Sergei Kovalev

Sergei Adamovich Kovalyov (also spelled Sergey Kovalev; Russian: Сергей Адамович Ковалёв; 2 March 1930 – 9 August 2021) was a Russian human rights activist and politician. During the Soviet period he was a dissident and, after 1975, a political prisoner.

For other uses, see Sergei Kovalev (disambiguation).
In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming conventions, the patronymic is Adamovich and the family name is Kovalev.

Sergei Kovalev
Сергей Ковалёв
Sergei Kovalyov in 2015
Born(1930-03-02)2 March 1930
Seredyna-Buda, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union
Died9 August 2021(2021-08-09) (aged 91)
Moscow, Russia
NationalityRussian
Citizenship
  • Soviet Union (1930–1991)
  • Russian Federation (1991–2021)
Alma materMoscow State University (1954)
Occupation(s)Biophysicist, politician
Known forHuman rights activism with participation in the Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR, Moscow Helsinki Group, Memorial and the Moscow branch of Amnesty International
MovementDissident movement in the Soviet Union
ChildrenIvan; Maria, Varvara
AwardsGeuzenpenning, Légion d'honneur, Sakharov Prize, Victor Gollancz Prize, Olof Palme Prize, Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland, Order of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, Lithuanian Freedom Award

Early career and arrest

Kovalyov was born in the town of Seredyna-Buda, near Sumy (in Soviet Union, now Ukraine).[1] In 1932, his family moved to Podlipki village near Moscow. In 1954, Kovalyov graduated from Moscow State University[1] and in 1964 he gained a PhD in biophysics. As a biophysicist, Kovalyov was author of more than 60 scientific publications. From the mid-1950s onwards, as a graduate student and a lecturer he opposed Trofim Lysenko's theories, then favored by Khrushchev and the ruling Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

In 1969 Kovalyov was one of a group of dissidents who set up the Action Group for the Defense of Human Rights in the USSR, the first such independent body in the Soviet Union.[2][3]: 343  The 14 members of the group first drew public and international attention when they and 38 supporters signed an Appeal about political persecution in the USSR and sent it, over the head of the Soviet government, to the United Nations; meanwhile a number of them also became involved as authors and editors in the samizdat (self-published) human rights quarterly, the Chronicle of Current Events (1968–1983) which first appeared in April 1968.[4] The members of the Action Group came under pressure from the authorities [5] and their statements and activities became intermittent.

After signing the May 1969 Appeal to the UN Human Rights Commission[6] Sergei Kovalyov went on to sign many statements and appeals, in defense of other dissidents, authors and rights activists: Vladimir Bukovsky, Mustafa Dzhemilev, Pyotr Grigorenko, Viktor Khaustov, Viktor Nekipelov, Leonid Plyushch, Yuri Shikhanovich, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn and Gabriel Superfin.[7] (See the charge sheet at his 1975 trial in Vilnius.)

Following the arrest of Pyotr Yakir in June 1972 the Chronicle did not appear for over a year. On 7 May 1974, Kovalyov, Tatyana Velikanova and Tatyana Khodorovich gave a press conference for foreign journalists, declaring their determination to renew distribution of the bulletin, starting with the three postponed issues.[8] (They were among the editors of the Chronicle but did not admit so at the time.) As a consequence two of them were arrested and imprisoned and the third, Tatyana Khodorovich, was forced into emigration. Kovalyov was the first to be detained. He was arrested on 27 December 1974 in Moscow[9] and twelve months later he was put on trial in the Lithuanian capital Vilnius, charged with "anti-Soviet agitation and propaganda" .[10] Sentenced to ten years imprisonment and exile under Article 70, a "particularly grave crime against the State", Kovalyov served seven years in strict-regime penitentiary facilities for political prisoners (Perm-36 in the Urals and Chistopol Prison in Tatarstan) followed by three years of exile in Kolyma in the Soviet Far East. On completing his sentence at the end of 1984, he was allowed to settle in Kalinin (today Tver) in central Russia.

Perestroika, 1985–1991

The six years of reform initiated by the last Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev, often referred to as perestroika and glasnost, led to the release in 1987 of hundreds of political prisoners from the camps, from exile and from psychiatric hospitals,[11] and lifted residence restrictions from those who had completed their sentences. Kovalyov was thus allowed to return to Moscow in 1987.

He became actively involved in a number of organisations that emerged then. In 1989, for instance, Andrei Sakharov recommended him as a co-director of the Project Group for defense of Human Rights, the short-lived Russian-American Human Rights Group. Some bodies like the "Glasnost" press club and the International Humanitarian Conference (December 1987) did not outlast the period: the Gorbachev Politburo was not keen to allow former dissidents to organise national or international gatherings, as their discussions reveal.[12] The Politburo and the KGB were similarly wary of Memorial, another new organisation that survives until this day.[13] Its dual focus on the repressive Soviet past and the human rights issues of the present, made it particularly suitable for Kovalyov's involvement and he served as its co-chairman for many years after 1990.

Post-Soviet Russia
Kovalev at the Strategy-31 rally in defense of Article 31 (Freedom of assembly) of the Constitution of Russia. Moscow, 31 January 2010

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Kovalyov turned to official politics. In January 1991, he coauthored the Declaration of Human and Civil Rights in Russia and was a major contributor to Article 2 (Rights and Liberties of Man and Citizen) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

From 1990 to 1993, he was an elected People's Deputy of the Russian Federation, and a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation. He served as the chairman of the President's Human Rights Commission and Human Rights Commissioner for the Russian parliament, the State Duma.

From 1993 until 2003, Kovalyov was a member of the Russian State Duma.[1] From 1996 to 2003 he was also a member of the Russian delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and a member of the Assembly's Committee on Legal Affairs and Human Rights.

In 1993, he co-founded the movement and later, the political party Choice of Russia (Выбор России), later renamed Democratic Choice of Russia (Демократический выбор России). Since 1994, Kovalyov, then Yeltsin's human rights adviser, has been publicly opposed to Russia's military involvement in Chechnya. From Grozny, he witnessed the realities of the First Chechen War. His daily reports via telephone and on TV galvanized Russian public opinion against the war. For his activism, he was removed from his post in the Duma in 1995.[14] In 1994, he was awarded the Homo Homini Award for human rights activism by the Czech group People in Need.[15]

Kovalyov has been an outspoken critic of authoritarian tendencies in the administrations of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin. In 1996, he resigned as head of Yeltsin's presidential human rights commission, having published an open letter to Yeltsin, where Kovalyov accused the president of giving up democratic principles. In 2002, he organized a public commission to investigate the 1999 Moscow apartment bombings (the Kovalyov Commission[16]), which was effectively paralyzed after one of its members, Sergei Yushenkov, was assassinated,[17][18] another member, Yuri Shchekochikhin, allegedly poisoned with thallium,[19][20] and its legal counsel and investigator, Mikhail Trepashkin, arrested.[21][22]

In 2005, he participated in They Chose Freedom, a four-part television documentary on the history of the Soviet dissident movement.

Kovalyov opposed the 2008 Russian invasion of Georgia and following Russian recognition of the self-proclaimed Georgian breakaway states Abkhazia and South Ossetia.[1]

In March 2010, Kovalyov signed the online anti-Putin manifesto of the Russian opposition, "Putin must go".

Kovalyov spoke out against the 2014 Russian annexation of Crimea[1] and Russia's military, political, and economic support for the self-proclaimed Ukrainian breakaway states Donetsk People's Republic and Luhansk People's Republic.[1]

Kovalyov died aged 91 in his sleep in Moscow on 9 August 2021.[1]

Awards

Kovalyov is a recipient of numerous awards and honorary titles. In 2004, he was awarded the Victor Gollancz Prize by the Society for Threatened Peoples, for documenting Russian crimes in Chechnya. Kovalyov was also a joint recipient, with Anna Politkovskaya and Lyudmila Alexeyeva, of the 2004 Olof Palme Prize.[23] In 2011, he was honored with the Lithuanian Freedom Award for his adherence to democratic values and ideals of freedom.[24][25]

Works

Books
  • Der Flug des weißen Raben: von Sibirien nach Tschetschenien: eine Lebensreise [The flight of the white raven: from Siberia to Chechnya: Autobiography] (in German). Rowohlt Berlin. 1997. ISBN 978-3871342561.
  • Russlands schwieriger Weg und sein Platz in Europa [Russia's difficult path and its place in Europe] (in German). Jena: Collegium Europaeum Jenense an der Friedrich-Schiller Universität Jena. 1999. ISBN 978-3933159052.
  • Hood, Roger; Kovalev, Sergei (1999). The death penalty: abolition in Europe. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Pub. ISBN 978-9287138743.
  • Прагматика политического идеализма [Pragmatics of political idealism] (in Russian). Moscow: Институт прав человека. 1999. OCLC 162477430.
  • Мир, страна, личность [World, country, personality] (in Russian). Moscow: Изограф. 2000. ISBN 978-5871130858.

Articles

References
  1. "Sergei Kovalyov, Heir to Sakharov who always put Principles first, Dies At 91", Radio Free Europe (9 August 2021)
  2. "Appeal to the UN Commission on Human Rights, 20 May 1969 (8.10)". A Chronicle of Current Events. 28 September 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  3. Hegarty, Angela; Leonard, Siobhan (1999). A human rights: an agenda for the 21st century. Routledge. p. 343. ISBN 978-1-85941-393-7.
  4. "A Chronicle of Current Events". A Chronicle of Current Events. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  5. "Persecution of the Action Group for the Defence of Civil Rights, October 1969 (10.4)". A Chronicle of Current Events. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  6. Yakobson, Anatoly; Yakir, Pyotr; Khodorovich, Tatyana; Podyapolskiy, Gregory; Maltsev, Yuri; et al. (21 August 1969). "An Appeal to The UN Committee for Human Rights". The New York Review of Books.
  7. Inside Soviet prisons. Documents of the struggle for human and national rights in the USSR (PDF). New York: The Committee for the Defense of Soviet Political Prisoners. 1976. p. 49. OCLC 3514696. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2015.
  8. "The Trial of Yakir and Krasin, December 1973 (30.1)". A Chronicle of Current Events. 27 September 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  9. "The arrest of Sergei Kovalyov, 27 December 1974", A Chronicle of Current Events (34.1).
  10. "The trial of Sergei Kovalyov, 9-12 December 1975", A Chronicle of Current Events (38.3).
  11. "The release of a large group of political prisoners", USSR News Brief, 15 February 1987 (Russian original "Vesti iz SSSR", 1987, 3-1) .
  12. Report by Chebrikov, Yakovlev and Shevardnadze to Politburo about a proposed seminar on human rights by "anti-social elements", 4 December 1987 (2451-Ch), the Bukovsky Archives.
  13. KGB chairman Kryuchkov's report on Memorial to the CPSU Politburo, 16 November 1988 (1979-K), the Bukovsky Archives.
  14. Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-8133-4280-5
  15. "Previous Recipients of the Homo Homini Award". People in Need. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
  16. Terror-99 Archived 10 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  17. "Yushenkov: A Russian idealist". BBC News. 17 April 2003.
  18. "Russian MP's death sparks storm". BBC News. 18 April 2003.
  19. Terror-99 Archived 26 April 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. "АГЕНТ* НЕИЗВЕСТЕН". 2006.novayagazeta.ru. Retrieved 6 June 2019.
  21. The Trepashkin Case Archived 29 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  22. Russian Federation: Amnesty International calls for Mikhail Trepashkin to be released pending a full review of his case | Amnesty International Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  23. "Prize recipients | OLOF PALMES MINNESFOND".
  24. "В Литве "Премия свободы" присуждена российскому правозащитнику Сергею Ковалеву". Радио Свобода. Radio Liberty. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2015.
  25. "Российскому правозащитнику Сергею Ковалеву вручена первая литовская Премия Свободы". Радио Свобода. Radio Liberty. 13 January 2012. Retrieved 12 September 2015.

Further reading
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