Fairfield, Connecticut

Fairfield is a town in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. It borders the city of Bridgeport and towns of Trumbull, Easton, Weston, and Westport along the Gold Coast of Connecticut. As of 2020, the town had a population of 61,512.[3] The town is part of the Greater Bridgeport Planning Region.

This article is about the U.S. town. For the county in Connecticut, see Fairfield County, Connecticut. For other uses, see Fairfield (disambiguation).
For other uses, see Fairfield.

Fairfield, Connecticut
Uncoway (The Place Beyond)
Town
Town of Fairfield
Clockwise from top: Old Town Hall, Fairfield University Art Museum, Fairfield Community Theater, Fairfield Beach, Lake Mohegan
Clockwise from top: Old Town Hall, Fairfield University Art Museum, Fairfield Community Theater, Fairfield Beach, Lake Mohegan
Flag of Fairfield, Connecticut
Flag
Official seal of Fairfield, Connecticut
Seal
Fairfield's location within Fairfield County and Connecticut
Coordinates: 41°10′33″N 73°16′19″W
Country United States
U.S. state Connecticut
CountyFairfield
RegionCT Metropolitan
Founded1639
Founded byRoger Ludlow
Government
[1]
 • TypeRTM
 • First selectwomanBrenda Kupchick (R)
 • SelectmanTom Flynn (R)
 • SelectwomanNancy Lefkowitz (D)
Area
[2]
 • Total31.38 sq mi (81.3 km2)
 • Land29.9 sq mi (77 km2)
 • Water1.48 sq mi (3.8 km2)
Elevation
59 ft (18 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total61,512
 • Density2,057.3/sq mi (794.3/km2)
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (Eastern)
ZIP Codes
06824, 06825, 06828
Area code(s)203/475
FIPS code09-26620
GNIS feature ID0213429
Major highways
Websitewww.fairfieldct.org

History

Colonial era

In 1635, Puritans and Congregationalists in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, were dissatisfied with the rate of Anglican reform, and sought to establish an ecclesiastical society subject to their own rules and regulations. The Massachusetts General Court granted them permission to settle in the towns of Windsor, Wethersfield, and Hartford which is an area now known as Connecticut.

On January 14, 1639, a set of legal and administrative regulations called the Fundamental Orders was adopted and established Connecticut as a self-ruling entity. By 1639, these settlers had started new towns in the surrounding areas. Roger Ludlowe, framer of the Fundamental Orders, purchased the land called Unquowa (presently called Fairfield), and established the name. The name "Fairfield" is commendatory.[4]

According to historian John M. Taylor:

Early in 1639, the General Court granted a commission to Ludlowe to begin a plantation at Pequannocke. He was on that errand, with a few others from Windsor, afterwards joined by immigrants from Watertown and Concord. He stole a large tract of land from the Pequannocke sachems – afterwards greatly enlarged by other purchases to the westward – and recalling the attractive region beyond (Unquowa), which he had personally seen on the second Pequot expedition, he also "set down" there, having purchased the territory embraced in the present town of Fairfield, to which he gave its name.[5]

Towns created from Fairfield

Fairfield was one of the two principal settlements of the Connecticut Colony in southwestern Connecticut (the other was Stratford). The town line with Stratford was set in May 1661 by John Banks, an early Fairfield settler, Richard Olmstead, and Lt. Joseph Judson, who were both appointed as a committee by the Colony of Connecticut.[6] The town line with Norwalk was not set until May 1685.[7]

Over time, it gave rise to several new towns that broke off and incorporated separately. The following is a list of towns created from parts of Fairfield.

Revolutionary War
See also: Burning of Fairfield (1779)

When the American Revolutionary War began in the 1770s, Fairfielders were caught in the crisis as much as, if not more than, the rest of their neighbors in Connecticut. In a predominantly Tory section of the colony, the people of Fairfield were early supporters of the cause for independence. Throughout the war, a constant battle was being fought across the Long Island Sound as Loyalists from British-controlled Long Island raided the coast in whaleboats and privateers. Gold Selleck Silliman, whose home still stands on Jennings Road, was put in charge of the coastal defenses.

In the spring of 1779, Silliman was kidnapped from his home by Loyalist raiders in preparation for a British raid on Fairfield County. His wife, Mary Silliman watched from their home as, on the morning of July 7, 1779, approximately 2,000 British troops landed on Fairfield Beach near Pine Creek Point and invaded the town; the force proceeded to burn Fairfield due to the town's support for Patriot cause. A decade later, President George Washington noted that after traveling through Fairfield that "the destructive evidence of British cruelty are yet visible both in Norwalk and Fairfield; as there are the chimneys of many burnt houses standing in them yet".[8]

Twentieth century

The First World War brought Fairfield out of its agrarian past by triggering an unprecedented economic boom in Bridgeport, which was the center of a large munitions industry at the time. The prosperity accompanied a temporary housing shortage in the city, and many of the workers looked to Fairfield to build their homes. The trolley and later the automobile made the countryside accessible to these newly rich members of the middle class, who brought with them new habits, new attitudes, and new modes of dress. The prosperity lasted throughout the twenties.

By the time of the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the population had increased to 17,000 from the 6,000 it had been just before the war. Even during the Depression, the town kept expanding.

The grounding of a barge with two crewmen on Penfield Reef in Fairfield during a gale led to the 1st civilian helicopter hoist rescue in history, on November 29, 1945. The helicopter flew from the nearby Sikorsky Aircraft plant in Bridgeport, Connecticut.

The opening of the Connecticut Turnpike in the 1950s brought another wave of development to Fairfield, and by the 1960s the town's residential, suburban character was firmly established.

Fairfield became the home of the corporate headquarters of General Electric (GE), one of the world's largest companies, ca. 1970. On May 8, 2017, GE relocated to Boston, Massachusetts.

  • Postcard from 1932 showing bathers at Fairfield Beach
    Postcard from 1932 showing bathers at Fairfield Beach
  • Historical Postcard of the Tide Mill Tavern, Southport
    Historical Postcard of the Tide Mill Tavern, Southport
  • Fairfield's Burr Homestead in a 1938 photo
    Fairfield's Burr Homestead in a 1938 photo
  • Pequot Library in Southport, 1966
    Pequot Library in Southport, 1966
  • Southport Congregational Church, 1966
    Southport Congregational Church, 1966
  • Historical Woodcut from c. 1840 Showing Old Town Hall and Town Green
    Historical Woodcut from c. 1840 Showing Old Town Hall and Town Green
  • Trinity Church in Southport, 1966
    Trinity Church in Southport, 1966
  • Penfield Reef Lighthouse is located in Long Island Sound off the coast of Fairfield Beach
    Penfield Reef Lighthouse is located in Long Island Sound off the coast of Fairfield Beach
  • Bellarmine Hall at Fairfield University
    Bellarmine Hall at Fairfield University
  • The "1812 Sycamore" near Town Hall (cut down in 2013)
    The "1812 Sycamore" near Town Hall (cut down in 2013)
  • Historic Pequot Library, founded in 1887, Southport
    Historic Pequot Library, founded in 1887, Southport

Geography

The town is on the shore of the Long Island Sound. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 31.3 square miles (81 km2), of which 30.0 square miles (78 km2) is land and 3.4 square kilometres (1.3 sq mi), or 4.15%, is water.

Waterways

Rivers flowing through Fairfield include Mill River, Rooster River, Ash Creek, Sasco Brook, and Aspetuck River.

Neighborhoods
Fairfield Center in a 1956 postcard

Fairfield consists of many neighborhoods. The best known are wealthy Southport, where General Electric Chief Executive Officer Jack Welch lived for many years, and Greenfield Hill, with its large green areas, famous dogwood trees, and picturesque green with its white-spired Congregational church. Other neighborhoods include Stratfield, Tunxis Hill, the University area, Grasmere, Mill Plain, Knapp's Village, Melville Village, Holland Hill, Murray, and the Fairfield Beach area, which has recently undergone a renaissance with the construction of many new homes by residents wishing to live in proximity to the beach and downtown.[9] This has resulted in steadily rising property prices. Two shopping districts in town include the Post Road (U.S. 1) and Black Rock Turnpike.

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18204,151—
18403,654—
18503,614−1.1%
18604,37921.2%
18705,64528.9%
18803,748−33.6%
18903,8683.2%
19004,48916.1%
19106,13436.6%
192011,47587.1%
193017,21850.0%
194021,13522.7%
195030,48944.3%
196046,18351.5%
197056,48722.3%
198054,849−2.9%
199053,418−2.6%
200057,3407.3%
201059,4043.6%
202061,5123.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[10]
See also: List of Connecticut locations by per capita income

As of the census[11] of 2010, there were 59,404 people in the town, organized into 20,457 households and 14,846 families. The population density was 1,927 inhabitants per square mile (744/km2). There were 21,648 housing units at an average density of 703 per square mile (271/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 91.6% White, 3.7% Asian, 1.8% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.6% from two or more races. 5.0% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 20,457 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.6% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.4% were non-families. 22.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.19.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.4% under the age of 18, 11.1% from 18 to 24, 21.1% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 15.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.6 males.

The median household income (in 2013 dollars) was $117,705[12] (these figures had risen to $103,352 and $121,749 respectively as of a 2007 estimate[13]). Males had a median income of $69,525 versus $44,837 for females. The per capita income for the city was $55,733. 2.9% of the population and 1.8% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.8% of those under the age of 18 and 3.6% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.

Government and politics
Fairfield town vote
by party in presidential elections[14][15]
Year Democratic Republican Third Parties
2020 64.55% 22,861 34.03% 12,052 1.42% 501
2016 57.18% 18,041 38.39% 12,112 4.44% 1,400
2012 51.05% 15,283 47.95% 14,357 1.00% 300
2008 56.44% 17,236 42.80% 13,071 0.75% 230
2004 49.86% 15,068 48.66% 14,706 1.48% 448
2000 49.62% 14,210 45.54% 13,042 4.84% 1,387
1996 45.44% 12,639 44.28% 12,314 10.28% 2,859
1992 37.67% 12,099 43.49% 13,968 18.84% 6,053
1988 38.48% 11,336 60.38% 17,786 1.14% 337
1984 30.80% 9,573 68.84% 21,396 0.35% 110
1980 30.29% 9,169 57.50% 17,406 12.22% 3,698
1976 39.64% 11,895 59.70% 17,916 0.66% 198
1972 33.73% 10,368 64.63% 19,866 1.65% 506
1968 40.23% 11,110 53.65% 14,813 6.12% 1,690
1964 57.22% 14,837 42.78% 11,095 0.00% 0
1960 44.30% 10,836 55.70% 13,626 0.00% 0
1956 26.48% 5,522 73.52% 15,335 0.00% 0
1952[16] 32.47% 6,242[16] 63.58% 12,221[16] 3.95% 759[16]
Voter registration as of July 1, 2021[17]
Party Registered Voters Percentage
Republican 10,026 24.4%
Democratic 13,995 34.1%
Unaffiliated 16,374 39.9%
Minor parties 687 1.7%
Total 41,082 100%

Economy

In May 2012, Moody's Investors Service revised the Town of Fairfield's $192 million general obligation bond debt from negative to stable.[18] In June 2012, Moody's awarded Fairfield with an AAA bond rating, which it maintains to this date.

Taxes

In 2005, the mill rate of Fairfield was 16.67.[19] The 2012–2013 taxes in Fairfield rose 4% to a mill rate of 23.37.[20] The 2013–2014 mill rate which went into effect on July 1 for fiscal year 2013–2014 also increased by 2.38% to 23.93.[21]

Large and distinctive companies

Points of interest
Fairfield Beach, in a 1921 postcard
Post Road, in Fairfield Center, in a 1934 photo
1910 postcard showing Fairfield Library
Fairfield Community Theater, building shown on the right in this 1938 postcard, is now operated by Sacred Heart University

Historic sites

Arts, entertainment, and sports
  • The Regina A. Quick Center for the Arts on the campus of Fairfield University opened in 1990. Its schedule of events includes popular and classical music, dance, theatre, programs for young audiences, and the Open VISIONS Forum[22] lecture series which feature opinion-makers, artists, authors, political commentators, and contributors to the humanities and sciences. The Quick Center[23] houses the 740-seat Kelley Theatre, the 150-seat Lawrence A. Wien Experimental Theatre, and the Thomas J. Walsh Jr. Art Gallery. The Quick Center has become known as one of the finest concert halls in the country and was recognized as the "cultural epicenter of Fairfield County" by Westport Magazine.[24]
  • The PepsiCo Theatre, a renovated 1922 carriage house on the campus of Fairfield University, is the home to the theatre program of the Department of Visual and Performing Arts and Theater Fairfield,[25] the resident production company of the university. The PepsiCo Theatre also hosts experimental productions by students, faculty and local professionals.
  • The Bellarmine Museum of Art on the campus of Fairfield University hosts shows by regional artists and touring exhibitions as well as a permanent collection.
  • The Community Theater in downtown Fairfield was acquired, renovated, and reopened by Sacred Heart University in 2019.[26]
  • The Fairfield Theater Company operates an auditorium located near the downtown Fairfield train station.[27]
  • The Gazebo on Sherman Town Green is home to free concerts during the summer in the afternoon hours.
  • Pequot Library, known for programming and rare books
  • WSHU-FM Public Radio, operated by Sacred Heart University
  • WVOF, student-run radio at Fairfield University
  • Fairfield University hosts collegiate athletic competitions open to the public including basketball, baseball, cross-country, field hockey, lacrosse, rowing, soccer, swimming, tennis, and volleyball.

Parks and recreation
Penfield Beach

Fairfield residents enjoy a wealth of recreational opportunities, many of which stem from Fairfield's enviable location on the Long Island Sound.

  • The town's 5 miles (8 km) of Long Island Sound coastline include five town beaches which are staffed by lifeguards during the summer, and miles of privately owned beach which are open to the public below the high tide mark.
  • South Benson Marina is a town-owned facility providing 600 boat slips which residents can rent for the summer.[9]
  • Lake Mohegan, which includes waterfalls called The Cascades, is a popular destination for hiking, as are the Fairfield Audubon Society[28] and the Bird Sanctuary.
  • Ye Yacht Yard, a town-owned facility on Southport Harbor, provides boat launch services to residents, and access to moorings in Southport Harbor. Ye Yacht Yard is also the location of Community Sailing of Fairfield, whose members share use of two 18-foot sailboats.
  • The "SportsPlex" is located in downtown Fairfield and offers athletic activities such as ice skating, indoor climbing, indoor soccer and gymnastics.

Other points of interest

Government
Fairfield's town hall

The town government consists of the three-member Board of Selectmen, a Representative Town Meeting (RTM), a Board of Finance, a Board of Education, a Town Planning and Zoning Commission (TPZ), and many other politically appointed commissions, boards, and committees. The current First Selectman is Brenda Kupchick (R).[29]

Makeup of notable governmental bodies

As of November 22, 2021

Board of Selectmen

Republican controlled 2–1[30]

Member Term
Brenda Kupchick (R) 2019–2023
Thomas Flynn (R) 2019–2023
Nancy Lefkowitz (D) 2019–2023

Representative Town Meeting

Democrat Controlled 23–17[30]

Fairfield RTM Members, 2021–2023
District # Democratic Republican
1 0 4
2 2 2
3 3 1
4 4 0
5 4 0
6 3 1
7 4 0
8 0 4
9 3 1
10 0 4
Totals: 23 17

Board of Finance

Democrat Controlled 5–4[30]

Fairfield BoF Members, as of 2021[31]
Member Term
Craig Curley (D) 2021–2027
Lori Charlton (D) 2019–2025
Christopher DeWitt (R) 2017–2023
Kevin Starke (D) 2021–2023*
Mary LeClerc (R) 2019–2025
Sheila Marmion (D) 2021–2027
John Mitola (D) 2017–2023
Jack Testani (R) 2019–2025
James Walsh (R) 2021–2027

*Special Election held in 2021 to replace the seat left vacant by Ed Bateson on 5/17/21

Board of education

Democrat Controlled 5–4

Fairfield BoE Members, as of 2021[32]
Member Term
Jeffery Peterson (R) 2021–2025
Jennifer Jacobsen (D) 2021–2025
Carol Guernsey (D) 2021–2025
Nicholas Aysseh (R) 2021–2025
Christine Vitale (D) 2019–2023
Bonnie Rotelli (R) 2019–2023
Crissy Kelly (R) 2019–2023
Jessica Gerber (D) 2019–2023
Jennifer Maxon-Kennelly (D) 2019–2023

The town has no criminal or civil court system and all trials are held and handled by the Bridgeport Superior Court system. However, the town does also offer access to a Juvenile Review Board (JRB) for certain juvenile cases outlined by the Fairfield Police Department.

In the Connecticut General Assembly, Fairfield is represented by one Republican, Sen. Tony Hwang, and three Democrats, Rep. Cristin McCarthy Vahey, Rep. Jennifer Leeper, and Rep. Sarah Keitt.[30]

Emergency services

Police Department

The Fairfield Police Department was created in 1926, approximately 287 years after the town was founded.[33]

Fire Department

The town of Fairfield is protected by the 95 career firefighters of the Fairfield Fire Department (FFD), and volunteer firefighters of the Southport Volunteer Fire Department and Stratfield Volunteer Fire Department. The career Fairfield Fire Department operates five fire stations, located throughout the town, and uses a fire apparatus fleet of five engine companies, one ladder company, one rescue company, three fireboats, and 1 Shift Commander's Unit, as well as many special support, and reserve units.[34] The Southport Volunteer Fire Department has served the community since 1895.[35] The Stratfield Volunteer Fire Department has several stations and has served the community since 1920.[36]

Education
Main entrance to Fairfield University
Main article: Education in Fairfield, Connecticut

Fairfield has two public high schools, Fairfield Warde and Fairfield Ludlowe; three public middle schools, Roger Ludlowe, Tomlinson, and Fairfield Woods Middle School; and eleven public elementary schools.[37]

Fairfield has several Catholic schools, including two high schools, Fairfield Prep and Notre Dame, and two primary schools, St. Thomas Aquinas and Our Lady of the Assumption. A third Catholic primary school, Holy Family, was closed by the Diocese of Bridgeport at the end of the 2009–2010 academic year.

Non-religious private schools include Fairfield Country Day School and the Unquowa School.

Fairfield is also home to two post-secondary institutions, Fairfield University and Sacred Heart University.

Media

Transportation
The Fairfield Metro-North station platform, tracks, and overpass

Fairfield is traversed by U.S. 1, Interstate 95, and the Merritt Parkway. It has three Metro-North Railroad stations, Fairfield Metro, Fairfield and Southport. The town is served by several public bus lines of the Greater Bridgeport Transit Authority.

Places of worship

Notable people

See also

References
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