Storm Shadow

The Storm Shadow is a Franco-British low-observable, long-range air-launched cruise missile developed since 1994 by Matra and British Aerospace, and now manufactured by MBDA.[6] "Storm Shadow" is the weapon's British name; in France it is called SCALP-EG (which stands for "Système de Croisière Autonome à Longue Portée – Emploi Général"; English: "Long Range Autonomous Cruise Missile System – General Purpose"). The missile is based on the French-developed Apache anti-runway cruise missile, but differs in that it carries a unitary warhead instead of cluster munitions.[7]

This article is about the cruise missile. For the fictional character, see Storm Shadow (G.I. Joe). For other uses, see Stormshadow.
Storm Shadow/SCALP EG
A missile displayed in the RAF Museum, London
TypeAir-launched cruise missile
Place of originFrance & United Kingdom
Service history
In serviceSince 2003
Used bySee operators
Wars
Production history
DesignerMatra BAe Dynamics
Designed1994–2001
ManufacturerMBDA
Unit cost£2,000,000 (FY2023) (US$2,500,000)[1][2]
Specifications
Mass1,300 kg (2,900 lb)
Length5.1 m (16 ft 9 in)
Width630 mm (25 in)
Height480 mm (19 in)
Wingspan3 m (9 ft 10 in)
WarheadMultistage BROACH penetration warhead
Warhead weight450 kilograms (990 lb)
EngineMicroturbo TRI 60-30 turbojet
5.4 kN (1,200 lbf)
Operational
range
550 km (300 nmi; 340 mi)
Maximum speed Mach .95 (323 m/s; 1,060 ft/s)
Guidance
system
GPS, INS, IIR & TERPROM
Steering
system
6 tailplanes (4 vertical & 2 horizontal)
TransportMirage 2000, Rafale, Su-24, Tornado, Typhoon
ReferencesJanes[3] & The Telegraph[4][5]

To meet the requirement issued by the French Ministry of Defence for a more potent cruise missile capable of being launched from surface vessels and submarines, and able to strike strategic and military targets from extended stand-off ranges with even greater precision, MBDA France began development of the Missile de Croisière Naval ("Naval Cruise Missile") or MdCN in 2006 to complement the SCALP. The first firing test took place in July 2013 and was successful.[8] The MdCN has been operational on French FREMM frigates since 2017 and also equips France's Barracuda nuclear attack submarines, which entered operational service in 2022.

In 2017, a joint contract to upgrade the respective Storm Shadow/SCALP stockpiles in French and British service was signed. It is expected to sustain the missile until its planned withdrawal from service in 2032.[9][10] The Future Cruise/Anti-Ship Weapon, currently being developed by the two countries and Italy, is intended to replace it.

Characteristics
A Microturbo TRI 60-30 expendable turbojet engine used by the Storm Shadow, Musée aéronautique et spatial Safran

The missile weighs about 1,300 kilograms (2,900 lb), with a conventional warhead of 450 kilograms (990 lb). It has a maximum body diameter of 48 centimetres (19 in) and a wingspan of three metres (120 in). It is propelled at Mach 0.8 by a Microturbo TRI 60-30 turbojet engine and has range of approximately 560 km (300 nmi; 350 mi).[11]

The weapon can be launched from a number of different aircraft—the Saab Gripen, Dassault Mirage 2000, Dassault Rafale, the Panavia Tornado, both the Italian Tornado IDS and formerly the British Tornado GR4 (now retired),[12] and a modified Sukhoi Su-24.[13] Storm Shadow was integrated with the Eurofighter Typhoon as part of the Phase 2 Enhancement (P2E) in 2015,[14][15] but will not be fitted to the F-35 Lightning II.[16]

The Storm Shadow's BROACH warhead features an initial penetrating charge to clear soil or enter a bunker, then a variable delay fuze to control detonation of the main warhead. Intended targets are command, control and communications centres; airfields; ports and power stations; ammunition management and storage facilities; surface ships and submarines in port; bridges and other high value strategic targets.

The missile is fire and forget, programmed before launch. Once launched, it cannot be controlled or commanded to self-destroy and its target information cannot be changed. Mission planners program the weapon with details of the target and its air defences. The missile follows a path semi-autonomously, on a low flight path guided by GPS and terrain mapping to the target area.[17] Close to the target, the missile climbs to increase its field of view and improve penetration, matches the target stored image with its IR camera and then dives into the target.[18][19]

Climbing to altitude is intended to achieve the best probability of target identification and penetration. During the final maneuver, the nose cone is jettisoned to allow a high resolution thermographic camera (infrared homing) to observe the target area. The missile then tries to locate its target based upon its targeting information (DSMAC). If it cannot, and there is a high risk of collateral damage, the missile is capable of flying to a crash point instead of risking inaccuracy.[18]

Enhancements reported in 2005 included the capability to relay target information just before impact and usage of one-way (link back) data link to relay battle damage assessment information back to the host aircraft, under development under a French DGA contract. At the time in-flight re-targeting capability, using a two-way data link, was planned.[20] In 2016, it was announced that Storm Shadow would be refurbished under the Selective Precision Effects At Range 4 (SPEAR 4) missile project.[21]

Some reports suggest a reduced capability version complying with Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) restrictions was created for export, for example to the United Arab Emirates.[22][23][24]

History
A Storm Shadow at the Royal Air Force Museum London

Matra and British Aerospace were selected as the prime contractors for the Conventionally Armed Standoff Missile (CASOM) in July 1996; their Storm Shadow missile beat submissions from McDonnell Douglas, Texas Instruments/Short Brothers, Hughes/Smiths Industries, Daimler-Benz Aerospace/Bofors, GEC-Marconi and Rafael[25][26] The Storm Shadow design was based on Matra's Apache anti-runway cruise missile.[26] A development and production contract was signed in February 1997, by which time Matra and BAe had completed the merger of their missile businesses to form Matra BAe Dynamics.[27] France ordered 500 SCALP missiles in January 1998.[28]

The first successful fully guided firing of the Storm Shadow/SCALP EG took place at the CEL Biscarosse range in France at the end of December 2000[12] from a Mirage 2000N.

The first flight of Storm Shadow missiles on the Eurofighter Typhoon took place on 27 November 2013 at Decimomannu Air Base in Italy, and was performed by Alenia Aermacchi using instrumented production aircraft 2.[29]

The SCALP EG and Storm Shadow are identical except for how they integrate with the aircraft.[30]

In July 2016, the UK's MoD awarded a £28 million contract to support the Storm Shadow over the next five years.[31]

The missile was made ITAR-free at the initiative of France.[32]

Combat use
A RAF Tornado GR4 carrying two Storm Shadow missiles under its fuselage takes off at RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus on an Operation Shader mission, January 2019

RAF Tornados used Storm Shadow missiles operationally for the first time during the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[33] Although they were yet to officially enter service, "an accelerated testing schedule" saw them employed by the RAF's 617 Squadron in the conflict.[34][35][36]

During the 2011 military intervention in Libya, the Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG was fired at pro-Gaddafi targets by French Air Force Rafales[37][38] and Italian Air Force and Royal Air Force[39][40] Tornados. Targets included the Al Jufra Air Base,[41] and a military bunker in Sirte, the home town of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[42] In December 2011, Italian defence officials noted that Italian Tornado IDS aircraft had fired between 20 and 30 Storm Shadows during the Libyan Campaign. This was the first time that Italian aircraft had fired the missile in live combat, and it was reported the missile had a 97 per cent success rate.[43]

French aircraft fired 12 SCALP missiles at ISIS targets in Syria as part of Operation Chammal. These launches took place on 15 December 2015 and 2 January 2016. It is thought that these firings may have been approved after a decision by the French MoD to reduce their inventory of SCALP missiles to reduce costs.[44] On Sunday 26 June 2016 the RAF used four Storm Shadow missiles against an ISIS bunker in Iraq. The Storm Shadow missiles were launched from two Tornado aircraft. All four missiles scored direct hits, penetrating deep into the bunker. Storm Shadow missiles were used due to the bunker's massive construction.

In October 2016 the UK Government confirmed UK-supplied missiles were used by Saudi Arabia in the conflict in Yemen.[45]

In April 2018 the UK Government announced they used Storm Shadow missiles deployed by Panavia Tornado GR4s to strike a chemical weapon facility in Syria.[46] According to US Marine Corp Lt. Gen. Kenneth Mckenzie, the Him Shinshar chemical weapons storage facility near Homs was hit by 9 US Tomahawks, 8 British Storm Shadows, 3 French MdCN cruise missiles, and 2 French SCALP cruise missiles.[47][48] Satellite images showed that the site was destroyed in the attack.[49] The Pentagon said that no missiles had been intercepted, and that the raids were “precise and overwhelming”.[50] In response, the Russian Ministry of Defence, during a press conference in Moscow, presented parts of what they claimed was a downed Storm Shadow missile.[51][52]

It has been suggested that Storm Shadows, deployed by either Emirati Mirages or Egyptian Rafales, could have been used in the July 2020 airstrike against Al-Watiya Air Base during the Second Libyan Civil War.[53] The attack against the base, which housed Turkish military personnel supporting the internationally recognized Government of National Accord, injured several Turkish soldiers, destroyed their MIM-23 Hawk anti-aircraft missiles systems and their KORAL Electronic Warfare System.[54][55][56][57]

On 11 March 2021, two Royal Air Force Typhoon FGR4 jets operating out of RAF Akrotiri, Cyprus hit a cave complex south west of the city of Erbil in northern Iraq, where a significant number of ISIS fighters were reported, marking the first combat use of the Storm Shadow from the Typhoon.[58][59]

Use by Ukraine

On 11 May 2023, the United Kingdom announced that it was supplying Storm Shadows to the Ukrainian military during the Russian invasion of Ukraine. This followed a pledge from the UK in February 2023 to send Ukraine long-range missiles in response to Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure. Ukraine has insisted it would not use such weapons on Russian territory. UK Defence Minister Ben Wallace emphasized the delivery as a "calibrated, proportionate response to Russia’s escalation," noting Russian use of even longer-range munitions including the Kh-47M2 hypersonic missile, 3M-54 Kalibr cruise missile, and Shahed-136 one-way attack drone.[60][61]

The grant of Storm Shadow missiles is a significant boost to the Ukrainian military, as they are capable of striking targets at much longer ranges than had previously been possible, including command-and-control nodes and logistics points in occupied Crimea to interrupt Russia's ability to support the front line.[62] Shortly after, France announced it would be delivering the SCALP-EG, its version of the missile, to Ukraine as well. France said it was not delivering weapons capable of hitting Russian soil.[63] The UK on 18 May confirmed Ukraine had already successfully used the Storm Shadow.[64]

Russia claimed Ukraine used Storm Shadow missiles to strike industrial sites in Luhansk on 13 May 2023, just two days after their delivery had been announced.[65] According to a report by Russian news outlet Izvestia, the cruise missiles are launched from specially modified Su-24 strike aircraft and fly under the cover of MiG-29 and Su-27 fighters equipped with AGM-88 HARMs. Ukrainian command also uses UAVs and ADM-160 MALD decoys to divert Russian air defenses and protect the aircraft and ordnance from being intercepted.[66] Ukraine’s Minister of Defense Oleksii Reznikov confirmed the Su-24 as the Ukrainian Air Force's Storm Shadow launch platform, tweeting a photo of a Su-24MR with a missile on each of its inboard underwing pylons.[67][68] The pylons use an adaptor derived from retired RAF Tornado GR4 aircraft.[69]

Reznikov said at the end of May that the missiles had hit 100% of their targets,[70][71] although Russia's Defence Ministry has claimed to have shot some down.[72][73]

Wreckage of a Storm Shadow shot by Russian forces over Ukraine

On 12 June, a strike which involved the Storm Shadow killed Major General Sergey Goryachev in Zaporizhzhia Oblast. At the time he was Chief of Staff of the 35th Combined Arms Army.[74] On 22 June, the Chonhar road bridge connecting Crimea with Kherson Oblast was struck by a Storm Shadow to interrupt Russian logistics.[75][76] A largely intact Storm Shadow crashed in Zaporizhzhia in early July. TASS claimed Russian forces had shot it down and recovered the wreckage to study the missile's design and help develop countermeasures to it.[77][78]

On 29 July 2023, a Storm Shadow missile hit the Chongar Strait railway bridge linking occupied Crimea with the Kherson Oblast, landing between the two tracks on the bridge approach.[79]

On 13 September 2023, Storm Shadows were used in a strike against the Sevastopol port,[80] seriously damaging the Rostov na Donu submarine and seriously damaging (according to some sources, beyond repair[81]) the Ropucha-class landing ship Minsk.[82][83][84]

On 22 September 2023, at least three Storm Shadow missiles hit the Black Sea Fleet headquarters in Sevastopol.[85] According to the Ukraine military, the missile attack targeted a meeting of the Russian Navy's leadership. "After the hit of the headquarters of the Russian Black Sea Fleet, 34 officers were killed, including the commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet," they said. They also claimed that the strike wounded at least 100 other Russian service personnel.[86]

Export variant

Black Shaheen

Developed by France for export to the United Arab Emirates for use with its Mirage 2000, modifications were made to reduce the range reportedly to 290 km (160 nmi; 180 mi) in order to comply with Missile Technology Control Regime guidelines.[30]

MdCN
Main article: MdCN (missile)

In 2006, MBDA France[87] began the development of a more potent deep strike naval cruise missile to be deployed on a new series of French warships and submarines for land-attack operations in order to complement the SCALP/Storm Shadow. This Missile de Croisière Naval (MdCN),[88] formerly dubbed SCALP Naval, became operational on the French FREMM multipurpose frigates in 2017[89][90] and on Barracuda-class submarines in June 2022,[91] using the A70 version of the Sylver launcher on the former[92] and the 533 mm torpedo tubes on the latter.[93] As it is not launched from a plane like the SCALP, the MdCN uses a booster during its launch phase to break out of the ship and gain some initial velocity.[94]

Operators
Operators of Storm Shadow in blue
Storm Shadow/SCALP EG
 Egypt
100+ delivered for the Egyptian Air Force as part of the Dassault Rafale deal. Range under 300 km.[95][96][97][98][99]
 France
500 SCALP missiles ordered for the French Air and Space Force in 1998. 50 MdCNs ordered in 2006 and a further 150 ordered in 2009 for the French Navy.[100]
 Greece
90 ordered for the Hellenic Air Force in 2000 and 2003.[101][102] More ordered and delivered in 2022 as part of the Dassault Rafale F3R deal.[103]
 India
Unknown number ordered for the Indian Air Force in 2016 as part of the Dassault Rafale deal.[104]
 Qatar
140 ordered for the Qatar Air Force in 2015.[105]
 Saudi Arabia
Unknown number ordered for the Royal Saudi Air Force.[30][106]
 Ukraine
The British and French governments announced, in May and July 2023 respectively, that Storm Shadows were to be supplied to Ukraine during fighting following the Russian invasion of Ukraine from 2022.[60][107]
 United Arab Emirates
Unknown number ordered for the United Arab Emirates Air Force in 1997. Known as Black Shaheen.[108][30][109]
 United Kingdom
The Independent estimated the order for the Royal Air Force to be between 700 and 1,000.[110]

See also

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