Río Cachirí Group

The Río Cachirí Group (Spanish: Grupo Río Cachirí, PZc) is a geological group of the Cesar-Ranchería Basin, Colombia and the Serranía del Perijá of the northernmost Colombian and Venezuelan Andes. The group of shales, sandstones and limestones is of Devonian age and has a maximum thickness in the Venezuelan section of 2,438 metres (7,999 ft). The group contains abundant fauna; crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs have been found in the group.

Río Cachirí Group
Stratigraphic range: Devonian
TypeGeological group
Unit ofCesar-Ranchería Basin, Serranía del Perijá
Sub-unitsCaño Grande Fm., Caño del Oeste Fm., Campo Chico Fm., Los Guineos Fm.
UnderliesCarboniferous sequence
OverliesPerijá Formation
Thickness~1,100 m (3,600 ft) (Colombia)
2,438 m (7,999 ft) (Venezuela)
Lithology
PrimaryShale, sandstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Coordinates10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W
RegionCesar, La Guajira
Zulia
Country Colombia
 Venezuela
Extent~110 km (68 mi) (Venezuela)
Type section
Named forRío Cachirí
Named byLiddle
LocationMara
Year defined1928
Coordinates10°50′03″N 72°14′23″W
RegionZulia
Country Venezuela
Thickness at type section2,438 m (7,999 ft)

Paleogeography of the Middle Devonian
380 Ma, by Stampfli & Borel

Etymology and definition

The formation was defined by Liddle in 1928 in Río Cachirí, part of Mara, Zulia, in the Venezuelan part of the Serranía del Perijá, and the same author subdivided the group into three formations in 1943. In 1972, Bowen added a fourth formation to the group.[1]

Description

Lithologies

The group contains black, grey and red shales, grey micaceous sandstones, quartzitic sandstones and red and bluish grey limestones.[1]

Stratigraphy and correlation

The Río Cachirí Group, dated to span the Devonian, is subdivided into the Caño Grande, Caño del Oeste, Campo Chico and Los Guineos Formations. The maximum thickness has been recorded in Venezuela, with 2,438 metres (7,999 ft), while the thickness on the Colombian side of the range does not exceed 1,100 metres (3,600 ft).[1] The group is recognised along a section of approximately 110 kilometres (68 mi) in the Venezuelan terrain.[2] The group unconformably overlies the Perijá Formation and is overlain by an unnamed Carboniferous sequence. The Río Cachirí Group is time-equivalent with the Floresta and Cuche Formations of the Floresta Massif, Altiplano Cundiboyacense and the Quetame Group of the Eastern Ranges.[3] The sediments of the Río Cachirí Group were deposited in an epicontinental sea at the edge of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean.[1]

Fossil content

The group contains abundant fossils of crinoids, bryozoa, brachiopods and molluscs as Acrospirifer olssoni, Spirifer kingi, Leptaena boyaca, Fenestella venezuelansis, Neospirifer latus, Composita subtilita, Phricodrotis planoconvexa and Pecten sp.[4]

Outcrops

Río Cachirí Group is located in Venezuela
Río Cachirí Group
Type locality of the Río Cachirí Group in Venezuela

Apart from its type locality on the eastern flank of the Serranía del Perijá in Zulia, Venezuela, the formation is also found in other parts of the mountain range, on the Colombian western side in the east of San Diego and Curumaní, Cesar.[5][6]

Regional correlations

Stratigraphy of the Llanos Basin and surrounding provinces
MaAgePaleomapRegional eventsCatatumboCordilleraproximal Llanosdistal LlanosPutumayoVSMEnvironmentsMaximum thicknessPetroleum geologyNotes
0.01Holocene
Holocene volcanism
Seismic activity
alluviumOverburden
1Pleistocene
Pleistocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
Glaciations
GuayaboSoatá
Sabana
NecesidadGuayaboGigante
Neiva
Alluvial to fluvial (Guayabo)550 m (1,800 ft)
(Guayabo)
[7][8][9][10]
2.6Pliocene
Pliocene volcanism
Andean orogeny 3
GABI
Subachoque
5.3MessinianAndean orogeny 3
Foreland
MarichuelaCaimánHonda[9][11]
13.5LanghianRegional floodingLeónhiatusCajaLeónLacustrine (León)400 m (1,300 ft)
(León)
Seal[10][12]
16.2BurdigalianMiocene inundations
Andean orogeny 2
C1Carbonera C1OspinaProximal fluvio-deltaic (C1)850 m (2,790 ft)
(Carbonera)
Reservoir[11][10]
17.3C2Carbonera C2Distal lacustrine-deltaic (C2)Seal
19C3Carbonera C3Proximal fluvio-deltaic (C3)Reservoir
21Early MiocenePebas wetlandsC4Carbonera C4BarzalosaDistal fluvio-deltaic (C4)Seal
23Late Oligocene
Andean orogeny 1
Foredeep
C5Carbonera C5OritoProximal fluvio-deltaic (C5)Reservoir[8][11]
25C6Carbonera C6Distal fluvio-lacustrine (C6)Seal
28Early OligoceneC7C7PepinoGualandayProximal deltaic-marine (C7)Reservoir[8][11][13]
32Oligo-EoceneC8UsmeC8onlapMarine-deltaic (C8)Seal
Source
[13]
35Late Eocene
MiradorMiradorCoastal (Mirador)240 m (790 ft)
(Mirador)
Reservoir[10][14]
40Middle EoceneRegaderahiatus
45
50Early Eocene
SochaLos CuervosDeltaic (Los Cuervos)260 m (850 ft)
(Los Cuervos)
Seal
Source
[10][14]
55Late PaleocenePETM
2000 ppm CO2
Los CuervosBogotáGualanday
60Early PaleoceneSALMABarcoGuaduasBarcoRumiyacoFluvial (Barco)225 m (738 ft)
(Barco)
Reservoir[7][8][11][10][15]
65Maastrichtian
KT extinctionCatatumboGuadalupeMonserrateDeltaic-fluvial (Guadalupe)750 m (2,460 ft)
(Guadalupe)
Reservoir[7][10]
72CampanianEnd of riftingColón-Mito Juan[10][16]
83SantonianVilleta/Güagüaquí
86Coniacian
89TuronianCenomanian-Turonian anoxic eventLa LunaChipaqueGachetáhiatusRestricted marine (all)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Gachetá)
Source[7][10][17]
93Cenomanian
Rift 2
100AlbianUneUneCaballosDeltaic (Une)500 m (1,600 ft)
(Une)
Reservoir[11][17]
113Aptian
CapachoFómequeMotemaYavíOpen marine (Fómeque)800 m (2,600 ft)
(Fómeque)
Source (Fóm)[8][10][18]
125BarremianHigh biodiversityAguardientePajaShallow to open marine (Paja)940 m (3,080 ft)
(Paja)
Reservoir[7]
129Hauterivian
Rift 1Tibú-
Mercedes
Las JuntashiatusDeltaic (Las Juntas)910 m (2,990 ft)
(Las Juntas)
Reservoir (LJun)[7]
133ValanginianRío NegroCáqueza
Macanal
Rosablanca
Restricted marine (Macanal)2,935 m (9,629 ft)
(Macanal)
Source (Mac)[8][19]
140BerriasianGirón
145TithonianBreak-up of PangeaJordánArcabucoBuenavista
Batá
SaldañaAlluvial, fluvial (Buenavista)110 m (360 ft)
(Buenavista)
"Jurassic"[11][20]
150Early-Mid Jurassic
Passive margin 2La Quinta
Montebel

Noreán
hiatusCoastal tuff (La Quinta)100 m (330 ft)
(La Quinta)
[21]
201Late Triassic
MucuchachiPayandé[11]
235Early Triassic
Pangeahiatus"Paleozoic"
250Permian
300Late Carboniferous
Famatinian orogenyCerro Neiva
()
[22]
340Early CarboniferousFossil fish
Romer's gap
Cuche
(355-385)
Farallones
()
Deltaic, estuarine (Cuche)900 m (3,000 ft)
(Cuche)
360Late Devonian
Passive margin 1Río Cachirí
(360-419)
Ambicá
()
Alluvial-fluvial-reef (Farallones)2,400 m (7,900 ft)
(Farallones)
[19][23][24][25][26]
390Early Devonian
High biodiversityFloresta
(387-400)
El Tíbet
Shallow marine (Floresta)600 m (2,000 ft)
(Floresta)
410Late SilurianSilurian mystery
425Early Silurianhiatus
440Late Ordovician
Rich fauna in BoliviaSan Pedro
(450-490)
Duda
()
470Early OrdovicianFirst fossilsBusbanzá
(>470±22)
Chuscales
Otengá
Guape
()
Río Nevado
()
Hígado
()
Agua Blanca
Venado
(470-475)
[27][28][29]
488Late Cambrian
Regional intrusionsChicamocha
(490-515)
Quetame
()
Ariarí
()
SJ del Guaviare
(490-590)
San Isidro
()
[30][31]
515Early CambrianCambrian explosion[29][32]
542Ediacaran
Break-up of Rodiniapre-Quetamepost-ParguazaEl Barro
()
Yellow: allochthonous basement
(Chibcha Terrane)
Green: autochthonous basement
(Río Negro-Juruena Province)
Basement[33][34]
600Neoproterozoic
Cariri Velhos orogenyBucaramanga
(600-1400)
pre-Guaviare[30]
800
Snowball Earth[35]
1000Mesoproterozoic
Sunsás orogenyAriarí
(1000)
La Urraca
(1030-1100)
[36][37][38][39]
1300Rondônia-Juruá orogenypre-AriaríParguaza
(1300-1400)
Garzón
(1180-1550)
[40]
1400
pre-Bucaramanga[41]
1600PaleoproterozoicMaimachi
(1500-1700)
pre-Garzón[42]
1800
Tapajós orogenyMitú
(1800)
[40][42]
1950Transamazonic orogenypre-Mitú[40]
2200Columbia
2530Archean
Carajas-Imataca orogeny[40]
3100Kenorland
Sources
Legend
  • group
  • important formation
  • fossiliferous formation
  • minor formation
  • (age in Ma)
  • proximal Llanos (Medina)[note 1]
  • distal Llanos (Saltarin 1A well)[note 2]

See also

Geology of the Eastern Hills
Geology of the Ocetá Páramo
Geology of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense

Notes

  1. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43], García González et al. (2009),[44] and geological report of Villavicencio[45]
  2. based on Duarte et al. (2019)[43] and the hydrocarbon potential evaluation performed by the UIS and ANH in 2009[46]

References

  1. Ayala, 2009, p.20
  2. Hernández Ferrer, 2011, p.47
  3. Ayala, 2009, p.21
  4. García González et al., 2007, p.68
  5. Plancha 34, 2007
  6. Plancha 48, 2008
  7. García González et al., 2009, p.27
  8. García González et al., 2009, p.50
  9. García González et al., 2009, p.85
  10. Barrero et al., 2007, p.60
  11. Barrero et al., 2007, p.58
  12. Plancha 111, 2001, p.29
  13. Plancha 177, 2015, p.39
  14. Plancha 111, 2001, p.26
  15. Plancha 111, 2001, p.24
  16. Plancha 111, 2001, p.23
  17. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.32
  18. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.30
  19. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.21-26
  20. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, p.28
  21. Correa Martínez et al., 2019, p.49
  22. Plancha 303, 2002, p.27
  23. Terraza et al., 2008, p.22
  24. Plancha 229, 2015, pp.46-55
  25. Plancha 303, 2002, p.26
  26. Moreno Sánchez et al., 2009, p.53
  27. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.43
  28. Manosalva Sánchez et al., 2017, p.84
  29. Plancha 303, 2002, p.24
  30. Mantilla Figueroa et al., 2015, p.42
  31. Arango Mejía et al., 2012, p.25
  32. Plancha 350, 2011, p.49
  33. Pulido & Gómez, 2001, pp.17-21
  34. Plancha 111, 2001, p.13
  35. Plancha 303, 2002, p.23
  36. Plancha 348, 2015, p.38
  37. Planchas 367-414, 2003, p.35
  38. Toro Toro et al., 2014, p.22
  39. Plancha 303, 2002, p.21
  40. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.19
  41. Gómez Tapias et al., 2015, p.209
  42. Bonilla et al., 2016, p.22
  43. Duarte et al., 2019
  44. García González et al., 2009
  45. Pulido & Gómez, 2001
  46. García González et al., 2009, p.60

Bibliography

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