Regulation of electronic cigarettes

Regulation of electronic cigarettes varies across countries and states, ranging from no regulation to banning them entirely.[1] As of 2015, around two thirds of major nations have regulated e-cigarettes in some way.[2]

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in the world:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

Dynamics

Because of the potential relationship with tobacco laws and medical drug policies, e-cigarette legislation is being debated in many countries.[3] The companies that make e-cigarettes have been pushing for laws that support their interests.[4] In 2016 the US Department of Transportation banned the use of e-cigarettes on commercial flights.[5] This regulation applies to all flights to and from the US.[5] In 2018, the Royal College of Physicians asked that a balance is found in regulations over e-cigarettes that ensure product safety while encouraging smokers to use them instead of tobacco, as well as keep an eye on any effects contrary to the control agencies for tobacco.[6]

E-cigarettes were illegal in Japan, which forced the market to use heat-not-burn tobacco products for cigarette alternatives.[7] Others have introduced strict restrictions and some have licensed devices as medicines such as in the UK.[8] as of February 2018, there is no e-cigarette device that has been given a medical license that is commercially sold or available by prescription in the UK.[9]:46

The legal status of e-cigarettes is currently pending in many countries.[10] Many countries such as Brazil, Singapore, Uruguay,[8] and India have banned e-cigarettes.[11] Canada-wide in 2014, they were technically illegal to sell, as no nicotine-containing e-cigarettes are not regulated by Health Canada, but this is generally unenforced and they are commonly available for sale Canada-wide.[12] In 2016, Health Canada announced plans to regulate vaping products.[13] In the US and the UK, the use and sale to adults of e-cigarettes are legal.[14]:US[15]:UK

The revised EU Tobacco Products Directive came into effect May 2016, providing stricter regulations for e-cigarettes.[16] It limits e-cigarette advertising in print, on television and radio, along with reducing the level of nicotine in liquids and reducing the flavors used.[17] It does not ban vaping in public places.[18] It requires the purchaser for e-cigarettes to be at least 18 and does not permit buying them for anyone less than 18 years of age.[9]:39 The updated Tobacco Products Directive has been disputed by tobacco lobbyists whose businesses could be impacted by these revisions.[19]

As of August 8, 2016, the FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes, e-liquid and all related products.[20] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[21] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[21] A photo ID is now required to buy e-cigarettes,[22] and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted in the US.[21] As of August 2017, regulatory compliance deadlines relating to premarket review requirements for most e-cigarette and e-liquid products have been extended from November 2017 to August 8, 2022,[23][24] which attracted a lawsuit filed by the American Heart Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, and other plaintiffs.[25]

In May 2016 the FDA used its authority under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act to deem e-cigarette devices and e-liquids to be tobacco products, which meant it intended to regulate the marketing, labelling, and manufacture of devices and liquids; vape shops that mix e-liquids or make or modify devices were considered manufacturing sites that needed to register with FDA and comply with good manufacturing practice regulation.[26] E-cigarette and tobacco companies have recruited lobbyists in an effort to prevent the FDA from evaluating e-cigarette products or banning existing products already on the market.[27]

In February 2014 the European Parliament passed regulations requiring standardization and quality control for liquids and vaporizers, disclosure of ingredients in liquids, and child-proofing and tamper-proofing for liquid packaging.[28] In April 2014 the FDA published proposed regulations for e-cigarettes.[29][30] In the US some states tax e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments have broadened their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[31] As of April 2017, 12 US states and 615 localities had prohibited the use of e-cigarettes in venues in which traditional cigarette smoking was prohibited.[32] In 2015, at least 48 states and 2 territories had banned e-cigarette sales to minors.[33]

E-cigarettes containing nicotine have been listed as drug delivery devices in a number of countries, and the marketing of such products has been restricted or put on hold until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.[34] Since they do not contain tobacco, television advertising in the US is not restricted.[35] Some countries have regulated e-cigarettes as a medical product even though they have not approved them as a smoking cessation aid.[36] A 2014 review stated the emerging phenomenon of e-cigarettes has raised concerns in the health community, governments, and the general public and recommended that e-cigarettes should be regulated to protect consumers.[37] It added, "heavy regulation by restricting access to e-cigarettes would just encourage continuing use of much unhealthier tobacco smoking."[37] A 2014 review said regulation of the e-cigarette should be considered on the basis of reported adverse health effects.[36]

Africa

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in Africa:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

Currently, the majority of countries in Africa have implemented laws that govern the sale, distribution, importation, and usage of electronic cigarettes. However, the existing laws on tobacco control do not extend to e-cigarettes or other electronic smoking devices since they specifically define tobacco products as those made from the tobacco plant. As a result, regulations such as minimum age requirements for sales, smoking bans, advertisement bans, and other sales restrictions (such as online trading or vending machine sales) are not legally regulated and therefore permitted.

Notable exceptions to this trend are Ethiopia,[38] Gambia,[39] Mauritius,[40] Seychelles,[41] and Uganda,[42] which have outright banned the manufacturing, sale, supply, and importation of electronic cigarettes. In the case of Ghana,[43] although a ban on recreational e-cigarette sales is in place, there is a provision for exceptions in a medical context, effectively resulting in a de facto ban. Similarly, South Africa[44] has taken a similar approach by restricting e-cigarettes with nicotine to patients with a medical prescription. However, unlike Ghana, e-cigarettes without nicotine are legally available to anyone in South Africa.

Country Administrative division De jure Notes
Legal status Policy
Nicotine-containing catridges Nicotine-free cartridges Purchase age Smoking ban Advertising
 Algeria legal[45] legal[45] unregulated[45] unregulated[45] unregulated[45] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[45]
 Angola legal[46] legal[46] unregulated[46] unregulated[46] unregulated[46] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[46]
 Benin legal[47] legal[47] unregulated[47] applies[47] unregulated[47] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[47]
 Botswana legal[48] legal[48] 21[47] applies[47] prohibited[47]
 Burundi legal[49] legal[49] unregulated[49] unregulated[49] unregulated[49] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[49]
 Cameroon legal[50] legal[50] unregulated[50] unregulated[50] unregulated[50] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[50]
 Cape Verde legal[51] legal[51] 18[51] applies[51] prohibited[51]
 Central African Republic legal[52] legal[52] unregulated[52] unregulated[52] unregulated[52] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[52]
 Chad legal[53] legal[53] unregulated[53] unregulated[53] unregulated[53] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[53]
 Comoros legal[54] legal[54] unregulated[54] unregulated[54] unregulated[54] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[54]
 Democratic Republic of the Congo legal[55] legal[55] unregulated[55] unregulated[55] unregulated[55] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[55]
 Djibouti legal[56] legal[56] unregulated[56] unregulated[56] unregulated[56] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[56]
 Egypt legal[57] legal[57] 18[58] applies[57] restricted[57]
 Equatorial Guinea legal[59] legal[59] unregulated[59] unregulated[59] unregulated[59] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[59]
 Eritrea legal[60] legal[60] unregulated[60] unregulated[60] unregulated[60] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[60]
 Eswatini legal[61] legal[61] unregulated[61] unregulated[61] unregulated[61] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[61]
 Ethiopia banned[38] banned[38] unregulated[38] unregulated[38] unregulated[38]
 Gabon legal[62] legal[62] unregulated[62] unregulated[62] unregulated[62] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[62]
 Gambia banned[39] banned[39] unregulated[39] unregulated[39] unregulated[39]
 Ghana only with prescription[43] only with prescription[43] 18[43] applies[43] prohibited[43] In July 2023 Ghana's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) outlawed the recreational use of e-cigarettes. From now on a medical prescription will be required to buy e-cigarettes with and without nicotine.[43]
 Guinea-Bissau legal[63] legal[63] unregulated[63] unregulated[63] unregulated[63] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[63]
 Kenya legal[64] legal[64] 18[64] unregulated[64] unregulated[64] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[64]
 Lesotho legal[65] legal[65] unregulated[65] unregulated[65] unregulated[65] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[65]
 Liberia legal[66] legal[66] unregulated[66] unregulated[66] unregulated[66] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[66]
 Libya legal[67] legal[67] unregulated[67] unregulated[67] unregulated[67] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[67]
 Malawi legal[68] legal[68] unregulated[68] unregulated[68] unregulated[68] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[68]
 Mauritania legal[69] legal[69] unregulated[69] unregulated[69] unregulated[69] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[69]
 Mauritius banned[40] banned[40] 18[40] applies[40] prohibited[40] In 2022 a law was passed that prohibited the import, manufacturing, sale and distribution of e-cigarettes.[40]
 Morocco legal[70] legal[70] unregulated[70] unregulated[70] unregulated[70] So far e-cigarattes and liquids with and without nicotine are not regulated in Marocco. Since most products are imported from the European market the nicotin content is limited to 20 mg/ml.[70]
 Mozambique legal[71] legal[71] unregulated[71] unregulated[71] unregulated[71] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[71]
 Namibia legal[72] legal[72] unregulated[72] unregulated[72] unregulated[72] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[72]
 Niger legal[73] legal[73] unregulated[73] unregulated[73] unregulated[73] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[73]
 Nigeria legal[74] legal[74] unregulated[74] unregulated[74] unregulated[74] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[74]
 Republic of the Congo legal[75] legal[75] unregulated[75] unregulated[75] unregulated[75] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[75]
 Rwanda legal[76] legal[76] unregulated[76] unregulated[76] unregulated[76] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[76]
 Senegal legal[77] legal[77] 18[77] applies[77] prohibited[77]
 Seychelles banned[41] banned[41] unregulated[41] applies[40] prohibited[40]
 Somalia legal[78] legal[78] unregulated[78] unregulated[78] unregulated[78] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[78]
 South Africa only with prescription[44] legal[44] unregulated[44] unregulated[44] unregulated[44] E-cigarettes containing nicotine have been categorized by the South African Medicines Control Council as a scheduled drug, specifically falling under Schedule 3 of the Medicines and Related Substances Act. As per the provisions of this act, substances listed under Schedule 3 can only be sold in pharmacies and require a prescription for purchase.[44]
 South Sudan legal[79] legal[79] unregulated[79] unregulated[79] unregulated[79] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[79]
 Sudan legal[80] legal[80] unregulated[80] unregulated[80] unregulated[80] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[80]
 Tanzania legal[81] legal[81] unregulated[81] unregulated[81] unregulated[81] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[81] There is a proposal to outlaw the importation, sale and consumption of e-cigarettes and shisha.[82]
 Togo legal[83] legal[83] 18[83] applies[83] prohibited[83]
 Tunisia legal[84] legal[84] 18[84] applies[84] restricted[84]
 Uganda banned[42] banned[42] unregulated[42] unregulated[42] unregulated[42] Under the provisions of the Tobacco Control Act of 2015, e-cigarettes are categorized as electronic nicotine delivery systems. The Act strictly prohibits the sale, offering for sale, distribution, importation, manufacturing, and processing of both nicotine-containing and non-nicotine e-cigarettes. Furthermore, the Act prohibits the entry of e-cigarettes into the country.[42]
 Western Sahara unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Zambia legal[85] legal[85] unregulated[85] unregulated[85] unregulated[85] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[85]
 Zimbabwe legal[86] legal[86] unregulated[86] unregulated[86] unregulated[86] Currently there is no specific law regulating e-cigarettes.[86]

Asia

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in Oceania:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

Several countries and jurisdictions in Asia, including Bhutan,[87] Brunei,[88] Cambodia,[89] Hong Kong,[90] Macau,[91] Iran,[92] Iraq,[93] Lebanon,[94] North Korea,[95] Oman,[96] Palestine,[97] Qatar,[98] Singapore,[99] Sri Lanka,[100] Syria, Taiwan,[101] Thailand,[102] and Turkmenistan,[103] have implemented bans on the importation, sale, and distribution of electronic cigarettes.

In Malaysia,[104] e-cigarettes containing nicotine are classified as medicinal products requiring a medical prescription, while nicotine-free products can be legally sold without limitations. However, certain Muslim-majority states such as Penang, Kedah, Johor, and Kelantan have enacted laws that completely prohibit the sale of e-cigarettes, regardless of nicotine content. Similarly, in Japan,[105] e-cigarettes without nicotine can be freely sold, while those with nicotine are considered medicinal products requiring registration. As of now, no medicinal e-cigarettes have been approved. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has issued a statement permitting the private importation of medicinal e-cigarettes for personal use, provided the imported quantity is less than a one-month supply.

On the other hand, countries like mainland China,[106] Israel,[107] Jordan,[108] Kazakhstan,[109] Kyrgyzstan,[110] Saudi Arabia,[111] and the United Arab Emirates[112] have implemented laws that set maximum limits on the nicotine content allowed in e-cigarette liquids.

Country Administrative division De jure Notes
Legal status Policy
Nicotine-containing catridges Nicotine-free cartridges Purchase age Smoking ban Advertising
 Afghanistan legal[113] legal[113] unregulated[113] unregulated[113] unregulated[113] Currently there is no specific law regulation e-cigarettes.[113]
 Bahrain legal[114] legal[114] 18[114] applies[114] restricted[114] The country recently allowed the import of e-cigarettes[114] and taxes them like tobacco products.[115]
 Bangladesh legal[116] legal[116] unregulated[116] unregulated[116] unregulated[116] The Secretary for health education to the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare stated that they have plan to impose ban on the production, import and sale of electronic cigarettes and all vaping tobaccos to prevent health consequences.[117]
 Bhutan banned[87] banned[87] 18[87] applies[87] restricted[87] In 2004, Bhutan implemented a ban on the production and sale of tobacco and tobacco-related products, which encompassed e-cigarettes as well. However, individuals are allowed to bring e-cigarette products into the country for personal use, with the condition that import duties are paid and carriers can provide evidence of taxation.[87]
 Brunei banned[88] banned[88] 18[88] applies[88] unregulated[88] Categorized as products imitating tobacco, items that imitate tobacco products are restricted by the Tobacco Order, which prohibits their sale, offer for sale, or importation. Furthermore, their usage is not allowed in specific public locations and on public transportation, as outlined in the Tobacco Order. Additionally, preparations containing nicotine levels exceeding 7.5 percent are classified as poisons. According to the Poisons Act, individuals must obtain a license or permit from the Pharmacy Enforcement Unit of the Ministry of Health to import, possess for sale, or offer for sale any such poison.[118]
 Cambodia banned[89] banned[89] 18[89] applies[89] unregulated[89]
 China  China (mainland) below 20 mg/ml legal[106] legal[106] 18[106] applies[106] restricted[106] Only tobacco flavor permitted. Ban on flavors does not apply to export products.[119]
 Hong Kong banned[90] banned[90] 18[90] applies[90] restricted[90] Alternative smoking products ("ASPs") are defined under Part 2 of Schedule 7 to the Smoking (Public Health) Ordinance (Cap. 371). Import, promotion, manufacture, sale or possession for commercial purposes of ASPs is banned and punishable to a fine of HK$50,000 and imprisonment for 6 months.[120]
 Macau banned[91] banned[91] 18[91] applies[91] restricted[91]
 East Timor banned[121] banned[121] unregulated[121] unregluated[121] unregulated[121]
 India banned[122] banned[122] unregulated[122] unregluated[122] prohibited[122] On 18 September 2019, the Government of India imposed a ban on sale and production of e-cigarettes.[123] Importing e-cigarettes is also banned in India.[124][nb 1]
 Indonesia legal[130] legal[130] unregulated[130] unregluated[130] unregulated[130] From 1 July 2018, Indonesian Government starting to impose 57% tax on e-liquid, but then postponed until 1 October.[131] Indonesian Government estimates the contribution from the tax would contribute around 100-200 billion rupiah.[132] The tax is based on Finance Ministerial Regulation No. 146/010/2017 on tobacco.[133]
 Iran banned[92] banned[92] unregulated[92] applies[92] unregulated[92]
 Iraq banned[93] banned[93] unregulated[93] unregulated[93] unregulated[93]
 Israel below 20 mg/ml legal[107] legal[107] 18[107] applies[107] restricted[107] In 2013, the Ministry of Health planned to extend existing laws on smoking in public places to e-cigarettes, a year after warning against the product's usage.[134]
 Japan de facto ban[105] legal[105] unregulated[105] unregulated[105] unregulated[105] E-cigarettes containing nicotine were banned starting in 2010.[135] Non-nicotine e-cigarettes are sold to adults and minors since no regulation exists for non-nicotine e-cigarettes in Japan.[135] While it is legal if the e-cigarette is registered as a medicinal product so far there have been no approved medicinal e-cigarettes. However, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare has released a statement allowing the private importation of medicinal e-cigarettes, under the condition that it is strictly for personal use and the quantity imported is less than a one-month supply.[105]
 Jordan below 20 mg/ml legal[108] legal[108] 19[136] applies[108] restricted[108] Flavors must be food grade.[108]
 Kazakhstan below 1 mg/m3 legal[109] legal[109] 21[109] applies[109] restricted[109]
 Kuwait legal[137] legal[137] 21[137] unregulated[137] unregulated[137] In 2016, the sale, importation and usage of e-cigarettes was made legal.[138]
 Kyrgyzstan below 20 mg/ml legal[110] legal[110] 18[110] applies[110] prohibited[110] It is uncertain whether the use of flavors is banned in e-cigarettes.[110]
 Lebanon banned[94] banned[94] unregulated[94] applies[94] prohibited[94]
 Malaysia  Malaysia only with prescription[104] legal[104] none (without nicotine)
18 (with nicotine)[104]
applies[104] prohibited[104] In 2015, the Malaysian National Fatwa Council issued a fatwa declaring e-cigarettes haram (forbidden) because of their harmful health effects and bad smell.[139] Though the fatwa is not legally binding,[140] it carries weight for religious Muslims and has caused the governments of four majority-Muslim states—Penang, Kedah, Johor, and Kelantan—to ban vaping.[139] As a response to the fatwa, the Malaysian federal government began regulating e-liquid ingredients and vape sales to minors in 2018, marking the first federal regulations of the 2.5 billion ringgit (US$610 million) industry.[141] A petition called "Selamatkan anak-anak Malaysia" was launched by Parent & Teacher Action Group Malaysia to urge government to ban (totally) e-cigarette and vape in Malaysia, which they managed to collect more than 100,000 signatures so far.[142] Only licensed pharmacies or registered medical practitioners are authorized to sell e-cigarettes containing nicotine. Effective January 1, 2021, e-liquids will be subjected to a 10% ad valorem excise tax and an excise duty of 40 cents per milliliter of liquid.[104]
 Penang
 Kedah
 Johor
 Kelantan
banned[139] banned[139]
 Maldives legal[143] legal[143] 18[143] applies[143] prohibited[143]
 Mongolia legal[144] legal[144] unregulated[144] unregulated[144] unregulated[144] Currently there are no laws regulating e-cigarettes.[144]
 Myanmar unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
   Nepal legal[145] legal[145] unregulated[145] applies[145] prohibited[145] Single use e-cigarettes are prohibited.[145]
 North Korea banned[95] banned[95] unknown unknown unknown
 Oman banned[96] banned[96] unknown unknown unknown
 Pakistan legal[146] legal[146] unregulated[146] unregulated[146] unregulated[146] So far there are now laws regulating e-cigarettes.[146]
 Palestine banned[97] banned[97] unregulated[97] unregulated[97] unregulated[97] Regulations of e-cigarette use is unknown, but the sales of e-cigarettes is banned by the Palestinian National Authority.[97]
 Philippines legal[147] legal[147] 21[147] applies[147] prohibited[147] All flavors except for plain tobacco and plain menthol are prohibited.[147]
 Qatar banned[98] banned[98] unregulated[98] unregulated[98] unregulated[98] E-cigarettes have been illegal since 2014.[148]
 Saudi Arabia below 20 mg/ml legal[111] legal[111] 18[111] applies[111] permitted[111] Certain flavors of e-cigarettes, such as cocoa, vanilla, coffee, tea, spices, candy, chewing gum, cola, and alcohol, are prohibited by law. The only permissible flavors are fruit flavors, menthol, or a combination of these.[111]
 Singapore banned[99] banned[99] unregulated[99] applies[99] prohibited[99] E-cigarettes are currently prohibited under Section 16 (1) of the Tobacco (Control of Advertisements and Sale) Act, which is enforced by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA). This legislation prohibits the importation, distribution, sale or offer for sale of any confectionery or other food product or any toy or other article that is designed to resemble a tobacco product or the packaging of which is designed to resemble the packaging commonly associated with tobacco products. HSA takes a serious view on any person who contravenes the law. Those guilty of the offence are liable to a fine of up to $5,000 upon conviction.[149] According to Health Minister Khaw Boon Wan, e-cigarettes are the industry's attempt to attract new users and were marketed to appeal to younger customers, including women.[150]
 South Korea legal[151] legal[151] 19[151] applies[151] restricted[151] The sale and use of e-cigarettes is legal, but is heavily taxed. Electric cigarette possession among teenagers remains an issue.[152]
 Sri Lanka banned[100] banned[100] unregulated[100] unregulated[100] unregulated[100]
 Syria banned[153] banned[153] unregulated[153] applies[153] prohibited[153]
 Taiwan banned[101] banned[101] unregulated[101] applies[101] prohibited[101] The sale and import of e-cigarettes is illegal in the Taiwan area. Passengers are not allowed to carry e-cigarettes and e-liquids into Taiwan.[154]
 Tajikistan legal[155] legal[151] 18[155] applies[155] unregluated[155]
 Thailand banned[102] banned[102] unregulated[102] uncertain[102] unregulated[102] Thailand has banned e-cigarettes since 2014.[156]
 Turkmenistan banned[103] banned[103] unregulated[103] uncertain[103] prohibited[103]
 United Arab Emirates below 20 mg/ml legal[112] legal[112] 18[112] unregulated[112] prohibited[112] The sale and use of e-cigarettes has become legal from 15 April 2019.[157] Cinnamon flavored products are prohibited.[112]
 Uzbekistan legal[158] legal[158] 21[158] applies[158] prohibited[158]
 Vietnam legal[159] legal[159] 18[159] unregulated[159] unregulated[159]
 Yemen legal[160] legal[160] 18[160] unregulated[160] unregulated[160] Currently there are no laws regulating e-cigarettes.[160]

Oceania

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in Oceania:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

Laws and regulations concerning the production, import, sale, and usage of electronic cigarettes can vary significantly from country to country.

In the case of certain countries like Micronesia, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, American Samoa, and Vanuatu, there is currently a lack of specific regulations addressing e-cigarettes, or the existing tobacco control laws do not encompass e-cigarettes as tobacco products. Consequently, the existing regulatory framework does not apply to e-cigarettes in these jurisdictions.

In contrast, Australia has implemented the most stringent laws on e-cigarettes. As of October 1, 2021, obtaining a medical prescription has become a requirement for purchasing nicotine cartridges. This restriction also extends to the importation of e-cigarette products from overseas, which previously did not necessitate a prescription. Moreover, state and territory laws within Australia prohibit the sale and possession of e-cigarettes containing nicotine without a prescription. The process of acquiring a medical prescription for e-cigarettes in Australia generally requires smokers to have made unsuccessful attempts to quit smoking using Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) approved medications. These measures reflect the aim of ensuring strict control over the availability and use of e-cigarettes, particularly those containing nicotine, as part of a comprehensive tobacco control strategy.[161]

Country Administrative division De jure Notes
Legal status Policy
Nicotine-containing catridges Nicotine-free cartridges Purchase age Smoking ban Advertising
 Australia only with prescription[161] legal[161] unknown unknown unknown The Federal Department of Health and Ageing classifies every form of nicotine, except for replacement therapies and cigarettes, as a form of poison.[162][163] In Australia, there are no laws pertaining to the regulation of e-cigarettes.[164] Although there are a number of laws that are relevant to the regulation of poisons, therapeutic goods, and tobacco control which are applicable to e-cigarettes in certain cases.[164] Australia is developing regulations on e-cigarettes.[165] The sale of e-cigarettes must be registered with the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) before being sold.[166] Importation of e-cigarettes and their related products, if they claim to help people quit smoking, is illegal unless approved by the TGA.[166] The TPA has said that there were no laws preventing the importation of e-cigarettes bought over the internet for personal use, unless prohibited by state and territory legislation.[167] State laws in Australia's various states are a little bit conflicting. According to the Poisons Standard of 2010, inhaled nicotine is Pharmacy Only, or a Schedule 2 medication when used to help quit smoking.[168][169] In April 2014 a court decision made it illegal to sell or supply e-cigarettes regardless of their appearance or nicotine content (even if zero) in Western Australia.[170] Previously they were banned if they looked like cigarettes. The court ruled that the action they provided in and of itself looks like cigarettes. Precise rules in the other states vary.
 Fiji legal[171] legal[171] 18[171] applies[171] prohibited[171]
 Micronesia, Federated States of  Chuuk unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Kosrae unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Pohnpei unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Yap unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 New Zealand below 20 mg/ml legal[172] legal[172] 18[172] applies[172] prohibited[172] General retailers are restricted by law from selling e-cigarettes featuring flavors other than tobacco, mint, or menthol. On the other hand, specialist e-cigarette retailers that have obtained approval have the freedom to sell e-cigarette products in any flavor that has not been prohibited. As of now, there are no prohibited flavors, meaning that approved specialist e-cigarette retailers are permitted to sell e-cigarettes in any flavor they choose.[172]
 Palau legal[173] legal[173] 21[173] applies[173] prohibited[173]
 Papua New Guinea legal[174] legal[174] 18[174] applies[174] prohibited[174]
 Samoa unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Solomon Islands unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Tonga unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 United States  American Samoa unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Guam legal[175] legal[175] 21[175] applies[175] prohibited[175] Proposal to prohibit liquids with characteristic flavors and tastes.[176]
 Northern Mariana Islands legal[177] legal[177] 21[177] applies[177] prohibited[177]
 Vanuatu unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown

Europe

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in Europe:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

European Union

On 19 December 2012 the European Commission adopted its proposal to revise the European Union Tobacco Products Directive 2001/37/EC which included proposals to introduce restrictions on the use and sales of e-cigarettes.[178][179][180] On 8 October 2013 the European Parliament in Strasbourg voted down the commission's proposal to introduce medical regulation for e-cigarettes, but proposed that cross-border marketing of e-cigarettes be regulated similarly to tobacco products, meaning that sales of e-cigarettes to under-18s would be prohibited in the European Union, along with most cross-border advertising. Warning labels also would be required. The Parliament and Member States are involved in trilogue discussions to reach a common conclusion.[181]

In February 2014, the European Parliament approved new regulations for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.[182] The new regulations forbid advertising of e-cigarettes, set limits on maximum concentrations of nicotine in liquids, limit maximum volumes of liquid that can be sold, require child-proof and tamper-proof packaging of liquid, set requirements on purity of ingredients, require that the devices deliver consistent doses of vapor, require disclosure of ingredients and nicotine content, and empower regulators to act if the regulations are violated.[28] In October 2014 e-cigarette manufacturer Totally Wicked won the right to challenge the directive at the Court of Justice of the EU. The hearing took place on 1 October 2015 and the results will not be announced until early 2016.[183]

In autumn 2013, the e-cigarette industry ran "a determined lobbying campaign" to defeat proposed European legislation to regulate e-cigarettes like medical devices.[184] Pharmaceutical manufacturers GlaxoSmithKline and Johnson & Johnson have lobbied the US government, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the EU parliament for stricter regulation of e-cigarettes which compete with their products Nicorette gum and nicotine patches.[185]

By country

Country Administrative division De jure Notes
Legal status Policy
Nicotine-containing catridges Nicotine-free cartridges Purchase age Smoking ban Advertising
 Albania below 20 mg/ml legal[186] legal[186] 18[187] applies[186] prohibited[186]
 Andorra unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Armenia below 20 mg/ml legal[188] legal[188] 18[189] applies[190] prohibited[190]
 Austria below 20 mg/ml legal[191] legal[191] 18[191] applies[191] prohibited[191]
 Azerbaijan legal[192] legal[192] 18[193] applies[192] prohibited[193]
 Belarus legal[194] legal[194] 18[195] applies[194] restricted[194]
 Belgium below 20 mg/ml legal[196] legal[196] 18[196] applies[196] prohibited[196]
 Bosnia and Herzegovina below 20 mg/ml legal[197] legal[197] 18[197] unknown unknown
 Bulgaria below 20 mg/ml legal[198] legal[198] 18[198] applies[198] prohibited[198]
 Croatia below 20 mg/ml legal[199] legal[199] 18[199] applies[199] restricted[199]
 Cyprus below 20 mg/ml legal[200] legal[200] 18[200] applies[200] restricted[200]
 Czech Republic below 20 mg/ml legal[201] legal[201] none[201] does not apply[201] not regulated[201]
 Denmark below 20 mg/ml legal[202] legal[202] 18[202] applies[202] prohibited[202] Only menthol and tobacco flavor permitted.[202]
 Estonia below 20 mg/ml legal[203] legal[203] 18[203] applies[204] restricted[204] Only menthol and tobacco flavor permitted.[204]
 Finland below 20 mg/ml legal[205] legal[205] 18[206] applies[205] restricted[205] Only tobacco flavor permitted.[205]
 France below 20 mg/ml legal[207] legal[207] 18[207] applies[207] prohibited[207]
 Georgia legal[208] legal[208] 18[209] applies[208] prohibited[208]
 Germany below 20 mg/ml legal[210] legal[210] 18[210] applies only in Hesse[210] restricted[210]
 Gibraltar legal[211] legal[211] 18[211] unknown unknown
 Greece below 20 mg/ml legal[212] legal[212] 18[212] applies[212] restricted (Print media)
prohibited (all other media)[212]
 Hungary below 20 mg/ml legal[213] legal[213] 18[213] applies[213] prohibited[213]
 Iceland below 20 mg/ml legal[214] legal[214] 18[214] applies[214] prohibited[214]
 Ireland below 20 mg/ml legal[215] legal[215] 18[215] applies[215] restricted[215]
 Italy below 20 mg/ml legal[216] legal[216] 18[216] applies[216] prohibited[216]
 Kosovo legal legal unregulated unregulated unregulated The current tobacco control laws only apply to classic tobacco products (cigarette, fine-cut tobacco, cigars etc.)[217]
 Latvia below 20 mg/ml legal[218] legal[218] 18[218] applies[218] restricted[218]
 Liechtenstein legal[219] legal[219] 16[220] applies[219] prohibited[219]
 Lithuania below 20 mg/ml legal[221] legal[221] 18[221] applies[221] prohibited[222] Only tobacco flavor permitted.[222]
 Luxembourg below 20 mg/ml legal[223] legal[223] 18[223] applies[223] prohibited[223]
 Malta below 20 mg/ml legal[224] legal[224] 18[224] applies[224] prohibited[224]
 Moldova below 20 mg/ml legal[225] legal[225] 18[225] applies[225] prohibited[225]
 Montenegro below 20 mg/ml legal[226] legal[226] 18[226] applies[226] prohibited[226]
 Netherlands below 20 mg/ml legal[227] legal[227] 18[227] applies[227] prohibited[227]
 North Macedonia legal[228] legal[228] 18[228] applies[228] prohibited[228]
 Norway legal[229] legal[229] 18[229] applies[229] prohibited[229] Import and sale of nicotine-containing cartridges legalized on July 1 2023.[229]
 Poland below 20 mg/ml legal[230] legal[230] 18[230] applies[230] prohibited[230]
 Portugal below 20 mg/ml legal[231] legal[231] 18[231] applies[231] restricted (Print media)
prohibited (all other media)[231]
 Romania below 20 mg/ml legal[232] legal[232] 18[232] applies[232] prohibited[232]
 Russia below 20 mg/ml legal[233] legal[233] 18[233] applies[233] prohibited[233]
 San Marino legal[234] legal[234] 18[234] applies[234] prohibited[234]
 Serbia legal[235] legal[235] 18[236] applies[235] prohibited[235]
 Slovakia below 20 mg/ml legal[237] legal[237] 18[238] unknown restricted[237]
 Slovenia below 20 mg/ml legal[239] legal[239] 18[239] applies[239] restricted[239]
 Spain below 20 mg/ml legal[240] legal[240] 18[240] applies[240] prohibited[240]
 Sweden below 20 mg/ml legal[241] legal[241] 18[241] applies[241] prohibited[241]
  Switzerland legal[242] legal[242] none/18[243][244] does not apply[242] unregulated[242]
 Turkey de facto ban[245] de facto ban[245] 18[246] applies[246] prohibited[246] Regulation of e-cigarettes is done by law 4207, which regulates smoking and was amended in June 2013 by article 26 of law 6487 [246] to also apply to items which do not contain tobacco: "Herbal water pipes and all kind of cigarettes which do not contain tobacco but are used in a way to imitate tobacco products shall also be deemed as tobacco products."[247] This law requires for tobacco and related products to be licensed in order to be produced and to be imported. Since there have been no licenses given for production and importation has been banned.[248] Vaping, being under regulation of the 4207th law, is thus forbidden indoors and on public transport, and also therefore forbidden for people under 18 years old. And thus, like tobacco products, personal import by mail or courier is forbidden. In May 2013 the Minister of Health stated that e-cigarettes, which contain nicotine, are medical devices and thus cannot be imported unless approved by the "Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency".[249] So far no such license has been issued.[245]
 Ukraine below 20 mg/ml legal[250] legal[250] 18[250] applies[250] prohibited[250] All characterstic flavors and tastes are outlawed since July 11 2023.[250]
 United Kingdom below 20 mg/ml legal[251] legal[251] 18[251] applies[251] prohibited[251]

The Americas

Federal regulation

Prior to 8 August 2016,[252] regulations concerning the use of e-cigarettes varied considerably across the United States, although there is more variation regarding laws limiting their use by youth than regarding multi-level regulations, such as banning their use in public places.[253] The FDA classified e-cigarettes as drug delivery devices and subject to regulation under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) before importation and sale in the US.[254] The classification was challenged in court, and overruled in January 2010 by Federal District Court Judge Richard J. Leon, explaining that "the devices should be regulated as tobacco products rather than drug or medical products."[255]

In March 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia stayed the injunction pending an appeal, during which the FDA argued the right to regulate e-cigarettes based on their previous ability to regulate nicotine replacement therapies such as nicotine gum or patches. Further, the agency argued that tobacco legislation enacted the previous year "expressly excludes from the definition of 'tobacco product' any article that is a drug, device or combination product under the FDCA, and provides that such articles shall be subject to regulation under the pre-existing FDCA provisions."[256] On 7 December 2010, the appeals court ruled against the FDA in a 3–0 unanimous decision, ruling the FDA can only regulate e-cigarettes as tobacco products, and thus cannot block their import.[257] The judges ruled that such devices would only be subject to drug legislation if they are marketed for therapeutic use – E-cigarette manufacturers had successfully proven that their products were targeted at smokers and not at those seeking to quit. The District Columbia Circuit appeals court, on 24 January 2011, declined to review the decision en banc, blocking the products from FDA regulation as medical devices.[258]

In April 2014, the FDA proposed new regulations for tobacco products, including e-cigarettes. The regulations require disclosure of ingredients used in e-cigarette liquids, proof of safety of those ingredients, and regulation of the devices used to vaporize and deliver the liquid.[29][259][260][261] The FDA proposed regulation would ban the sale of e-cigarettes with nicotine to any individual under 18 years of age.[262] In August 2014, attorneys general from over two dozen states advised the FDA to enact restrictions on e-cigarettes, including banning flavors.[263]

On 10 May 2016, the FDA published their deeming regulations in the Federal Register, which were to take effect on 8 August 2016. Vendors and companies had until two years afterward to prepare paperwork with the FDA to have their product remain on the market. Currently, there are lawsuits and amendments made in the works in Congress to change that provision. The lack of research on the risks and possible benefits has resulted in precautionary policymaking in the US "which often lacks grounding in empirical evidence and results in spatially uneven diffusion of policy".[14] The time by which applications to market regulated non-combustible tobacco product devices must be submitted for review has been extended to August 8, 2022.[264]

As of 8 August 2016, the FDA extended its regulatory power to include e-cigarettes.[252] Under this ruling the FDA will evaluate certain issues, including ingredients, product features and health risks, as well their appeal to minors and non-users.[265] The FDA rule also bans access to minors.[265] A photo ID is required to buy e-cigarettes,[266] and their sale in all-ages vending machines is not permitted.[265] The FDA in September 2016 has sent warning letters for unlawful underage sales to online retailers and retailers of e-cigarettes.[267] FDA regulations have also applied to the advertising of e-cigarettes since 2016.[268] Per FDA regulations, e-cigarettes, e-liquid, and associated products cannot be advertised as safer than other tobacco products unless they have received modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) status.[269] As of August 2018, this status has not been granted to any e-cigarette or e-liquid product.[270] Though no companies have applied for an MRTP permit for their vaping products, similar heat-not-burn tobacco products have been denied MRTP status on the grounds that they are not safer than traditional cigarettes.[271]

On December 5, 2016 HUD passed a rule banning the use of tobacco products in common areas and within each home unit.[272] HUD did not include e-cigarettes in their list of prohibited tobacco products, and they will allow each public housing agency to make that decision.[272] The ban includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes and waterpipes (hookahs).[272] E-cigarettes were not included because they believe there would be no maintenance cost savings or a lowered risk of destructive fires.[272] HUD commented that there is a lack of evidence that the vapor causes any damage to the units.[272]

The FDA has been instrumental in the United States in regulating the use of E-Cigarette products.

Beginning in May 2018, the FDA began to crack down on e-liquid brands whose packaging resembles food or beverage products.[273][274] FDA is particularly concerned about e-liquids whose packaging resembles that of candy, juice boxes, and other products intended to appeal to children, because of concern that children will mistakenly drink the e-liquid and die of nicotine poisoning.[275] Nicotine is especially toxic to young children, and a 60 ml bottle of e-liquid with 11 mg/ml nicotine concentration, the average e-liquid bottle in the U.S.,[276] is likely to kill a child of age 4 or younger.[275][277] As such, the FDA has charged e-liquid products with branding that resembles food, candy, or beverage items as being misbranded and using false advertising, which is illegal under the Tobacco Control Act of 2009 (specifically sections 903(a)(1) and 903(a)(7)(A) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C. § 387c).[275]

In September 2018, the FDA has further strengthened its Youth Tobacco Prevention Plan by targeting the e-cigarette industry with fines for retailers and manufactures that are illegally selling to youth.[278] FDA commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., has indicated that this is a first step in a new and significant enforcement strategy against the e-cigarette industry.[278] In November 2018, the FDA announced new steps to curb youth vaping while still ensuring the adults who would benefit from e-cigarettes still had access to a healthier nicotine delivery system.[279] Sales of flavored tobacco products will be limited to adult only stores and online vendors with the exception of tobacco, mint or menthol e-cigarettes that will remain for sales wherever combustible cigarettes are sold (convenience stores).[279] If the FDA does not see a change in the illegal youth access of menthol or minty vapes currently 20% of their use, they will move to adjust their regulations.[279] The decision to allow menthol vapes was to ensure that an alternative was present should an adult go to purchase menthol cigarettes.[279] The age verification of online vendors for vape products will see an increased level of security.[279]

In the midst of an outbreak of lung illness in the US linked to vaping products, Donald Trump said in September 2019 that his administration planned to propose a ban on e-cigarette liquid flavors.[280] In December 2019, congress enacted a law raising the age for sale of all tobacco products, including electronic cigarettes, from 18 to 21 years old.[281] In 2020, the FDA ordered a halt on sales of vaping products with sweet and fruity flavors.[282] In 2021, the FDA has denied marketing approval for a large number of e-cigarette products. In 2022, the FDA targeted the company Juul, denying it a marketing application and ordering Juul's products off of the US the market. However, some regulatory loopholes (specifically around disposable, pre-filled products) still allow flavored products from other companies.[283]

State regulation

A no smoking or vaping sign from the US.
A no smoking or vaping sign from the US

In the United States, different measures have been taken to regulate e-cigarettes. In March 2010, New Jersey became the first state to implement e-cigarette Minimum Legal Sale Age Law (MLSA)[284] and comprehensive indoor use ban in workplaces, restaurants, and bars. That same year, Minnesota imposed the first e-cigarette tax in the country.[285] Six years later, the Food and Drug Administration's Center for Tobacco Products (FDA-CTP)[286] deemed e-cigarettes to be tobacco products. In May 2016, the FDA-CTP made the following requirements: e-cigarettes are required to carry a warning label,[287] a national e-cigarette MLSA of 18 was put in place, and the FDA-CTP must eventually approve all e-cigarette products through a pre-market application process.

Effective 8 August 2016, all US states will follow the same, uniform federal guidelines.[252] With an absence of federal regulations, many states and cities had adopted their own e-cigarette regulations, most commonly to prohibit sales to minors, including Maryland, Kentucky, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Tennessee, Utah, Wisconsin, and Colorado. Other states are considering similar legislation.[288] Several US cities and states have enacted laws that increased the legal age to purchase e-cigarettes to age 21.[289] As of 2014, some states in the US permit e-cigarettes to be taxed as tobacco products, and some state and regional governments in the US had extended their indoor smoking bans to include e-cigarettes.[31]

Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed a bill that would regulate the sale of e-cigarettes within the state on grounds that "if adults want to purchase and consume these products with an understanding of the associated health risks, they should be able to do so."[290]

A review of regulations in 40 U.S. states found that how a law defines e-cigarettes is critical, with some definitions allowing e-cigarettes to avoid smoke-free laws, taxation, and restrictions on sales and marketing.[291] Fewer policies have been created to restrict vaping indoors than with cigarette smoking.[292]

Many local and state jurisdictions have recently begun enacting laws that prohibit e-cigarette usage everywhere that smoking is banned, although some state laws with comprehensive smoke-free laws will still allow for vaping to be permitted in bars and restaurants while prohibiting e-cigarettes in other indoor places.[293] As of August 2016, the United States Navy is considering banning e-cigarettes.[294] A 2017 report stated "As of 2 October 2015, five US states and over 400 counties have implemented some form of restriction of ECIG use indoors. International policies are more varied with certain restrictions for ECIG use in UK airports and trains and reports of complete ECIG bans in indoor public places for Malta, Belgium and Spain".[292] San Francisco banned the sale of flavored e-liquids in 2018.[295] They are the first city in the US to enact such a ban.[295]

In November 2018, the FDA required e-cigarette manufacturers not to sell e-cigarette products online without strict age verification. It was also requested e-cigarette suppliers to end bulk purchasing of e-cigarettes and to remove flavored e-cigarettes from stores. In January 2020, the city of San Francisco banned e-cigarette[296] (but not traditional cigarettes). By January 2020, twenty states had implemented e-cigarettes taxes, sixteen had comprehensively banned indoor use of the product, and eight had imposed temporary restrictions on the sale of all e-cigarettes or flavored e-cigarettes.

Policy evaluation studies

Studies[297][298][299][300][301] that examine the impact of e-cigarette taxes on use of e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes have found that e-cigarette taxes increase cigarette use across different populations (adults, children, pregnant), thus providing evidence that the two products are economic substitutes. Along the same line, another study found[302] that e-cigarette minimum legal purchase age laws increase cigarette use among 12 to 17 years old, suggesting that e-cigarettes are displacing youth smoking rather than acting as a gateway to youth smoking. Regarding indoor vaping regulations, one study[303] found that it increased prenatal smoking by about 0.8 percentage points had no significant impact on birth outcomes.

By country

Current legal status of e-cigarettes and nicotine-containing or nicotine-free cartridges in the Americas:
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges legal
  Sale of nicotine-free and nicotine-containing cartridges below certain level legal
  Sale of nicotine-free cartridges legal; sale of nicotine-containing cartridges illegal
  Sale of nicotine-containing and nicotine-free cartridges (de facto) illegal
  Unknown

The regulations surrounding the production, importation, sale, and use of electronic cigarettes can vary greatly from one country to another.

Several countries like Antigua and Barbuda,[304] Argentina,[305] Nicaragua,[306] and Uruguay[307] have completely banned the importation, sale, and distribution of electronic cigarettes. In Mexico, there is a national ban in place, although some individual vendors have obtained the right to sell e-cigarettes through court decisions.[308] On the other hand, Brazil and Venezuela have prohibited the importation, sale, and distribution of e-cigarettes, but their legal frameworks potentially offer a pathway for future legalization and sales.[309][310]

Moreover, several Caribbean countries currently allow the sale of e-cigarettes. However, their existing tobacco control laws do not classify e-cigarettes as tobacco products, which means that regulations such as minimum age requirements for sale or restrictions on advertisements do not apply to e-cigarettes.

Canada stands out as the only country thus far that imposes restrictions on the sale of e-liquid with a maximum nicotine content of 20mg per ml. This approach is similar to that taken by many European countries.[311]

Country Administrative division De jure Notes
Legal status Policy
Nicotine-containing catridges Nicotine-free cartridges Purchase age Smoking ban Advertising
 Anguilla legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Antigua and Barbuda banned[304] banned[304] 18[313] applies[313] prohibited[313] The sale and distribution of e-cigarettes is prohibited. The existing laws on tobacco control also apply to e-cigarettes.
 Argentina banned[305] banned[305] 18[305] applies[305] prohibited[305] The sale and distribution of e-cigarettes is prohibited. The existing laws on tobacco control also apply to e-cigarettes.[305]
 Bahamas legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Barbados legal[312] legal[312] 18[314] applies[314] restricted[314]
 Belize legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312]
 Bermuda legal[315] legal[315] 18[315] applies[315] restricted[315]
 Bolivia legal[316] legal[316] 18[316] applies[316] restricted[316]
 Brazil de facto ban[309] de facto ban[309] 18[309] applies[309] prohibited[309] The import, sale and distribution of e-cigarettes is currently prohibited. However the law provides a potential avenue for the future sale of e-cigarettes. The existing laws on tobacco control also apply to e-cigarettes.[309]
 British Virgin Islands legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Canada  Alberta
 Manitoba
 Quebec
 Quebec
 Northwest Territories
 Saskatchewan
below 20 mg/ml legal[311] legal[311] 18 applies[311] prohibited[311]
 British Columbia
 New Brunswick
 Newfoundland and Labrador
 Nova Scotia
 Nova Scotia
 Nunavut
 Ontario
 Yukon
19
 Prince Edward Island 21 (born after 1 March 2001)
 Cayman Islands legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Chile legal[317] legal[317] unknown unknown unknown
 Colombia legal[318] legal[318] 18[318] applies[318] prohibited[318]
 Costa Rica legal[319] legal[319] 18[319] applies[319] restricted[319]
 Cuba unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Dominica unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Dominican Republic legal[320] legal[320] unknown unknown unknown
 Ecuador legal[321] legal[321] 18[321] applies[321] restricted[321]
 El Salvador legal[322] legal[322] unregulated[322] unregulated[322] unregulated[322] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Falkland Islands legal[323] legal[323] 18[324] applies[323] restricted[323]
 Grenada legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Guatemala legal[325] legal[325] unknown unknown unknown
 Guyana legal[326] legal[326] 18[326] applies[326] prohibited[326]
 Haiti legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Honduras legal[327] legal[327] 21[327] applies[327] prohibited[327]
 Jamaica legal[328] legal[328] 18[328] applies[328] restricted[328]
 Mexico banned
(several court decisions permitted individual retailers)[308]
banned
(several court decisions permitted individual retailers)[308]
18[308] applies[308] prohibited[308] Generally the import, sale and distribution of e-cigarettes has been prohibited by law. However, several court decisions have granted individual retailers the right to sell e-cigarettes.[308]
 Nicaragua banned[306] banned[306] unknown unknown unknown
 Panama legal[329] legal[329] 18[329] applies[329] prohibited[329]
 Paraguay legal[330] legal[330] 18[330] applies[330] restricted[330]
 Peru unknown unknown unknown unknown unknown
 Saint Kitts and Nevis legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] There is currently no law regulating e-cigarettes.[312]
 Saint Lucia legal[312] legal[312] 18[312] applies[312] prohibited[312]
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] There is currently no law regulating e-cigarettes.[312]
 Trinidad and Tobago legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 Turks and Caicos Islands legal[312] legal[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] unregulated[312] The existing laws do not apply to e-cigarettes.[312]
 United States  United States legal[331] legal[331] 21[331] state/local regulation restricted[331] States and local authorities may impose further restrictions.
 Puerto Rico applies[332]
 United States Virgin Islands 18[333] not regulated[333]
 Uruguay banned[307] banned[307] 18[307] applies[307] prohibited[307]
 Venezuela de facto ban[310] de facto ban[310] 18[310] applies[310] prohibited[310] In order for companies to import e-cigarettes, they are required to specify whether the product falls under the categories of medicinal, consumer goods, or tobacco derivatives. If classified as a tobacco derivative, e-cigarettes are prohibited from being sold to minors, advertised, promoted, or used in enclosed public spaces or transportation, as mandated by the tobacco control law. If classified as medicinal or consumer products, they must undergo thorough clinical trials similar to other nicotine replacement therapies before they can be sold, promoted, distributed, or used. Currently, no e-cigarette product has been registered, leading to the illegality of their sale, promotion, and distribution, as indicated in an alert.[310]

Criticism of vaping bans

Critics of vaping bans state that vaping is a much safer alternative to smoking tobacco products and that vaping bans incentivize people to return to smoking cigarettes.[334] For example, critics cite the British Journal of Family Medicine in August 2015 which stated, "E-cigarettes are 95% safer than traditional smoking."[335] In 2019, San Francisco's chief economist, Ted Egan, when discussing the San Francisco vaping ban stated the city's ban on e-cigarette sales will increase smoking as vapers switch to combustible cigarettes.[336] Critics of smoking bans stress the absurdity of criminalizing the sale of a safer alternative to tobacco while tobacco continues to be legal. Prominent proponents of smoking bans are not in favor of criminalizing tobacco either, but rather allowing consumers to have the choice to choose whatever products they desire.[337]

In 2022, after two years of review, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) denied Juul's application to keep its tobacco and menthol flavored vaping products on the market.[338] Critics of this denial note that research published in Nicotine and Tobacco Research found that smokers who transitioned to Juuls in North America were significantly more likely to switch to vaping than those in the United Kingdom who only had access to lower-strength nicotine products.[339] This happens as the Biden Administration seeks to mandate low-nicotine cigarettes which, critics note, is not what makes cigarettes dangerous.[340] They also note that vaping does not contain many of the components that make smoking dangerous such as the combustion process and certain chemicals that are present in cigarettes that are not present in vape products.

Notes

  1. In India, E-cigarettes are mostly unregulated and are technically illegal to sell, as they have not received approval from the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). According to government data, as of July 2019, there were over 460 e-cigarette brands available in the Indian market utilizing varying methods of nicotine delivery and over 7,700 flavours of e-liquids. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare issued an advisory to restrict the advertisement of e-cigarettes in August 2018. The CDSCO notified all state drug controllers on 22 February 2019 that ENDS products were not approved for sale, and asked them to ensure that the sale of such products was prohibited. There was confusion over what law could be applied to regulate e-cigarettes. On 1 June 2019, experts at a drug consultative committee meeting concluded that ENDS devices fell under the definition of "drug" under Section 3(b) of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940.[125] The State Drugs Controller of the state of Punjab declared e-cigarettes with nicotine as an unapproved drug in 2013.[126] On 7 April 2016, a District Court in the Punjab sentenced a man to 3 years imprisonment and a fine of 1 lakh (US$1,300) for selling e-cigarettes. This was the first ever conviction in India concerning e-cigarettes.[127] The states of Bihar, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Mizoram, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and the union territory of Chandigarh have declared e-cigarettes as an unapproved drug under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules, 1945, and can prosecute sellers under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules, 1945.[125][128][129]

References

  1. Etter, J. F.; Bullen, C.; Flouris, A. D.; Laugesen, M.; Eissenberg, T. (May 2011). "Electronic nicotine delivery systems: a research agenda". Tobacco Control. 20 (3): 243–8. doi:10.1136/tc.2010.042168. PMC 3215262. PMID 21415064.
  2. Page, Barnaby (5 March 2015). "World's law-makers favour basing e-cig rules on tobacco". ECigIntelligence. Tamarind Media Limited.
  3. Kim, Ki-Hyun; Kabir, Ehsanul; Jahan, Shamin Ara (2016). "Review of electronic cigarettes as tobacco cigarette substitutes: their potential human health impact". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C. 34 (4): 262–275. doi:10.1080/10590501.2016.1236604. ISSN 1059-0501. PMID 27635466. S2CID 42660975.
  4. Lempert, Lauren K; Grana, Rachel; Glantz, Stanton A (2016). "The importance of product definitions in US e-cigarette laws and regulations". Tobacco Control. 25 (e1): e44–e51. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051913. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4466213. PMID 25512432.
  5. "U.S. Department of Transportation Explicitly Bans the Use of Electronic Cigarettes on Commercial Flights". United States Department of Transportation. 2 March 2016.
  6. "What the RCP thinks about tobacco". UK: Royal College of Physicians. 1 February 2018. pp. 1–2.
  7. Tabuchi, Takahiro; Gallus, Silvano; Shinozaki, Tomohiro; Nakaya, Tomoki; Kunugita, Naoki; Colwell, Brian (2018). "Heat-not-burn tobacco product use in Japan: its prevalence, predictors and perceived symptoms from exposure to secondhand heat-not-burn tobacco aerosol". Tobacco Control. 27 (e1): e25–e33. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053947. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 6073918. PMID 29248896.
  8. Beard, Emma; Shahab, Lion; Cummings, Damian M.; Michie, Susan; West, Robert (2016). "New Pharmacological Agents to Aid Smoking Cessation and Tobacco Harm Reduction: What Has Been Investigated, and What Is in the Pipeline?" (PDF). CNS Drugs. 30 (10): 951–83. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0362-3. ISSN 1172-7047. PMID 27421270. S2CID 40411008.
  9. McNeill, A; Brose, LS; Calder, R; Bauld, L; Robson, D (February 2018). "Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018" (PDF). Public Health England.
  10. Grana, R; Benowitz, N; Glantz, SA (13 May 2014). "E-cigarettes: a scientific review". Circulation. 129 (19): 1972–86. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.007667. PMC 4018182. PMID 24821826.
  11. Robertson, Adi (18 September 2019). "India bans e-cigarette sales and says there's an 'epidemic' of kids vaping". The Verge.
  12. Sienuic, Kat (29 September 2014). "Public health officers tackle hazy issue of e-cigarettes". The Globe and Mail.
  13. "Vaping, e-cigarettes to be regulated by Health Canada". CBC News. 22 November 2016.
  14. Kadowaki, Joy; Vuolo, Mike; Kelly, Brian C. (2015). "A review of the current geographic distribution of and debate surrounding electronic cigarette clean air regulations in the United States". Health & Place. 31: 75–82. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.11.003. ISSN 1353-8292. PMC 4305454. PMID 25463920.
  15. "E-cigarettes to be stubbed out for under-18s". BBC News. 26 January 2014.
  16. "European court: Tougher rules on electronic cigarettes". Business Insider. Associated Press. 4 May 2016. Archived from the original on 2 June 2019. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  17. Washtell, Francesca (5 May 2016). "EU Tobacco Products Directive chokes off the UK's e-cigarette and vaping market". City A.M.
  18. Zainol Abidin, Najihah; Zainal Abidin, Emilia; Zulkifli, Aziemah; Karuppiah, Karmegam; Syed Ismail, Sharifah Norkhadijah; Amer Nordin, Amer Siddiq (2017). "Electronic cigarettes and indoor air quality: a review of studies using human volunteers" (PDF). Reviews on Environmental Health. 32 (3): 235–244. doi:10.1515/reveh-2016-0059. ISSN 2191-0308. PMID 28107173. S2CID 6885414.
  19. Nagesh, Ashitha (10 July 2013). "Anger over tobacco lobbyists as Europe nears new rules on e-cigarettes". Euronews.
  20. "FDA's New Regulations for E-Cigarettes, Cigars, and All Other Tobacco Products". United States Food and Drug Administration. 17 August 2017.
  21. "The Facts on the FDA's New Tobacco Rule". United States Food and Drug Administration. 2 May 2017.
  22. "Summary of Federal Rules for Tobacco Retailers". United States Food and Drug Administration. 23 August 2017.
  23. "Extension of Certain Tobacco Product Compliance Deadlines Related to the Final Deeming Rule (Revised)". United States Food and Drug Administration. 4 August 2017.
  24. "Guidance: Extension of Certain Tobacco Product Compliance Deadlines Related to the Final Deeming Rule (Revised*)" (PDF). Center for Tobacco Products. United States Department of Health and Human Services; United States Food and Drug Administration. August 2017.
  25. Perrone, Matthew (28 March 2018). "Lawsuit Challenges FDA Delay of E-cigarette Review". Drug Discovery & Development. Associated Press.
  26. "Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Restrictions on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products". Federal Register. US Food and Drug Administration. 81 (90): 28974–29106. 10 May 2016.
  27. Lipton, Eric (2 September 2016). "A Lobbyist Wrote the Bill. Will the Tobacco Industry Win Its E-Cigarette Fight?". The New York Times.
  28. "Questions & Answers: New rules for tobacco products". European Commission. 26 February 2014.
  29. "Deeming Tobacco Products To Be Subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as Amended by the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act; Regulations on the Sale and Distribution of Tobacco Products and Required Warning Statements for Tobacco Products". Federal Register. United States Food and Drug Administration. 79 (80): 23142–23207. 25 April 2014.
  30. Tavernise, Sabrina (24 April 2014). "F.D.A. Will Propose New Regulations for E-Cigarettes". The New York Times.
  31. Crowley, Ryan A. (2015). "Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems: Executive Summary of a Policy Position Paper From the American College of Physicians". Annals of Internal Medicine. 162 (8): 583–4. doi:10.7326/M14-2481. ISSN 0003-4819. PMID 25894027.
  32. Glantz, Stanton A.; Bareham, David W. (January 2018). "E-Cigarettes: Use, Effects on Smoking, Risks, and Policy Implications" (PDF). Annual Review of Public Health. 39 (1): 215–235. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040617-013757. ISSN 0163-7525. PMC 6251310. PMID 29323609. This article incorporates text by Stanton A. Glantz and David W. Bareham available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  33. "Alternative Nicotine Products – Electronic Cigarettes". National Conference of State Legislatures. 3 March 2017.
  34. Cervellin, Gianfranco; Borghi, Loris; Mattiuzzi, Camilla; Meschi, Tiziana; Favaloro, Emmanuel; Lippi, Giuseppe (2013). "E-Cigarettes and Cardiovascular Risk: Beyond Science and Mysticism". Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis. 40 (1): 060–065. doi:10.1055/s-0033-1363468. ISSN 0094-6176. PMID 24343348.
  35. Maloney, Erin K.; Cappella, Joseph N. (2015). "Does Vaping in E-Cigarette Advertisements Affect Tobacco Smoking Urge, Intentions, and Perceptions in Daily, Intermittent, and Former Smokers?". Health Communication. 31 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.993496. ISSN 1041-0236. PMID 25758192. S2CID 31328176.
  36. Bekki, Kanae; Uchiyama, Shigehisa; Ohta, Kazushi; Inaba, Yohei; Nakagome, Hideki; Kunugita, Naoki (2014). "Carbonyl Compounds Generated from Electronic Cigarettes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 11 (11): 11192–11200. doi:10.3390/ijerph111111192. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 4245608. PMID 25353061. This article incorporates text by Kanae Bekki, Shigehisa Uchiyama, Kazushi Ohta, Yohei Inaba, Hideki Nakagome and Naoki Kunugita available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  37. Saitta, D; Ferro, GA; Polosa, R (Mar 2014). "Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes". Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease. 5 (2): 50–61. doi:10.1177/2040622314521271. PMC 3926346. PMID 24587890.
  38. "Main Policies - Ethiopia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  39. "Main Policies - Gambia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  40. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Egypt". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  41. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Seychelles". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  42. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Uganda". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  43. "Ghana Outlaws Vape Sales and Promotion". Tobacco Reporter. 9 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  44. "Countries/Jurisdictions - South Africa". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  45. "E-cigarette vaping in Algeria". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  46. "E-cigarette vaping in Angola". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  47. "E-cigarette vaping in Angola". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  48. "Tobacco Control Act 2021" (PDF). Parliament of Botswana. 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  49. "E-cigarette vaping in Burundi". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  50. "E-cigarette vaping in Cameroon". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  51. "Cabo Verde: strong Tobacco Control Law adopted". FCTC. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  52. "E-cigarette vaping in Central African Republic". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  53. "Main Policies - Chad". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  54. "E-cigarette vaping in Comoros". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  55. "E-cigarette vaping in Democratic Republic of the Congo". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  56. "E-cigarette vaping in Djibouti". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  57. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Egypt". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  58. "Sales Age - Egypt". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  59. "E-cigarette vaping in Equatorial Guinea". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  60. "E-cigarette vaping in Eritrea". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  61. "E-cigarette vaping in Eswatini". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  62. "E-cigarette vaping in Gabon". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  63. "E-cigarette vaping in Guinea-Bissau". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  64. "Main Policies - Kenya". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  65. "E-cigarette vaping in Lesotho". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  66. "E-cigarette vaping in Liberia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  67. "E-cigarette vaping in Libya". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  68. "E-cigarette vaping in Malawi". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  69. "E-cigarette vaping in Mauritania". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  70. "Morocco Sets in Place New Standards For Cigarettes". Vaping Post. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  71. "E-cigarette vaping in Mozambique". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  72. "E-cigarette vaping in Namibia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  73. "E-cigarette vaping in Niger". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  74. "Main Policies - Nigeria". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  75. "E-cigarette vaping in Democratic Republic of Congo". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  76. "E-cigarette vaping in Rwanda". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  77. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Senegal". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  78. "E-cigarette vaping in Somalia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  79. "E-cigarette vaping in Somalia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  80. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Sudan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  81. "E-cigarette vaping in Tanzania". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  82. "Tanzania Plans to Ban Shisha and E-Cigarettes". 2FIRSTS. 25 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  83. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Togo". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  84. "E-cigarette vaping in Tunisia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  85. "E-cigarette vaping in Zambia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  86. "E-cigarette vaping in Zimbabwe". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  87. "E-cigarette vaping in Bhutan". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  88. "Main Policies - Costa Rica". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  89. "Main Policies - Cambodia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  90. "Main Policies - China". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  91. "Main Policies - Macau". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 6 March 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  92. "Main Policies - Iran". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  93. "Main Policies - Iraq". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  94. "Main Policies - Lebanon". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  95. "E-cigarette vaping in North Korea". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  96. "Main Policies - Oman". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 27 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  97. https://www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/policy/country_profile/pse.pdf?ua=1
  98. "Main Policies - Qatar". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 26 May 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  99. "Main Policies - Singapore". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 14 January 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  100. "Main Policies - Sri Lanka". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 4 June 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  101. "Vaping Ban Begins in Taiwan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 23 March 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  102. "Main Policies - Thailand". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  103. "Main Policies - Turkmenistan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  104. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Malaysia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  105. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Japan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  106. "Main Policies - China". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 20 December 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  107. "Main Policies - Israel". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 20 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  108. "Main Policies - Israel". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  109. "Main Policies - Kazakhstan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 9 December 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  110. "Main Policies - Kazakhstan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 15 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  111. "Main Policies - Saudi Arabia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  112. "Main Policies - United Arab Emirates". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  113. "E-cigarette vaping in Afghanistan". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  114. "Bahrain Customs Duty Free Allowances". Archived from the original on 2020-05-06. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  115. Gulf Daily News - Vapers outrage over 100 per cent tax on e-cigarette liquids
  116. "Main Policies - Costa Rica". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  117. Correspondent, Senior; bdnews24.com. "Bangladesh mulling e-cigarette ban amid growing health concerns". bdnews24.com. Retrieved 2019-10-11.
  118. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Brunei". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  119. "国家烟草专卖局关于发布《电子烟管理办法》的公告". 国家烟草专卖局. 2022-03-11. Archived from the original on 2022-03-13. Retrieved 2022-03-12.
  120. "Tobacco and Alcohol Control Office Department of Health - Tobacco Control Legislation".
  121. Rinkoo, ArvindVashishta; Kaur, Jagdish (2017). "Getting real with the upcoming challenge of electronic nicotine delivery systems: The way forward for the South-East Asia region". Indian Journal of Public Health. 61 (5): S7–S11. doi:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_240_17. ISSN 0019-557X. PMID 28928312.
  122. "Main Policies - India". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 24 January 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  123. "Govt Approves E-Cigarettes Ban, Announces Bonus for Railways Staff". The Quint. 2019-09-18. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
  124. "Showcase Delhi -No More E-Cigarettes To Be Sold In India. Government Bans E-smoke consumption, 2019 To Bring An End To Vaping Culture". Archived from the original on 2020-01-10. Retrieved 2019-09-18.
  125. Thacker, Teena (2 July 2019). "Calling e-cigarettes drugs, Centre all set to ban them in India". livemint. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  126. "Minutes of meeting held under the Chairmanship of Joint Secretary (SG)MOHFW Electronics Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) (commonly known as E-Cigarettes) on 10 July 2013 at 2nd Floor committee Room NO.249 A wing, Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi" (PDF). Punjab National Rural Health Mission. 10 July 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2017. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
  127. Jain, Nitin (15 April 2016). "E-cigarette seller gets 3-year jail in Mohali". Tribune News Service. Retrieved 11 August 2016.
  128. "Govt likely to stub out 'toxic' e-cigarettes - Times of India". The Times of India. August 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
  129. A reference for the footnote.
  130. "Main Policies - Indonesia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 28 October 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  131. "Government to impose 57 percent e-cigarette tax". The Jakarta Post.
  132. "Indonesia to impose excise tax on liquids for e-cigarettes". Reuters.
  133. "PERATURAN MENTER! KEUANGAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 146/PMK.010/2017 TENTANG TARIF CUKAI HASIL TEMBAKAU" (PDF).
  134. Kelner, Yaron (2013-09-16). "Coming soon: Restrictions on e-cigarettes". Ynetnews.
  135. Tabuchi, Takahiro; Kiyohara, Kosuke; Hoshino, Takahiro; Bekki, Kanae; Inaba, Yohei; Kunugita, Naoki (2016). "Awareness and use of electronic cigarettes and heat-not-burn tobacco products in Japan". Addiction. 111 (4): 706–713. doi:10.1111/add.13231. ISSN 0965-2140. PMID 26566956.
  136. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Jordan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  137. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Kuwait". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  138. "Regulatory report: Kuwait, October 2021". ECigIntelligence. 2021-10-26. Retrieved 2022-06-26.
  139. "Malaysia's Fatwa Council declares electronic cigarettes as 'haram' or forbidden". The Straits Times. December 22, 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  140. "Vaping fatwa not binding on Malaysian states". Tobacco Reporter. January 11, 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  141. Whitehead, Richard (10 January 2018). "Malaysian vape industry emerges from under a cloud to embrace prospect of regulation". Salaam - سلام. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  142. "35 NGO Berganding Bahu Tubuhkan Petisyen 'Selamatkan Anak-Anak Malaysia' Dari Pengaruh Vape (in Malay)". Siakap Keli. July 28, 2019. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  143. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Maldives". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  144. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Mongolia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  145. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Nepal". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  146. "Main Policies - Pakistan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  147. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Philippines". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  148. "Ban on e-cigarette sales". Gulf News. 24 February 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  149. "Prohibition on imitation tobacco products". hsa.gov.sg. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2013.
  150. Heng, Janice (20 July 2010). "Ban on new tobacco products". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  151. "E-cigarette vaping in South Korea". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  152. "전자담배 즐기는 아들". Seoul.co.kr. 2 April 2011. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
  153. "Main Policies - Syria". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 27 June 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  154. "Passenger Clearance". 30 August 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2019.
  155. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Tajikistan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  156. Bangprapa, Mongkol (21 August 2019). "PM to keep e-cigs illegal". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
  157. "E-cigarettes to be allowed in UAE in April".
  158. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Uzbekistan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  159. "Main Policies - Vietnam". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 30 May 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  160. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Yemen". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  161. "About e-cigarettes". Department of Health and Aged Care. 13 April 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  162. Parker, Helen; Lake, Chloe (19 January 2009). "E-cigarettes being sold online". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 3 September 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2009.
  163. Therapeutic Goods Administration (15 October 2008). "National Drugs and Poisons Schedule Committee -record of reasons of meeting 54" (PDF). Australian Government Department of_Health and Ageing Therapeutic Goods Administration: NDPSC document (chapter 12.1.3 at p.126-144). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
  164. "Legal status of electronic cigarettes in Australia" (PDF). Quit Victoria. Quit Vitoria. September 2015.
  165. Fraser, Doug; Weier, Megan; Keane, Helen; Gartner, Coral (2015). "Vapers' perspectives on electronic cigarette regulation in Australia". International Journal of Drug Policy. 26 (6): 589–594. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.01.019. ISSN 0955-3959. PMID 25724266.
  166. "Electronic cigarettes". Therapeutic Goods Administration. 30 March 2015. pp. 1–7.
  167. Stark, Jill (12 December 2010). "Banned e-cigarettes may be a health hazard, but buying them's a wheeze". The Age. Australia. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  168. comlaw.gov.au "Australian Government ComLaw"
  169. Beach, Dania (29 January 2014). "Vapor Corp. Launches New Store-in-Store VaporX(R) Retail Concept at Tobacco Plus Convenience Expo in Las Vegas". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2015. Alt URL Archived 2015-11-10 at the Wayback Machine
  170. "Electronic cigarettes:The truth behind the smoke and mirrors". smh.com.au. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  171. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Fiji". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  172. "Main Policies - New Zealand". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  173. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Palau". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  174. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Papua New Guinea". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  175. "E-CIGARETTE REGULATIONS - GUAM". The Guam Daily Post. 17 February 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  176. "Fisher: Ban flavored vape sales". Public Health Law Center. 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  177. "E-CIGARETTE REGULATIONS - NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS". Public Health Law Center. 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  178. "Revision of the Tobacco Products Directive". European Commission. Retrieved 20 November 2013.
  179. "EU plans tougher tobacco restrictions on e-cigarettes". BBC News. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  180. "Proposal on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning the manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco and related products" (PDF). 19 December 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2013.
  181. "Tobacco Or Medicinal Product? Europe Divided Over E-Cigarettes". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013.
  182. Gray, Eliza (27 February 2014). "Europe Sets New Rules for E-Cigs While the U.S. Drags Its Feet". Time.
  183. Meikle, James (1 October 2015). "UK e-cigarette firm fights EU vaping laws in European court". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 October 2015.
  184. Higgins, Andrew (9 November 2013). "Aided by Army of 'Vapers', E-Cigarette Industry Woos and Wins Europe". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  185. Kitamura, Makiko (19 February 2014). "Glaxo Memo Shows Drug Industry Lobbying on E-Cigarettes". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 22 November 2014.
  186. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Albania". Assembly of the Republic of Albania. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  187. "Law No. 9636 date 6.11.2006 "For Health Protection from Tobacco Products, Changed" - Article 9" (PDF). Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  188. "Main Policies - Armernia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  189. "LAW ON REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF THE DAMAGE CAUSED TO HEALTH BY THE USE OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS AND SUBSTITUTIONS FOR THEM - Article 5" (PDF). National Assembly of the Republic of Armenia. 13 February 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  190. Ghazanchyan, Siranush (3 January 2020). "Retailers in Armenia now banned from displaying tobacco products and substitutes". Public Radio of Armenia. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  191. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Austria". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  192. "Main Policies - Azerbaijan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  193. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Azerbaijan". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  194. "Main Policies - Azerbaijan". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  195. "Decree of the President of the Republic of Belarus On State Regulation of the Production, Sale and Consumption of Tobacco Raw Materials and Tobacco Products - CHAPTER 4" (PDF). Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  196. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Belgium". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  197. "ZAKON O KONTROLI I OGRANIČENOJ UPOTREBI DUHANA, DUHANSKIH I OSTALIH PROIZVODA ZA PUŠENJE". BOSNA I HERCEGOVINA FEDERACIJA BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE VLADA. June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  198. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Bulgaria". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  199. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Croatia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  200. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Cyprus". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  201. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Czech Republic". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  202. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Denmark". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  203. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Estonia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  204. "Main Policies - Estonia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  205. "Main Policies - Estonia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  206. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Finland". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  207. "Countries/Jurisdictions - France". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  208. "Main Policies - Georgia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  209. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Georgia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  210. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Georgia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  211. "Bill to regulate the sale and supply of vaping products to children - 760/2022". HM Government of Gibraltar. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  212. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Greece". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  213. "Smoking and vaping rules in Hungary". DailyNewsHungary. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  214. "Main Policies - Iceland". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  215. "Main Policies - Ireland". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  216. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Italy". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  217. "Smoking, vaping, HTP, NRT and snus in Kosovo". GSTHR. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  218. "Main Policies - Latvia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 1 December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  219. "Tabakpräventionsgesetz". Rechtsdienst der Regierung. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  220. "Kinder- und Jugendgesetz (KJG) - Art. 69". Rechtsdienst der Regierung. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  221. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Lithuania". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  222. "Lithuania bans flavoured e-cigarettes". Lietuvos nacionalinis radijas ir televizija. 1 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  223. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Luxembourg". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  224. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Malta". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  225. "Main Policies - Moldova". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  226. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Montenegro". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  227. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Netherlands". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  228. "E-cigarette vaping in Macedonia". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  229. "Main Policies - Norway". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  230. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Poland". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  231. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Poland". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  232. "Main Policies - Romania". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  233. "Main Policies - Russia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  234. "E-cigarette vaping in San Marino". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  235. "E-cigarette vaping in Serbia". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  236. "Serbia clamps down e-cigarette sales to minors". EURACTIV. 11 April 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  237. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Slovakia". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  238. "Production of tobacco products". Ministry of Interior of the Slovak republic. 21 June 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  239. "Main Policies - Slovenia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  240. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Spain". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  241. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Sweden". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  242. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Switzerland". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. 21 September 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  243. Bern, Basel-Country, Basel-City, Fribourg, Geneva, Jura, Neuchâtel, Thurgovia, Ticino and Wallis
  244. "Kantonale Tabakabgabeverbote an Jugendliche". Bundesamt für Gesundheit BAG. 1 June 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  245. "Main Policies - Ukraine". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  246. "Basbakanlik Mevzuati Gelistirme ve Yayin Genel Müdürlügü". resmigazete.gov.tr.
  247. "Law No. 6487" (PDF).
  248. "Gümrük: Elektronik Sigara ve Benzeri Cihazlar ile Bazı Tütün Mamulleri ve Tütün Mamulünü Taklit Eder Tarzda Kullanılan Mamullerin İthaline İlişkin Karar (Karar Sayısı: 2149)". www.gumruk.com.tr. Retrieved 2022-08-29.
  249. "Answer to Turkish parliamentary question" (PDF). Turkish parliament. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2016-04-20.
  250. "Main Policies - Ukraine". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. December 2020. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  251. "E-cigarettes: regulations for consumer products". Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  252. "FDA's New Regulations for E-Cigarettes, Cigars, and All Other Tobacco Products". US Department of Health and Human Services. US Food and Drug Administration. 12 August 2016.
  253. Tremblay, MC; Pluye, P; Gore, G; Granikov, V; Filion, KB; Eisenberg, MJ (3 June 2015). "Regulation profiles of e-cigarettes in the United States: a critical review with qualitative synthesis". BMC Medicine. 13: 130. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0370-z. PMC 4480885. PMID 26041672.
  254. "FDA Fighting for Authority to Regulate Electronic Cigarette". 2 March 2010.
  255. Wilson, Duff (15 January 2010). "Judge Orders F.D.A. to Stop Blocking Imports of E-Cigarettes From China". The New York Times.
  256. "AAFP.org". AAFP.org. Archived from the original on 18 November 2011. Retrieved 18 December 2010.
  257. "FDA Cannot Block E-Cigarette Imports: Court". Fox News. 8 December 2010.
  258. FDA (14 February 2011). "FDA regulation of e-cigarettes rebuffed again". American Medical News. Retrieved 21 February 2011.
  259. Richtel, Matt (3 May 2014). "Some E-Cigarettes Deliver a Puff of Carcinogens". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  260. Brady Dennis for the Washington Post. 24 April 2014 FDA outlines plan to regulate e-cigarettes
  261. Sabrina Tavernise for the New York Times. 24 April 2014 F.D.A. Will Propose New Regulations for E-Cigarettes
  262. Rom, Oren; Pecorelli, Alessandra; Valacchi, Giuseppe; Reznick, Abraham Z. (2014). "Are E-cigarettes a safe and good alternative to cigarette smoking?". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1340 (1): 65–74. Bibcode:2015NYASA1340...65R. doi:10.1111/nyas.12609. ISSN 0077-8923. PMID 25557889. S2CID 26187171.
  263. Marchione, Marilynn (25 August 2014). "Heart group says e-cigarettes may help end habit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press.
  264. Products, Center for Tobacco. "Newsroom - FDA's Comprehensive Plan for Tobacco and Nicotine Regulation". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  265. "The Facts on the FDA's New Tobacco Rule". US Department of Health and Human Services. US Food and Drug Administration. 7 August 2016.
  266. "Retailer Overview of FDA Regulations for Selling Tobacco Products". US Department of Health and Human Services. US Food and Drug Administration. 8 August 2016.
  267. Mickle, Tripp (15 September 2016). "FDA Cracks Down on Online Sales by E-Cigarette Industry". The Wall Street Journal.
  268. "FDA Regulation of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems and E-Liquids". FDA Center for Tobacco Products. July 20, 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  269. Felberbaum, Michael (July 28, 2017). "FDA announces comprehensive regulatory plan to shift trajectory of tobacco-related disease, death" (Press release). FDA Center for Tobacco Products.
  270. "MRTP Application Actions (Orders, Denials, and Responses)". FDA Center for Tobacco Products. August 1, 2018. Retrieved 4 August 2018.
  271. LaVito, Angelica (January 25, 2018). "In high-stakes votes, FDA advisors say evidence doesn't back Philip Morris' claims". CNBC. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  272. "FR 5597–F–03 Instituting Smoke- Free Public Housing". Regulations.gov. 5 December 2016.
  273. "2018 Warning Letters". FDA.gov. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  274. McGinley, Laura (May 1, 2018). "Feds crack down on e-liquid packaging that looks like candy, juice boxes". The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 August 2018.
  275. FDA Center for Tobacco Products (May 10, 2018). "WARNING LETTER". Letter to 13th Floor Elevapors, LLC. Retrieved August 3, 2018.
  276. Hahn, Jürgen; Monakhova, Yulia B; Hengen, Julia; Kohl-Himmelseher, Matthias; Schüssler, Jörg; Hahn, Harald; Kuballa, Thomas; Lachenmeier, Dirk W (2014-12-09). "Electronic cigarettes: overview of chemical composition and exposure estimation". Tobacco Induced Diseases. 12 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12971-014-0023-6. ISSN 2070-7266. PMC 4304610. PMID 25620905.
  277. Govindarajan, Preethi; Spiller, Henry A.; Casavant, Marcel J.; Chounthirath, Thitphalak; Smith, Gary A. (2018-04-23). "E-Cigarette and Liquid Nicotine Exposures Among Young Children". Pediatrics. 141 (5): e20173361. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-3361. ISSN 1098-4275. PMID 29686144. Retrieved 2018-08-03.
  278. "FDA takes new steps to address epidemic of youth e-cigarette use, including a historic action against more than 1,300 retailers and 5 major manufacturers for their roles perpetuating youth access". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. September 12, 2018. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
  279. "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on proposed new steps to protect youth by preventing access to flavored tobacco products and banning menthol in cigarettes". United States Food and Drug Administration. 15 November 2018.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  280. "President Trump to propose ban on flavorings used in e-cigarettes". FOX6 News. Associated Press. 11 September 2019.
  281. "STATE System E-Cigarette Fact Sheet". www.cdc.gov. 2022-05-24. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  282. Commissioner, Office of the (2020-03-24). "FDA finalizes enforcement policy on unauthorized flavored cartridge-based e-cigarettes that appeal to children, including fruit and mint". FDA. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  283. Pardes, Arielle. "Juul Nears Its Last Gasp—After It Hooked a Generation on Vaping". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
  284. Dave, Dhaval; Feng, Bo; Pesko, Michael F. (2019). "The effects of e-cigarette minimum legal sale age laws on youth substance use". Health Economics. 28 (3): 419–436. doi:10.1002/hec.3854. PMC 6377803. PMID 30648308.
  285. "E-Cigarette Regulations - Minnesota | Public Health Law Center". publichealthlawcenter.org.
  286. "How FDA is Regulating E-cigarettes". Food and Drug Administration.
  287. "FDA Deems Certain Tobacco Products Subject to FDA Authority, Sales and Distribution Restrictions, and Health Warning Requirements for Packages and Advertisements". Food and Drug Administration.
  288. "Electronic Cigarette Legislation Prohibiting Sale to Minors in Other States" (PDF). University of Maryland Law School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2013.
  289. Morain, Stephanie Rubino; Malek, Janet (2017). "Minimum Age of Sale for Tobacco Products and Electronic Cigarettes: Ethical Acceptability of US "Tobacco 21 Laws"". American Journal of Public Health. 107 (9): e1–e5. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.303900. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5551602. PMID 28727531.
  290. Schwarzenegger, Arnold (12 October 2009). "SB 400 Senate Bill -Veto". California State Senate. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
  291. Lempert, Lauren (2014). "The importance of product definitions in US e-cigarette laws and regulations". Tobacco Control. 25 (e1): e44–51. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051913. PMC 4466213. PMID 25512432.
  292. Soule, Eric K; Maloney, Sarah F; Spindle, Tory R; Rudy, Alyssa K; Hiler, Marzena M; Cobb, Caroline O (2017). "Electronic cigarette use and indoor air quality in a natural setting". Tobacco Control. 26 (1): 109–112. doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052772. ISSN 0964-4563. PMC 4985441. PMID 26880745.
  293. "States and Municipalities with Laws Regulating Use of Electronic Cigarettes" (PDF).
  294. Jackson, Irvin (23 August 2016). "E-Cigarette Explosion Risk Leads Navy to Consider Ban". AboutLawsuits.com.
  295. King, Robert (26 July 2018). "San Francisco first city to ban e-cigarette flavors". The Washington Examiner.
  296. "Juul & E-Cig Bans | City & State Vaping Bans". Drugwatch.com.
  297. Pesko, Michael; Warman, Casey (5 September 2017). "The Effect of Prices and Taxes on Youth Cigarette and E-cigarette Use: Economic Substitutes or Complements?". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 3077468. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  298. Saffer, Henry; Dench, Daniel L; Grossman, Michael; Dave, Dhaval M (December 2019). "E-Cigarettes and Adult Smoking: Evidence from Minnesota". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26589. S2CID 242547226. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  299. Pesko, Michael F; Courtemanche, Charles J; Maclean, Johanna Catherine (June 2019). "The Effects of Traditional Cigarette and E-Cigarette Taxes on Adult Tobacco Product Use". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26017. S2CID 198708325. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  300. Abouk, Rahi; Adams, Scott; Feng, Bo; Maclean, Johanna Catherine; Pesko, Michael F (July 2019). "The Effect of E-Cigarette Taxes on Pre-Pregnancy and Prenatal Smoking, and Birth Outcomes". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26126. S2CID 150083212. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  301. Cotti, Chad D; Courtemanche, Charles J; Maclean, Johanna Catherine; Nesson, Erik T; Pesko, Michael F; Tefft, Nathan (January 2020). "The Effects of E-Cigarette Taxes on E-Cigarette Prices and Tobacco Product Sales: Evidence from Retail Panel Data". National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26724. S2CID 236886747. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  302. Friedman, Abigail S. (December 2015). "How does electronic cigarette access affect adolescent smoking?". Journal of Health Economics. 44: 300–308. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2015.10.003. ISSN 1879-1646. PMID 26583343.
  303. Cooper, Michael T.; Pesko, Michael F. (December 2017). "The effect of e-cigarette indoor vaping restrictions on adult prenatal smoking and birth outcomes". Journal of Health Economics. 56: 178–190. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.002. ISSN 1879-1646. PMC 5733637. PMID 29107198.
  304. "E-cigarette vaping in Antigua and Barbuda". GSTHR. 2 September 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  305. "Main Policies - Argentinia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  306. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Nicaragua". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  307. "Main Policies - Uruguay". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 4 March 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  308. "Main Policies - Mexico". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  309. "Main Policies - Argentinia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  310. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Paraguay". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  311. "Main Policies - Canada". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  312. "Youth Centred Tobacco Control Policies". Healthy Caribbean Coalition. 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  313. "Tobacco Advocacy in the Caribbean" (PDF). HCC. December 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  314. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Barbados". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  315. "Main Policies - Argentinia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  316. "Main Policies - Argentinia". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 3 February 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  317. "E-cigarette vaping in Chile". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  318. "E-cigarette vaping in Colombia". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  319. "Main Policies - Costa Rica". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 29 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  320. "E-cigarette vaping in Domincan Republic". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  321. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Barbados". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  322. "Main Policies - El Salvador". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  323. "Children and Young Persons (Tobacco) Ordinance 2007 - Section 4". Merco Press. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  324. "Falklands' all health and social services sites Smoke Free as of February". Merco Press. 19 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  325. "E-cigarette vaping in Domincan Republic". GSTHR. 2 September 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  326. "Main Policies - El Salvador". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  327. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Honduras". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  328. "Main Policies - El Salvador". Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  329. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Panama". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  330. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Paraguay". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  331. "Countries/Jurisdictions - Paraguay". Institute for Global Tobacco Control. December 2020. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  332. "E-Cigarette Regulations - Puerto Rico". Public Health Law Center. 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  333. "E-Cigarette Regulations - Virgin Islands". Public Health Law Center. 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
  334. "California Is Forcing Smokers To Buy More Dangerous Products". May 6, 2022.
  335. "Vaping 95% less harmful than smoking". August 2015.
  336. "San Francisco's Top Economist Confirms Vape Ban Means More Smoking". July 15, 2019.
  337. "California Is Forcing Smokers To Buy More Dangerous Products". May 6, 2022.
  338. Maloney, Jennifer (June 22, 2022). "FDA to Order Juul E-Cigarettes Off U.S. Market". Wall Street Journal.
  339. "Differences in Switching Away From Smoking Among Adult Smokers Using JUUL Products in Regions With Different Maximum Nicotine Concentrations: North America and the United Kingdom". May 18, 2021.
  340. "Mandating Low-Nicotine Cigarettes Could Make Smoking More Dangerous". June 22, 2022.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.