European political party

Section 41 of the Treaty of Maastricht[15] added Article 138a to the Treaty of Rome. Article 138a (later renumbered to Article 191) stated that "Political parties at European level are important as a factor for integration within the Union. They contribute to forming a European awareness and to expressing the political will of the citizens of the Union." So the concept of a "political party at European level" was born.

Article J.18 and Article K.13 of the Treaty of Amsterdam[16] established who should pay for expenditure authorised by Article 138/191 within certain areas. This provided a mechanism whereby Europarties could be paid for out of the European budget, and the Europarties started to spend the money. Such expenditure included funding national parties, an outcome not originally intended.

Article 2, section 19 of the Treaty of Nice[17] added a second paragraph to Article 191 of the Treaty of Rome. That paragraph stated that "The Council, acting in accordance with the procedure referred to in Article 251, shall lay down the regulations governing political parties at European level and in particular the rules regarding their funding." The reference to "Article 251" refers to co-decision, which meant the European Parliament had to be involved. So Europarty funding had to be regulated by the Council and the European Parliament, acting together.

Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003[18] defined what a "political party at European level" actually was and specified that funding should not go to national parties, either directly or indirectly. This meant that European money should stay at the Europarty level and, as a result, the nascent Europarties started to organise themselves on a more European basis instead of acting as a mechanism for funding national parties.

That regulation was later heavily amended by the Decision of the Bureau of the European Parliament of 29 March 2004[19] and by other amendments, the latest of which is Regulation (EC) No 1524/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2007[20] These amendments tightened up the procedures and funding and provided for the earlier-floated[21] concept of a "political foundation at European level". This meant that the Europarties can set up and fund legally separate affiliated think-tanks (the Eurofoundations) to aid them, although funding national parties remains forbidden. The revised regulation also gives Europarties the exclusive responsibility to campaign for the European elections and can use their funds for this purpose (their corresponding political groups of the European Parliament are strictly forbidden to campaign).

Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014[22] overhauled the existing framework for European political parties and foundations, including by giving them legal status, and establishes an Authority for the purpose of registering, controlling and imposing sanctions on European political parties and European political foundations. The authority will be a body of the European Union.

This regulation repealed Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003, however the provisions of that regulation shall continue to apply for the 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 budget years. Although it came into force on 24 November 2014, the regulations shall only apply from 1 January 2017. The authority shall however be set up by 1 September 2016. European political parties and European political foundations registered after 1 January 2017 may only apply for funding under this Regulation for activities starting in the 2018 budget year or thereafter.

• The Alliance of Independent Democrats in Europe, a loose association of Eurosceptics and nationalists, met the recognition threshold from 2006 to 2008.[23][24][25]
• The heterogeneous Alliance for Europe of the Nations, which included moderate nationalists, national conservatives and Eurosceptics, met the recognition threshold from 2004 to 2009.[23][24][25]
• The Eurosceptic, national conservative, right populist Movement for a Europe of Liberties and Democracy was recognised from 2012 to 2016.
• On 1 November 2008 Declan Ganley had registered a company in Dublin called the Libertas Party Ltd.[26] Libertas applied for Europarty recognition which was briefly granted but then suspended following the disavowal of two of its candidates.

As of 1 November 2008, the regulation governing Europarties is Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003,[27] as later amended[28] under codecision (see above). According to that regulation's European Commission factsheet,[29] for a party to become a Europarty it must meet the following criteria:

• it must have legal personality in the member state in which its seat is located.
• it must observe the founding principles of the European Union, namely the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law.
• it must have participated, or intend to participate, in elections to the European Parliament.
• it must have in at least one quarter of the member states, one or both of the following:
  • either it must have received at least 3% of the votes cast in each of those Member States at the most recent European Parliament elections.
  • or it must already be represented by members, whether members of the European Parliament for those states, or members of the national parliaments of those states, or members of the regional parliaments of those states, or members of the regional assemblies of those states.
• it must publish its revenue and expenditure annually.
• it must publish a statement of its assets and liabilities annually.
• it must provide a list of its donors and their donations exceeding €500.
• it must not accept anonymous donations.
• it must not accept donations exceeding €12,000 per year and per donor.
• it must not accept donations from the budgets of political groups of the European Parliament.
• it must not accept more than 40% of a national political party's annual budget.
• it must not accept donations from any company over which the public authorities may exercise a dominant influence, either by virtue of their ownership of it, or by their financial participation therein.
• it must get at least 15% of its budget from sources other than its European Union funding.
• it must submit its application by 30 September before the financial year that it wants funding for.

Regulation (EU, Euratom) No 1141/2014 created the Authority for European political parties and foundations (APPF), an independent supervisory body for oversight of European political parties and foundations.[30]

The initial total funding for 2012 was €15 million pre-financing. A further 20% (18.9 million) was given later on in the next year after accounts are presented, with yet further €9.720 million pre-financing for the foundations.[23][24][31]

All current Europarties are mostly made up of national parties, individual members (MP or MEPs): MPs who are members of member parties can become members of the Europarty. Additionally, people can become individual members of the Europarty without having to join a national party first (e.g. Marian Harkin, who is an individual member of the European Democratic Party).

• European National Front (ENF): Network of ultra-nationalist and far-right parties in Europe.
• Alliance for Direct Democracy in Europe (ADDE)
• European Alliance for Freedom (EAF)
• Europeans United for Democracy (formerly: EUDemocrats, EUD)
• Newropeans: Political movement of citizens with democratisation of the EU as the main focus.
• Alliance of European National Movements (AENM): Ultranationalism, Russophilia
• Now the People, (Maintenant le Peuple, MLP): leftist political party.
• European Party for Individual Liberty: Libertarian political party.

• Nordic Green Left Alliance: Scandinavian socialists and greens.
• Centre Group: Scandinavian greens, liberals, agrarians and Christian democrats
• Conservative Group: Scandinavian conservatives
• The Social Democratic Group: Scandinavian social democrats
• Nordic Freedom: Scandinavian right-wing populists

• Euronat: Far-right ultranationalist parties, including the British National Party of the United Kingdom and the National Front of France.
• Movement for European Reform: Conservative and Atlanticist Eurosceptics; springboard for the formation of European Conservatives and Reformists
• European Democratic Union: Christian democratic and conservative parties.
• Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties: Network of orthodox communist parties in Europe; anti-revisionist and against Eurocommunist reforms.