabharata (play)

In the mid-1970s,[24] Brook, with writer Jean-Claude Carrière, began work on adapting the Indian epic poem the Mahabharata into a stage play, which was first performed in 1985[25] and later developed into a televised mini series.

In a long article in 1985, The New York Times noted "overwhelming critical acclaim", and that the play "did nothing less than attempt to transform Hindu myth into universalized art, accessible to any culture".[26] However, many post-colonial scholars have challenged the claim to universalism, accusing the play of orientalism. Gautam Dasgupta wrote that "Brook's Mahabharata falls short of the essential Indianness of the epic by staging predominantly its major incidents and failing to adequately emphasize its coterminous philosophical precepts."[27]

In 2015, Brook returned to the world of The Mahabharata with a new Young Vic production, Battlefield, in collaboration with Jean-Claude Carrière and Marie-Hélène Estienne.[28]

Tierno Bokar

In 2005, Brook directed Tierno Bokar, based on the life of the Malian sufi of the same name.[29] The play was adapted for the stage by Marie-Hélène Estienne from a book by Amadou Hampâté Bâ (translated into English as A Spirit of Tolerance: The Inspiring Life of Tierno Bokar). The book and play detail Bokar's life and message of religious tolerance. Columbia University produced 44 related events, lectures, and workshops that were attended by over 3,200 people throughout the run of Tierno Bokar. Panel discussions focused on topics of religious tolerance and Muslim tradition in West Africa.[30]

Personal life

In 1951, Brook married actress Natasha Parry. They had two children: Irina, an actress and director, and Simon, a director. Parry died of a stroke in July 2015, aged 84.[11][31]

Brook died in Paris on 2 July 2022, aged 97.[11][14]

Work

Sources for Brook's productions are held by the Academy of Arts in Berlin,[9] the Princess of Asturias Foundation,[32] and others.[33][34]

Shakespeare

Brook was fascinated with the works of Shakespeare which he produced in England and elsewhere, in films, and adaptation. In 1945, he began with King John, with designer Paul Shelving at the Birmingham Repertory Theatre.[35] At the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, he directed Measure for Measure in 1950[11] and The Winter's Tale in 1952,[36] both with John Gielgud, followed there by Hamlet Prince of Denmark in 1955, with Paul Scofield (Hamlet), Alec Clunes (Claudius), Diana Wynyard (Gertrude), Mary Ure (Ophelia), Ernest Thesiger (Polonius), Richard Johnson (Laertes), Michael David (Horatio), and Richard Pasco (Fortinbras). Titus Andronicus, with Laurence Olivier and Vivien Leigh, was played there the same year, and also on a European tour in 1957.

Brooks's 1953 staging of King Lear, for the American TV show Omnibus, starred Orson Welles in Welles's first-ever television production.

His first work for the Royal Shakespeare Company was in 1962 King Lear, with Paul Scofield.[37] He created a legendary version of A Midsummer Night's Dream, with designer Sally Jacobs (designer), John Kane (Puck), Frances de la Tour (Helena), Ben Kingsley (Demetrius) and Patrick Stewart (Snout) in 1970. He directed the film King Lear, again with Scofield, in 1971.

He kept producing works by Shakespeare for the Théâtre des Bouffes du Nord, in French, including Timon d'Athènes, adaptated by Jean-Claude Carrière, 1974,[38] Mesure pour mesure in 1978 and as a film a year later, La Tempête, adaptated by Carrière, with Sotigui Kouyaté in 1990.

He directed The Tragedy of Hamlet, with Adrian Lester (Hamlet), Jeffery Kissoon (Claudius / Ghost), Natasha Parry (Gertrude), Shantala Shivalingappa (Ophelia), Bruce Myers (Polonius), Rohan Siva (Laertes / Guildenstern), Scott Handy (Horatio) and Yoshi Oida (Player King / Rosencrantz) in 2000, followed by a TV film version in 2002. In 2009, he directed a theatrical version of sonnets, Love is my Sin. In 2010, Shakespeare was among the authors for the production Warum warum (Why Why), written by Brook and Marie-Hélène Estienne after also Antonin Artaud, Edward Gordon Craig, Charles Dullin, Vsevolod Meyerhold and Motokiyo Zeami.

Works with RSC

Other major productions

Filmography

Awards

Honours

Europe Theatre Prize

In 1989 he was awarded the II Europe Theatre Prize in Taormina, with the following motivation:

In the field of world theatre of the second half of our century, the long theoretical and practical work of Peter Brook has – without any doubt – unrivalled merits, which are – broadly speaking – unique. Brook's first merit is that of having always pursued an authentic research outside the sterile 'routine' of what he has defined as 'Deadly Theatre'. Brook's second merit is that of having been able to use different languages of contemporary scene; in the same way he has been able to unify the variety of languages. Brook's third merit is that of having discovered and given back a bright vitality to some great cultural and theatrical heritages which hitherto had remained distant from us both in space and time. Nevertheless – without any doubt – Brook's noblest and most constant merit is that of having never separated the strictness and finesse of research from the necessity that the result of those ones would have had the audience as their receiver and interlocutor; the audience which is also requested to renew its habits.[61]

Published works
  • — (1968). The Empty Space. Penguin (published 2008). ISBN 978-0-14-118922-2.
  • — (1988). The Shifting Point. UK: Methuen Drama. ISBN 0-413-61280-5.
  • — (1991). Le Diable c'est l'ennui. ISBN 2-86943-321-2. OCLC 708323104.
  • — (1993). There Are No Secrets. Methuen Drama. ISBN 0-413-68140-8. OCLC 29389617.
  • — (1995). The Open Door. ISBN 978-1-55936-102-6.
  • — (1998). Threads of Time: Recollections. ISBN 978-1-887178-35-8.
  • — (1999). Evoking Shakespeare. Nick Hern Books (2nd ed. 2002). ISBN 1-55936-169-7. OCLC 40830170.
  • Brook, Peter; et al. (Alessandro Martinez and Georges Banu) (2004). La voie de Peter Brook [Peter Brook's journey] (in French and English). Translated by Tucciarelli, C.; Watkins, B.; Herbert, I. Premio Europa per il Teatro. ISBN 978-8-89010-141-0.
  • Brook, Peter (2013). The Quality of Mercy: Reflections on Shakespeare. Nick Hern Books. ISBN 978-1-84842-261-2.
  • — (2017). Tip of The Tongue: Reflections on Language and Meaning. Nick Hern Books. ISBN 978-1-84842-672-6.
  • — (2019). Playing by Ear: Reflections on Sound and Music. Nick Hern Books. ISBN 978-1-84842-831-7.

References
  1. "Peter Brook". Encyclopedia Britannica (online ed.). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022.
  2. Taylor, Paul (5 September 2008). "Peter Brook: The director who wrote the book". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  3. "II Edizione". Premio Europa per il Teatro (in Italian). Retrieved 18 December 2022.
  4. Webb. "Peter Brook". jewishlivesproject.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  5. Aronson, Arnold (25 May 2005). "Peter Brook: A Biography". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 June 2013. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
  6. Kustow, Michael (17 October 2013). Peter Brook: A Biography. A & C Black. pp. 5–7. ISBN 978-1-4088-5228-6. Archived from the original on 26 April 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  7. Wittenberg, Isca (27 September 2007). "Obituary: Alexis Brook". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  8. "Category Archives: Memorial Plaques to Theater Artists". russianlandmarks. 7 July 2015. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  9. "Peter Brook / Regisseur, Intendant". Academy of Arts, Berlin (in German). Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  10. "Peter Brook Collection – Archives Hub". archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 4 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  11. Ratcliffe, Michael (3 July 2022). "Peter Brook obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  12. Nightingale, Benedict (3 July 2022). "Peter Brook, Celebrated Stage Director of Scale and Humanity, Dies at 97". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  13. Hartman, Martha (3 July 2022). "Visionary Director Peter Brook, 97, has Died". Opera News.
  14. "Peter Brook: British stage directing great dies aged 97". BBC News. 3 July 2022. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  15. Gordon, David (3 July 2022). "Peter Brook, Legendary Theater Director Behind Landmark Midsummer and Marat/Sade, Dies at 97". TheaterMania. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  16. Stadelmaier, Gerhard (4 July 2022). "Der Mann, der an das Theater glaubte". Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (in German). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  17. Brook, Peter (1968). The Empty Space. [New York] Discus Books.
  18. Nicolescu, Basarab; Williams, David (1997). "Peter Brook and Traditional Thought". Contemporary Theatre Review. Overseas Publishers Association. 7: 11–23. doi:10.1080/10486809708568441. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
  19. Holroyd, Michael (7 March 2009). "Michael Holroyd on Isadora Duncan and Edward Gordon Craig". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  20. Gibbons, Fiachra (17 January 2010). "The prayers of Peter Brook". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 June 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  21. Brook, Peter (1999). Threads of Time: A Memoir. p. 53. ISBN 0-413-73300-9.
  22. Chambers, Colin The Continuum Companion To Twentieth Century Theatre (Continuum, 2002, ISBN 0-8264-4959-X), p. 384.
  23. Chrisafis, Angelique (17 December 2008). "Interview: Peter Brook says a long goodbye to his Paris theatre". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
  24. Morgenstern, Joe (17 April 1988). "Jean-Claude Pierre; the Mahabharata, the great history of mankind – interview about the stage adaptation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
  25. Carriere, Jean-Claude (September 1989). "Jean-Claude Carriere; the Mahabharata, the great history of mankind – interview about the stage adaptation". UNESCO Courier. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2007.
  26. Croyden, Margaret (25 August 1985). "Peter Brook transforms an Indian epic for the stage". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  27. Dasgupta, Gautam (1991). "The Mahabharata: Peter Brook's Orientalism". In Marranca, Bonnie; Gautam, Dasgupta (eds.). Interculturalism and Performance: Writings from PAJ. New York: PAJ Publications. p. 81. ISBN 9781555540579.
  28. Brown, Mark (7 February 2016). "Peter Brook's return to the Mahabharata is breathtaking". The Guardian.
  29. "Peter Brook: all the world's his stage". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
  30. "Tierno Bokar". tiernobokar.columbia.edu. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  31. Billington, Michael (26 July 2015). "Natasha Parry obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
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  34. "Peter Brook". Theatricalia. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  35. "Production of King John". Theatricalia. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  36. "Production of The Winter's Tale". Theatricalia. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  37. "Peter Brook's production of King Lear, 1962". Royal Shakespeare Company. 11 November 1962. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  38. "Peter Brook, Timon d'Athènes". Festival d'Automne à Paris (in French). Retrieved 4 July 2022.
  39. "Collections". Retrieved 12 October 2022.
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Further reading
  • Jamieson, Lee, Antonin Artaud: From Theory to Practice (Greenwich Exchange: London, 2007) Contains practical exercises on Artaud drawn from Brook's Theatre of Cruelty Season at the RSC; ISBN 978-1-871551-98-3
  • Freeman, John, The Greatest Shows on Earth: World Theatre from Peter Brook to the Sydney Olympics. Libri: Oxford; ISBN 978-1-90747-154-4
  • Heilpern, John, Conference of the Birds: The Story of Peter Brook in Africa, Faber, 1977; ISBN 0-571-10372-3
  • Hunt, Albert and Geoffrey Reeves. Peter Brook (Directors in Perspective). Cambridge University Press. (1995)
  • Kustow, Michael. Peter Brook: A Biography. Bloomsbury. (2005), ISBN 0-7475-7646-7 OCLC 57282992
  • Moffitt, Dale (2000). Between two silences : talking with Peter Brook. London: Methuen. ISBN 0-413-75580-0. OCLC 44933150.
  • Todd, Andrew; Lecat, Jean-Guy (2003). The open circle : Peter Brook's theater environments. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 1-4039-6362-2. OCLC 52948936.
  • Trewin, J. C. (1971). Peter Brook: a biography. London: Macdonald and Co. ISBN 0-356-03855-6. OCLC 292582.
  • Trowbridge, Simon (2010). The Company : a biographical dictionary of the Royal Shakespeare Company. Oxford: Editions Albert Creed. ISBN 978-0-9559830-2-3. OCLC 668192625.
  • Zohar, Ouriel, Meetings with Peter Brook, Zohar, Tel-Aviv 176 pp. (1990) (in Hebrew), OCLC 762802105.

Obituaries
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