Russian war crimes

Russian troops burying corpses in a trench in Chechnya during the Second Chechen War

Throughout the First Chechen War, human rights organizations accused Russian forces of starting a brutal war with total disregard for international humanitarian law, causing tens of thousands of unnecessary civilian casualties among the Chechen population. The main strategy in the Russian war effort was to use heavy artillery and air strikes, leading to numerous indiscriminate attacks on civilians. According to Human Rights Watch, the campaign was "unparalleled in the area since World War II for its scope and destructiveness, followed by months of indiscriminate and targeted fire against civilians".[34]

The crimes included the use of prohibited cluster bombs in the 1995 Shali cluster bomb attack, which targeted a market, a gas station and a hospital,[35][36][37] and the April 1995 Samashki massacre, in which it is estimated that up to 300 civilians died during the attack.[38] Russian forces conducted an operation of zachistka, house-by-house searches throughout the entire village. Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in Samashki by shooting residents and burning houses with flame-throwers. They wantonly opened fire or threw grenades into basements where residents, mostly women, elderly persons and children, had been hiding.[39] Russian troops intentionally burned many bodies, either by throwing the bodies into burning houses or by setting them on fire.[40]

During the First Battle of Grozny, Russian air raids and artillery bombardments were described as the heaviest bombing campaign in Europe since the destruction of Dresden.[41] The Russian historian and general Dmitri Volkogonov said the Russian military's bombardment of Grozny killed around 35,000 civilians, including 5,000 children.[42] This has led to Western and Chechen sources describing the Russian strategy as deliberate terror bombing.[43] The bloodbath of Grozny shocked Russia and the outside world, causing severe criticism of the war. International monitors from the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) described the scenes as nothing short of an "unimaginable catastrophe", while former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev called the war a "disgraceful, bloody adventure" and German chancellor Helmut Kohl called it "sheer madness".[44]

In a March 1996 report, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) accused Russian troops of firing on civilians and killing them at checkpoints and of summarily executing captured Chechen men, both civilians and fighters.[30] Two cases involved Russian soldiers murdering humanitarian aid workers who tried to save a civilian from execution on a street in Grozny. Russian Ministry of Interior forces officers fired into a group of soldiers who refused to kill the civilian population.[30]

A building damaged during the war in Grozny

The Second Chechen War, which began in 1999, was even more brutal than the previous war.[45][46] According to human rights activists, Russian troops systematically committed the following crimes in Chechnya: the destruction of cities and villages, not justified by military necessity; shelling and bombardment of unprotected settlements; summary extrajudicial executions and killings of civilians; torture, ill-treatment and infringement of human dignity; serious bodily harm intentionally inflicted on persons not directly participating in hostilities; deliberate strikes against the civilian population, civilian and medical vehicles; illegal detentions of the civilian population; enforced disappearances; looting and destruction of civilian and public property; extortion; taking hostages for ransom; corpse trade.[47][48][49] There were also rapes,[50][51][52] which, along with women, were also subjected to men.[53][54][55][56][57][58]

Some of the crimes committed towards the civilian population included the following: 1999 Elistanzhi cluster bomb attack against civilians, leaving mostly women and children dead.[59][60] The Grozny ballistic missile attack, in which ten hypersonic missiles fell without warning and targeted the city's only maternity hospital, post office, mosque, and a crowded market.[61][62][63] the casualties occurred at the central market, and the attack is estimated to have killed over 100 instantly and injuring up to 400 others. The Russian Air Force perpetrated repeated rocket attacks on a large convoy of refugees trying to enter Ingushetia through a supposed "safe exit" during the Baku–Rostov highway bombing.[64] This was repeated in December 1999 when Russian soldiers opened fire on a refugee convoy marked with white flags.[65]

During the Alkhan-Yurt massacre where Russian soldiers went on a murdering spree throughout the village and summarily executing, raping, torturing, looting, burning and killing anyone in their way. Nearly all the killings were committed by Russian soldiers who were looting.[66] Civilian attempts to stop the madness were often met with death.[67] There has been no serious attempt conducted by the Russian authorities to bring to justice those accountable for the crimes committed at Alkhan-Yurt. Credible testimony suggests that Russian leadership in the region had knowledge of what was happening and simply chose to ignore it.[66] Russian military leadership dismissed the incident as "fairy tales", claiming that the bodies were planted and the slaughter fabricated in order to damage the reputation of Russian troops.[68] Russian general Vladimir Shamanov dismissed accountability for the abuses in the village saying "Don't you dare touch the soldiers and officers of the Russian army. They are doing a sacred thing today-they are defending Russia. And don't you dare sully the Russian soldier with your dirty hands![66]

Dead Chechen soldier

In what is regarded as one of gravest war crimes in the war, Russian federal forces went on a village-sweep (zachistka), that involved summary executions of dozens of people, murder, looting, arson and rape of Chechen civilians in what is known as the Novye Aldi massacre.[69][70][71] Russian troops had cluster-bombed the village a day prior before entering the village, telling local residents to come out from their cellars for inspection the next day.[72] Upon entering the village, Russian soldiers shot their victims in cold blood, with automatic fire at close range. Victims ranged from one-year-old babies to an 82 year old woman. Victims were asked for money or jewelry by Russian soldiers, which served as a pretext for their execution if the amount was insufficient. Federal soldiers removed gold teeth from their victims and looted their corpses. Killings were accompanied by arson in an attempt to destroy evidence of summary executions and other civilian killings. There were several cases of rape. In one incident, Russian soldiers gang raped several women before strangling them to death. Pillage on a massive scale took place in the village, with Russian soldiers stripping the houses of civilians in broad daylight. Any attempt to make the Russian authorities take responsibilities for the massacre resulted in indignant denial. Human Rights Watch described the Russian authorities' response as "typical". A spokesperson from the Russian Ministry of Defence declared that "these assertions are nothing but a concoction not supported by fact or any proof . . . [and] should be seen as a provocation whose goal is to discredit the federal forces' operation against the terrorists in Chechnya."[72][70] An eye-witness also said that investigators from the Federal Security Service told her the massacre was probably committed by Chechen fighters "disguised as federal troops".[73]

A Chechen woman with a wounded child

During the Staropromyslovsky massacre between December 1999 and January 2000, Russian soldiers went on an apparent spree, rounding up civilians and summarily executing them.[74][75] The crimes included widespread looting and arson. Victims included the entire nine-member family of the Zubayevs, which had reportedly been shot dead in the street by a heavy submachine gun (most likely from an armored vehicle).[76] In one incident, Russian soldiers fired at civilians hiding in a cellar. According to a survivor of the incident, upon having yelled out to the soldiers, "Please don't shoot us, we are local civilians," the soldiers ordered them to come out of the cellar with their hands up. After coming out of the cellar, the Russian soldiers ordered them back down, after which they threw down several hand grenades at the civilians. The survivors were then again ordered back out of the cellar, after which the Russian soldiers shot the survivors with machine gun fire at close range.[74][76][75] The massacre went unpunished and unacknowledged by the Russian authorities.

The 1999–2000 siege and bombardments of Grozny caused tens of thousands of civilians to perish.[77] The Russian army issued an ultimatum during the siege urging Chechens to leave the city or be destroyed without mercy.[78] Around 300 people were killed while trying to escape in October 1999 and subsequently buried in a mass grave.[79] The Russian president Putin vowed that the military would not stop bombing Grozny until Russian troops quote 'fulfilled their task to the end.' In 2003, the United Nations called Grozny the most destroyed city on Earth.[80] The bombing of Grozny included banned Buratino thermobaric and fuel-air bombs, igniting the air of civilians hiding in basements.[81][82] There were also reports of the use of chemical weapons, banned according to Geneva law.[83]

International humanitarian workers are reported to have been killed by Russian soldiers during the war in Chechnya. On 17 December 1996, six delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) were killed in an attack by masked gunmen at the ICRC hospital in Novye Atagi, near Grozny.[84] In 2010, Russian special forces officer, Major Aleksi Potyomkin, claimed that the murders were perpetrated by FSB agents.[85] A 2004 report identified Russian soldiers using rape as means of torture against the Chechens.[86] Out of 428 villages in Chechnya, 380 were bombed in the conflicts, leaving a 70% destruction of households behind.[87]

A Russian soldier stands on a mass grave of Chechens in Komsomolskoye, who were killed in the Second Chechen War, 2000

Amnesty International estimated that between 20,000 and 30,000 civilians have been killed in the First Chechen War alone, mostly by indiscriminate attacks by Russian forces on densely populated areas,[88] and that a further 25,000 civilians died in the Second Chechen War.[89] Another source assumes that 40,000–45,000 civilians were killed in the second conflict.[90] Meanwhile, in 1996, the then Russian National Security chief Aleksandr Lebed said that 80,000 people died in the first war.[91] Combined with the military forces, historians estimate that up to a tenth of the entire Chechen population died in the first war,[92] 100,000 people out of a million.[93] Conservative estimates assume that at least 100,000–150,000 people died in the two conflicts.[94] Higher estimates by Chechen officials and nationals assume that up to 200,000–300,000 died in the two wars.[95][96]

Since the start of the conflicts, there have been 57 recorded mass graves in Chechnya.[97]

Human Rights Watch additionally recorded between 3,000 and 5,000 forced disappearances in Chechnya between 1999 and 2005, and classified it as a crime against humanity.

The German-based NGO Society for Threatened Peoples accused the Russian authorities of genocide in its 2005 report on Chechnya.[98]

Following the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, the pro-Russian Ukrainian President, Viktor Yanukovych, was ousted and fled to Russia, and the new Ukrainian government adopted a pro-European perspective. Russia responded with the annexation of Crimea, which was declared illegal by the UN General Assembly in its resolution 68/262,[108] while pro-Russian separatists declared the unrecognized quasi-state Novorossiya, intending a secession from Ukraine, and an insurgency which eventually led to the war in Donbas, the eastern parts of Ukraine. While Russia denied its involvement in the war in Donbas, numerous pieces of evidence pointed to its support of the pro-Russian separatists. Amnesty International accused Russia of "fuelling separatist crimes" and it called upon "all parties, including Russia, to stop their violations of the laws of war".[8]

Damaged building in Lysychansk, 2014

Damaged building in Kurakhove, 26 November 2014

Human Rights Watch stated that pro-Russian insurgents "failed to take all feasible precautions to avoid deploying in civilian areas" and in one case "actually moved closer to populated areas as a response to government shelling".[109] HRW called on all sides to stop using the "notoriously imprecise" Grad rockets.[109]

Another report by Human Rights Watch said that the insurgents had been "running amok...taking, beating and torturing hostages, as well as wantonly threatening and beating people who are pro-Kiev".[110] It also said that the insurgents had destroyed medical equipment, threatened medical staff, and occupied hospitals. A member of Human Rights Watch witnessed the exhumation of a "mass grave" in Sloviansk that was uncovered after insurgents retreated from the city.[110]

Insurgents with bayonet-equipped automatic rifles in the city of Donetsk paraded captured Ukrainian soldiers through the streets on 24 August, the Independence Day of Ukraine.[111][112] During the parade, Russian nationalistic songs were played from loudspeakers, and members of the crowd jeered at the prisoners with epithets like "fascist". Street cleaning machines followed the protesters, "cleansing" the ground they were paraded on.[111] Human Rights Watch said that this was in clear violation of the common article 3 of the Geneva Conventions. The article forbids "outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment". They further said that the parade "may be considered a war crime".[111]

A mural of Ukrainian soldiers and police officers who died "defending Ukrainian unity" in Kyiv

A map of human rights violations committed by the separatists, called the "Map of Death", was published by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) in October 2014.[113][114][115] The reported violations included detention camps and mass graves. Subsequently, on 15 October, the SBU opened a case on "crimes against humanity" perpetrated by insurgent forces.[116]

A mid-October report by Amnesty International documented cases of summary executions by pro-Russian forces.[117] A report by Human Rights Watch documented use of cluster munitions by anti-government forces.[118]

In October 2014, Aleksey Mozgovoy organised a "people's court" in Alchevsk that issued a death sentence by a show of hands to a man accused of rape.[119]

At a press conference in Kyiv on 15 December 2015, UN Assistant Secretary-General for human rights Ivan Šimonović stated that the majority of human rights violations committed during the conflict were carried out by the separatists.[120]

Amnesty International reported that it had found "new evidence" of summary killings of Ukrainian soldiers on 9 April 2015. Having reviewed video footage, it determined that at least four Ukrainian soldiers had been shot dead "execution style". AI deputy director for Europe and Central Asia Denis Krivosheev said that "the new evidence of these summary killings confirms what we have suspected for a long time".[121] AI also said that a recording released by the Kyiv Post of a man, allegedly separatist leader Arseny Pavlov, claiming to have killed fifteen Ukrainian prisoners of war was a "chilling confession", and that it highlighted "the urgent need for an independent investigation into this and all other allegations of abuses".[121][122] Russia's actions in Ukraine have been described as crimes against peace and crimes against humanity (Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 shoot down).[123]

In 2019, the Ukrainian government considered 7% of Ukraine's territory to be under occupation.[124] The United Nations General Assembly resolution A/73/L.47, adopted on 17 December 2018, mostly concurred and designated Crimea as under "temporary occupation".[125]

The United Nations recorded that the war claimed the lives of over 3,000 civilians by 2018.[126]

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  A damaged block of flats in Donetsk, 14 July 2014
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  A destroyed house in the Donbas, July 2014
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  A damaged tower block in Lysychansk, 28 July 2014
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  Damaged building in Snizhne, August 6, 2014
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  A burning block of flats in Shakhtarsk, August 3, 2014
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  A damaged building in Donetsk, August 7, 2014
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  Victims of War in Ukraine – Kyiv Hospital – Exhibition by Still Miracle Photography 02

Dead civilians after the Kramatorsk railway station attack

On 24 February 2022, Russian forces invaded and attacked Ukraine from the north, south and east, which was interpreted as a form of Russian irredentism.[127][128] HRW and Amnesty International accused Russia of using imprecise cluster munitions in civilian areas, including near hospitals and schools, which constitute unlawful attacks with weapons that indiscriminately kill and maim.[129][130] UN High Commissioner for Human Rights condemned Russia's military action as a violation of international law.[131] Amnesty International labeled it an act of aggression that is a crime under international law.[9] Numerous war crimes were recorded, including murder, torture, abductions, deportation, looting, rape against Ukrainian women, terrorism, attacks on civilians, unlawful airstrikes or attacks against civilian objects, wanton destruction, unlawful confinement, threats of violence, and inhumane treatment of POWs.[132]

Civilians killed in Bucha, April 2022

Among the targets of Russian airstrikes was Ukraine's capital Kyiv, a city of some 3 million people.[133] Kindergartens and orphanages were also shelled.[134] Russian forces were accused of a campaign of terror against Ukrainians.[135] On 3 March 2022, Russian forces were reportedly looting across Kherson.[136] During the Siege of Mariupol, the city was destroyed by shelling and cut off from electricity, food and water. A 6-year-old girl was reported to have died from dehydration under the ruins of her home in Mariupol on 8 March.[137] During the assault on Irpin, the Russian forces indiscriminately fired at refugees trying to flee across a collapsed bridge. A family of four was killed by a mortar strike.[138][139]

During the Battle of Kharkiv, the city was destroyed by Russian shelling, including a boarding school for blind people. Out of a population of 1.8 million, only 500,000 people remained in Kharkiv by 7 March.[140] On 28 February 2022, a Russian cluster bomb attack killed 9 civilians and wounded 37 more in Kharkiv.[141][142] On 3 March, 47 civilians were killed in Chernihiv, most of whom were standing in line at a food store, waiting for bread, when a Russian air strike with eight unguided aerial bombs hit them.[143] In the Mariupol hospital airstrike, three people were killed, including a young girl;[144] whereas hundreds died in the Mariupol theatre airstrike, used as an air raid shelter.[145] Following the withdrawal of Russian forces from the E-40 highway around the Kyiv area, BBC News discovered 13 dead bodies left lying on the road, only two wearing Ukrainian military uniforms. The evidence points to Russian soldiers killing these fleeing civilians.[146]

After the Russian forces left the area of Bucha after a month of occupation, on 1–3 April photos and videos emerged showing hundreds of killed people lying on the streets or in mass graves. The event triggered an international response as it was widely covered by journalists as the Bucha massacre.[147]

The body of the 4-year-old girl Liza Dmitrieva (left) and the severed part of her mother's leg (right) after the Russian missile strike on Vinnytsia in July 2022. Liza became one of the symbols of Russian atrocities in Ukraine[148]

Thousands of civilians were killed by Russia's indiscriminate shelling and missiles strikes against civilian areas: in Borordianka,[149] Kramatorsk,[150] Vinnytsia,[151] Chasiv Yar,[152] Serhiivka,[153] and others. A Ukrainian official said that Russia is using mobile crematoriums to dispose of bodies in Mariupol in an attempt to cover up evidence of war crimes and hide the number of people that have died.[154] On 7 May 2022, the Bilohorivka school bombing killed dozens of people sheltering in the basement.[155] Odesa was bombed continuously for months.[156] On 15 June 2022, OHCHR expressed concerns over reports that Ukrainian children were forcibly deported to Russia, where they were being sent for rushed adoption, stating that these "do not appear to include steps for family reunification or respect the best interests of the child". UNICEF similarly declared that "adoptions should never occur during or immediately after emergencies".[157]

Russian filtration camps were set-up to detain, interrogate and torture Ukrainians suspected to have connections with Ukrainian government.[159] On 14 July 2022, OSCE released a report finding that Russia was guilty of murder, rape, abduction and deportations of Ukrainian civilians, including the transfer of 2,000 children from orphanages and institutions to Russia, even though many have relatives in Ukraine, which qualifies as a widespread and systematic attack against a civilian population, and is a crime against humanity.[160]

Izium mass grave exhumations, September 2022

Videos of the beheading of a Ukrainian prisoner of war in summer 2022[161] and castration of another one in Pryvillia[162] were widely condemned by international community. Several scholars declared that Russia was committing genocide in Ukraine.[163] This assertion was corroborated by a report by New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy and Raoul Wallenberg Centre for Human Rights which inferred that Russia breached two articles of the 1948 Genocide Convention.[164]

On 14 September 2022, Ukrainian authorities discovered a mass grave with 440 corpses in Izium after the Russian forces withrdrew from the area.[165] The events were described as the Izium massacre. Since October–November 2022, Russian forces used missiles and drones to systematically attack Ukraine's electrical grids, leaving millions of civilians without heating, electricity, water, or other basic utilities during winter. These attacks on critical civilian infrastructure were deemed as illegal and as war crimes.[166][167] This disrupted the power and water supply to 10,700,000 Ukrainian homes at one point in winter.[10] On 14 January 2023, a Russian missile strike was fired directly at a nine-storey residential building in Dnipro, killing over 40 civilians and making over a 1,000 people homeless.[168] On 14 April 2023, Russian S-300 missiles struck residential buildings in Sloviansk on Easter Good Friday, killing a dozen civilians.[169] On 3 May 2023, Russia shelled a train station and a grocery store in Kherson during the busiest hour of the day, killing over 20 civilians.[170]

The Russian Army also perpetrated wanton destruction of Ukrainian cities and cultural destruction, including confiscating and burning Ukrainian books, historical archives, and damaging more than 240 Ukrainian heritage sites,[171] described as a "urbicide".[172] 90% of Mariupol was destroyed by the Russian 2022 siege.[173] Marinka and Popasna were similarly completely destroyed and were described as "post-apocalyptic wasteland" and "ghost towns".[174][175] The UN called Russian bombing of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Odesa a possible war crime.[176] The destruction of the Kakhovka Dam on 6 June 2023 caused flooding and environmental devastation, with some accusing Russia of ecocide.[177][178]

UN's Humanitarian Coordinator for Ukraine condemned Russia's bombings on numerous occasions, including in Kramatorsk[179] and Chernihiv[180] in 2023. HRW labelled the Lyman cluster bombing a war crime.[181]

By 30 March 2022, the UN reported that 4 million refugees fled Ukraine, that 50 hospitals in the country were targeted, and that Russia used the banned cluster munition in at least 24 instances.[182] Russia's attack against Ukraine forced 14 million people to flee their homes, of which 7.8 million fled the country,[183] sparking the largest refugee crisis of the 21st century.[184] On 22 April 2022, the UN recorded at least 2,343 killed civilians, of which 92.3% were attributable to the Russian armed forces.[185] By 21 February 2023, a year into the invasion, the UN recorded 8,006 killed civilians, including 487 children.[186] By October 2023, the number of civilian fatalities recorded by the UN was over 9,800,[187] whereas Ukrainian sources reported of 16,500 killed civilians.[188] The Peace Research Institute Oslo estimated 81,000 total dead in 2022.[189]

From 24 February 2022 to 30 June 2023, OHCHR assessed that 90.5% of all civilian fatalities were killed by explosive weapons with wide area effects, and that 84.2% of them were recorded on the Ukrainian-controlled territory.[190]

On 3 July 2023, Around 700,000 children have been brought from conflict zones in Ukraine to Russian territory, according to a Russian MP, leading to concerns over illegal deportations and forced removals.[191]

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  Aftermath of a Russian missile strike against warehouses un Odesa (Odesa Oblast) on 24 February 2022
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  Mariupol Drama Theatre Destroyed by Russian airstrike
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  Mariupol hospital airstrike
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  Bombing of Borodianka
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  Ukrainian civilian killed during the Russian bombing of Chernihiv Chernihiv Oblast)
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  Riviera shopping mall in Fontanka Village near Odesa (Odesa Oblast), 9 May 2022
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  Hotel Ukraine in Chernihiv (Chernihiv Oblast) after bombardment by Russian forces, April 10, 2022
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  Avdiivka 1st School after shelling by White phosphorus munitions by Russian forces on 18 May 2022 (Donetsk Oblast)
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  Russian bombardment outside Zaporizhzhia
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  Victims of the Russian shelling of the Market in Avdiivka (Donetsk Oblast) on October 12, 2022
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  Pisky in ruins after Russian attack, Donetsk Oblast, on 27 October 2022.
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  Fire after strike in Kyiv Oblast
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  Kyiv after the missile strikes on October 10, 2022
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  A dead civilian under a blanket after a missile attack on Kyiv city centre on October 10, 2022
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  Hospital in Vilniansk after missile strike on November 23, 2022
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  Antonivka Road Bridge after Battle of Kherson
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  Kherson after shelling by the Russian army on 15 January 2023
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  Kharkiv National Academy of Urban Economy after Russian rocket strike
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  View of Bakhmut after Russian shelling in February 2023
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  Dilapidated residential area in Bakhmut after Russian shelling, March 2023
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  West area of the city Bakhmut after Russian bombing, April 2023
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  House in Kramatorsk after the attack and shelling with Russian missiles on February 1, 2023
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  Kindergarten in Kherson after the Russian shelling of the city
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  Destroyed apartment building after a Russian shelling in Uman (Cherkasy Oblast) on April 28, 2023
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  Bakhmut bombarded by Russian forces with white phosphorus, Overnight from May 5 to 7, 2023
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  Destruction in Pavlohrad after Russian shelling (Dnipropetrovsk Oblast), 1 May 2023
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  Shelled shop in Kherson, (Kherson Oblast), 3 May 2023
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  A bombed residential building in Avdiivka (Donetsk Oblast), 5 May 2023
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  Residential building in Kyiv damaged by downed Russian drone, 8 May 2023
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  Burning buses in Kyiv after the attack, 16 May 2023
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  The Karlivka Reservoir dam after Russian shelling, 25 May 2023
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  Hospital in Dnipro (Dnipro Oblast) after the Russian missile strike, 26 May 2023
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  Residential building in Kyiv which caught fire due to falling of fragments of a downed Russian drone, 30 May 2023
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  Flood in Kherson region after the destruction of the Kakhovka Dam, 6 June 2023
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  Destroyed building in Odesa (Odesa Oblast), 14 June 2023
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  Damaged 25-storey residential building in Kyiv, 24 June 2023
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  Restaurant in Kramatorsk (Donetsk Oblast) after the Russian missile strike, 27 June 2023
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  Destroyed residential building in Lviv (Lviv Oblast), 6 July 2023
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  Lyman cluster bombing, 9:55 am, 8 July 2023
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  Destroyed palace of culture in Kherson on July 19, 2023
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  Transfiguration Cathedral in Odesa (Odesa Oblast) after Russian missile attack on 23 July 2023
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  Transfiguration Cathedral in Odesa after a Russian missile strike on 23 July
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  Granary in the Port of Reni, Odesa Oblast after a Russian strike on July 24, 2023

The Russian government denied accountability in its local courts. While thousands of investigations were undertaken, only one person was convicted for crimes against the Chechens in the Chechen wars—Yuri Budanov, convicted by a Russian court of kidnapping and murder of Elza Kungaeva and sentenced to 10 years in prison in 2003[208]—which led Amnesty International to conclude that there is "no accountability" and that a Russian "lack of prosecution has resulted in a climate of impunity".[209]

On 29 March 2005 Sergey Lapin was sentenced to 11 years for torture of Chechen student Zelimkhan Murdalov in police custody, who disappeared since.[210] In December 2007, Lt Yevgeny Khudyakov and Lt Sergei Arakcheyev were sentenced to 17 and 15 years for killing three Chechen construction workers near a Grozny checkpoint in January 2003.[211]

In 2022, former FSB employee Igor Strelkov was sentenced in absentia by a Dutch court to a life in prison for shooting down MH17

On 24 May 2018, after extensive comparative research, the Dutch investigation concluded that the Buk that shot down the 2014 Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 came from the Russian 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade in Kursk.[212] In a statement by the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs of 5 July 2017, it was announced that several countries will prosecute any suspects identified in the downing of flight MH17 in the Netherlands and under Dutch law.[213] A future treaty between the Netherlands and Ukraine will make it possible for the Netherlands to prosecute in the cases of all 298 victims, regardless of their nationality. This treaty was signed on 7 July 2017.[214] On 19 June 2019, Dutch prosecutors charged four people over the deaths in the MH17 crash: three Russians—Igor Strelkov, a former FSB employee; Sergey Dubinskiy and Oleg Pulatov; former GRU operatives—and one Ukrainian—Leonid Kharchenko—associated with the Donetsk People's Republic.[215][216][217] On 17 November 2022, a Dutch court found Girkin, Dubinsky and Kharchenko guilty and sentenced them in absentia to a life in prison.[218]

On 29 August 2003, a Dutch court (Rechtbank's Gravenhage) found that the Samashki massacre of 250 Chechen civilians was a crime against humanity.[219] On 9 November 2021, Ukraine authorities arrested Denis Kulikovsky, a senior warden of the Izoliatsiia detention center in Donetsk People's Republic, where prisoners were tortured.[220]

Russian President Vladimir Putin, who has ruled Russia since 2000, and Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu are both accused of war crimes[221]

On 15 March 2022, the United States Senate passed a resolution unanimously declaring Russia's leader Vladimir Putin a war criminal.[222]

In 2022, National parliaments, including those of Poland, Ukraine, Canada, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland, declared that a genocide was taking place in Ukraine.[223]

On 13 May 2022, Ukrainian authorities started their first war crimes trial involving the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, when Russian soldier Vadim Shishimarin was indicted for killing an unarmed civilian in the Sumy Oblast. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison.[224] On 31 May, a Kyiv court sentenced two Russian soldiers to 11 1/2 years each for firing artillery on two villages in the Kharkiv Oblast.[225] On 8 August 2022, Russian soldier Mikhailo Kulikov was sentenced to 10 years in prison for firing from his tank at an apartment building on the outskirts of Chernihiv.[226] On 29 September 2022 Russian Lieutenant Serhiy Steiner was sentenced in absentia to 9 years in prison by a Ukrainian court for looting and destruction of civilian property in the village of Lukyanivka.[227] On 23 December 2022, a Ukrainian court sentenced four Russian soldiers to 11 years in prison for abducting and torturing three residents of Borova who formed an Anti-Terrorist Unit.[228] On 3 March 2023, a Ukrainian court sentenced a Russian pilot to 12 years in prison for dropping eight bombs on the Kharkiv TV and radio station.[229] By December 2022, Ukraine identified more than 600 suspected war criminals from Russia, including Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu.[230]

The Russian government tried to effectively block or prevent any kind of international prosecution of its role in suspected war crimes by an international court, using its seat at the Security Council to veto resolutions which called for an investigation and bringing accountability of the downing the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 over Donetsk Oblast[231] and for crimes being committed in Syria.[232] It denied that a chemical attack had taken place in Douma on 7 April 2018, but this was nonetheless confirmed in a report by the UN-backed Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons.[233]

On 7 April 2022, the United Nations General Assembly Resolution ES-11/3 suspended Russia from the UN Human Rights Council due to war crimes in Ukraine.[234]

On 23 November 2022, the European Parliament designated Russia a state sponsor of terrorism, declaring that its widespread military attacks on Ukrainian energy infrastructure, hospitals, schools and shelters violate international law and endanger Ukrainian civilians in winter.[235] On 19 January 2023, the European Parliament also adopted a resolution recommending the establishment of an international tribunal to prosecute Putin and Belarus' leader Alexander Lukashenko for war crimes.[236]

Due to impunity for Russian soldiers in Russia, hundreds of victims of abuse have filed applications with the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). By 2009, the ECHR issued 115 verdicts (including in Baysayeva v. Russia case) finding the Russian government guilty of enforced disappearances, extrajudicial executions, torture, and for failing to properly investigate these crimes in Chechnya.[20]

On 21 January 2021, the ECHR also separately found Russia guilty of murder, torture, looting and destruction of homes in Georgia, as well as preventing the return of 20,000 displaced Georgians to their territory.[21][22][23]

International Criminal Court building in The Hague

When the International Criminal Court (ICC) started to investigate Russia's annexation of Crimea for possible violations of international law, Russia withdrew its membership on 16 November 2016.[26] Nonetheless, in its preliminary 2017 report, the ICC found that "the situation within the territory of Crimea and Sevastopol would amount to an international armed conflict between Ukraine and the Russian Federation" as well that it "factually amounts to an ongoing state of occupation".[237] It further found that there is credible evidence that at least 10 people have disappeared and are believed to have been killed on Crimea for opposing the change of its status.[238] In January 2016, the ICC also opened an investigation into possible war crimes perpetrated during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War.[239]

On 28 February 2022, the ICC prosecutor Karim Ahmad Khan announced that he will launch an investigation into alleged war crimes in Ukraine.[240] On 17 March 2023, the ICC issued arrest warrants against Vladimir Putin and Russia’s Commissioner for Children’s Rights Maria Lvova-Belova for war crimes of deportation and illegal transfer of civilians (children) from occupied Ukraine to Russia.[241] Human Rights Watch welcomed the indictment, saying it "advances justice".[242] Amnesty International also lauded ICC's decision, recommending that the indictment should be expanded to include many other war crimes as well.[243]

US President Joe Biden allowed the US to cooperate with the ICC in sharing evidence of Russian war crimes.[244]

Ukraine brought a case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ) against Russia. On 16 March 2022, a ruling was reached, and the ICJ ordered Russia to "immediately suspend the military operations" in Ukraine.[245]

On 4 March 2022, the United Nations Human Rights Council voted 32 in favour versus 2 against and 13 absentions to create the International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine, an independent international committee of three human rights experts with a mandate to investigate violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law in the context of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[246]

• Amnesty International (2007). Russian Federation: What justice for Chechnya's disappeared? (PDF).
• Amnesty International (2009). "Civilians in the Aftermath of War: The Georgia-Russia Conflict One Year On" (PDF). London.
• International Criminal Court (2017). "Report on Preliminary Examination Activities" (PDF). The Hague.
• OHCHR (2017). "Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic". United Nations Human Rights.
• United Nations Human Rights Council (2 March 2020). "Report of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic — Forty-third session". Retrieved 3 March 2020.
• Binet, Laurence (2016). War crimes and politics of terror in Chechnya 1994–2004 (PDF). Médecins Sans Frontières.
• Dubler, Robert; Kalyk, Matthew (2018). Crimes against Humanity in the 21st Century: Law, Practice and Threats to International Peace and Security. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-34768-7.
• Callaway, Rhonda L.; Harrelson-Stephens, Julie (2010). "How to Win Enemies and Influence Terrorism". In Reuveny, Rafael; Thompson, William R. (eds.). Coping with Terrorism: Origins, Escalation, Counterstrategies, and Responses. Suny Press. ISBN 978-1-4384-3313-4.
• Gilligan, Emma (2009). Terror in Chechnya: Russia and the Tragedy of Civilians in War. Vol. 4. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3176-0.
• Hawkins, Virgil (2016). Stealth Conflicts: How the World's Worst Violence Is Ignored. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-89794-5.
• Merezhko, Oleksandr (2018). "International Legal Aspects of Russia's War Agaianst Ukraine in Eastern Ukraine". In Sayapin, Sergey; Tsybulenko, Evhen (eds.). The Use of Force against Ukraine and International Law: Jus Ad Bellum, Jus In Bello, Jus Post Bellum. Springer. ISBN 9789462652224.
• Moorcraft; Taylor (2008). Shooting the Messenger: The Political Impact of War Reporting. Potomac Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-57488-947-5.
• Reardon, Betty A.; Hans, Asha (2018). The Gender Imperative: Human Security vs State Security. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-429-83878-1.