Jason Robards

Jason Nelson Robards Jr. (July 26, 1922 – December 26, 2000) was an American actor. Known as an interpreter of the works of playwright Eugene O'Neill, Robards received two Academy Awards, a Tony Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor. He is one of 24 performers to have achieved the Triple Crown of Acting.

Jason Robards
Robards in 1956
Born
Jason Nelson Robards Jr.

(1922-07-26)July 26, 1922
DiedDecember 26, 2000(2000-12-26) (aged 78)
Resting placeOak Lawn Cemetery
Fairfield, Connecticut, U.S.
Other namesJason Robards Jr.
EducationHollywood High School
Alma materAmerican Academy of Dramatic Arts
OccupationActor
Years active1947–2000
Spouses
Eleanor Pittman
(m. 1948; div. 1958)
    Rachel Taylor
    (m. 1959; div. 1961)
      (m. 1961; div. 1969)
        Lois O'Connor
        (m. 1970)
        Children6, including Sam Robards
        ParentJason Robards Sr. (father)
        Military career
        Allegiance United States
        Service/branch United States Navy
        Years of service1940–1946
        Rank Radioman First Class
        UnitUSS Northampton (CA-26)
        USS Nashville (CL-43)
        Battles/warsWorld War II
        Awards Navy Good Conduct Medal
        American Defense Service Medal
        American Campaign Medal
        Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal
        World War II Victory Medal

        Early life

        Robards was born July 26, 1922, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of actor Jason Robards Sr. and Hope Maxine Robards (née Glanville).[1] He was of German, English, Welsh, Irish, and Swedish descent.[2][3]

        The family moved to New York City when Jason Jr. was still a toddler, and then moved to Los Angeles when he was six years old. Later interviews with Robards suggested that the trauma of his parents' divorce, which occurred during his grade-school years, greatly affected his personality and world view.

        As a youth, Robards also experienced the decline of his father's acting career. The elder Robards had enjoyed considerable success during the era of silent films, but he fell out of favor after the advent of sound film), leaving the younger Robards soured on the Hollywood film industry.

        The teenage Robards excelled in athletics, running a 4:18-mile during his junior year at Hollywood High School in Los Angeles. (Note: The California state high school mile run record in 1940 was 4:26.) Although his prowess in sports attracted interest from several universities, Robards decided to enlist in the United States Navy upon his graduation in 1940.

        Following the completion of recruit training and radio school, Robards was assigned to the heavy cruiser USS Northampton in 1941 as a radioman 3rd class.[4] On December 7, 1941, Northampton was at sea in the Pacific Ocean about 100 miles (160 km) off Hawaii. Contrary to some stories, he did not see the devastation of the Japanese attack on Hawaii until Northampton returned to Pearl Harbor two days later.[5] Northampton was later directed into the Guadalcanal campaign in World War II's Pacific theater, where she participated in the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands.[4]

        During the Battle of Tassafaronga in the waters north of Guadalcanal on the night of November 30, 1942, Northampton was sunk by hits from two Japanese torpedoes. Robards found himself treading water until near daybreak, when he was rescued by an American destroyer. For its service in the war, Northampton was awarded six battle stars.

        Two years later, in November 1944, Robards was radioman aboard the light cruiser USS Nashville, the flagship for the invasion of Mindoro in the northern Philippines. On December 13, she was struck by a kamikaze aircraft off Negros Island in the Philippines. The aircraft hit one of the port five-inch gun mounts, while the plane's two bombs set the midsection of the ship ablaze. With this damage and 223 casualties, Nashville was forced to return to Pearl Harbor and then to the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, Washington, for repairs.

        Robards served honorably during the war, but was not a recipient of the U.S. Navy Cross,[6][7] contrary to what has been reported in numerous sources. The inaccurate story derives from a 1979 column by Hy Gardner.[8]

        Aboard Nashville, Robards first found a copy of Eugene O'Neill's play Strange Interlude in the ship's library.[9][10] Also while in the Navy, he first started thinking seriously about becoming an actor. He had emceed for a Navy band in Pearl Harbor, got a few laughs, and decided he liked it. His father suggested he enroll in the American Academy of Dramatic Arts (AADA) in New York City, from which he graduated in 1948.[9][11]

        Robards left the Navy in 1946 as a Petty officer first class. He was awarded the Good Conduct Medal of the Navy, the American Defense Service Medal, the American Campaign Medal, the Asiatic–Pacific Campaign Medal, and the World War II Victory Medal.

        Career

        Robards moved to New York City and began working on radio and stage. His first role was the 1947 short film Follow That Music. His big break was landing the starring role in José Quintero's 1956 off Broadway theatre revival production and the later 1960 television film of O'Neill's The Iceman Cometh, portraying the philosophical salesman Hickey; he won an Obie Award for his stage performance. He later portrayed Hickey again in another 1985 Broadway revival also staged by Quintero. Robards created the role of Jamie Tyrone in the original Broadway production of O'Neill's Pulitzer Prize- and Tony Award-winning Long Day's Journey into Night, which was also directed by Quintero; Robards appeared in the lead role of James Tyrone Sr., in a 1988 production of the same play. Other O'Neill plays directed by Quintero and featuring Robards included Hughie (1964), A Touch of the Poet (1977), and A Moon for the Misbegotten (1973). He repeated his role in Long Day's Journey into Night in the 1962 film and televised his performances in A Moon for the Misbegotten (1975) and Hughie (1984).

        Robards also appeared onstage in a revival of O'Neill's Ah, Wilderness! (1988) directed by Arvin Brown, as well as Lillian Hellman's Toys in the Attic (1960), Arthur Miller's After the Fall (1964), Clifford Odets's The Country Girl (1972), and Harold Pinter's No Man's Land (1994).

        Robards in a publicity photo for Once Upon a Time in the West (1968)

        He made his film debut in the two-reel comedy Follow That Music (1947), but after his Broadway success, he was invited to make his feature debut in The Journey (1959). He became a familiar face to movie audiences throughout the 1960s, notably for his performances in A Thousand Clowns (1965) repeating his stage performance, Hour of the Gun as Doc Holliday (1967), The Night They Raided Minsky's (1968), and Once Upon a Time in the West (1968).

        He appeared on television anthology series, including two segments in the mid-1950s of CBS's Appointment with Adventure.

        Robards portrayed three presidents in films. He played Abraham Lincoln in the television film The Perfect Tribute (1991) and supplied the voice for two television documentaries, first for "The Presidency: A Splendid Misery" in 1964, and then again in the title role of the 1992 documentary miniseries Lincoln. He also played the role of Ulysses S. Grant in The Legend of the Lone Ranger (1981) and supplied the Union General's voice in the PBS miniseries The Civil War (1990). He also played Franklin D. Roosevelt in FDR: The Final Years (1980). Robards also played in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!, a depiction of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, that led the United States into World War II.

        Robards appeared in two dramatizations based on the Watergate scandal. In 1976, he portrayed Washington Post executive editor Ben Bradlee in the film All the President's Men, based on the book by Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward, winning the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. The next year, he played fictional president Richard Monckton (based on Richard Nixon) in the 1977 television miniseries Washington: Behind Closed Doors, based on John Ehrlichman's roman à clef The Company. Robards played Dr. Russell Oakes in the 1983 television film The Day After.

        Robards appeared in the documentary Empire of the Air: The Men Who Made Radio and played a cancer patient in the 1999 film Magnolia.

        Awards

        Robards received eight Tony Award nominations, more than any other male actor as of 2020.[12] He won the Tony for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his work in The Disenchanted (1959); this was also his only stage appearance with his father.

        He received the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in consecutive years: for All the President's Men (1976), portraying Washington Post editor Ben Bradlee, and for Julia (1977), portraying writer Dashiell Hammett.[13] He was also nominated for another Academy Award for his role as Howard Hughes in Melvin and Howard (1980).

        Robards received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his role in the television film Inherit the Wind (1988).[14]

        In 1997, Robards received the U.S. National Medal of Arts, the highest honor conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people. Recipients are selected by the U.S. National Endowment for the Arts and the medal is awarded by the President of the United States.

        Robards in 1999, upon receiving the Kennedy Center Honors ribbon

        In 1999, he was among the recipients at the Kennedy Center Honors, an annual honor given to those in the performing arts for their lifetime of contributions to American culture.[15]

        In 2000, Robards received the first Monte Cristo Award, presented by the Eugene O'Neill Theater Center, and named after O'Neill's home. Subsequent recipients have included Edward Albee, Kevin Spacey, Wendy Wasserstein, and Christopher Plummer.

        Robards narrated the public radio documentary, Schizophrenia: Voices of an Illness, produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media, which was awarded a 1994 George Foster Peabody Award for Excellence in Broadcasting. According to Time, Robards offered to narrate the schizophrenia program, saying that his first wife had been institutionalized for that illness.[16]

        Robards is in the American Theater Hall of Fame, inducted in 1979.[17][18]

        Military awards

        1st Row Navy Good Conduct Medal American Defense Service Medal
        2nd Row American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal

        Personal life and death

        Robards was married four times and had six children. With his first wife, Eleanor Pittman, Robards had three children, including Jason Robards III. His second marriage to actress Rachel Taylor lasted from April 1959 to May 1961. He and actress Lauren Bacall, his third wife whom he married in 1961, had one son, actor Sam Robards. Robards and Bacall divorced in 1969, in part due to his alcoholism.[19] Robards had two more children with his fourth wife, Lois O'Connor, and they remained married until his death.

        In 1972, Robards was seriously injured in an automobile crash when he drove his car into the side of a mountain on a winding California road, requiring extensive surgery and facial reconstruction. The crash may have been related to his longtime struggle with alcoholism.[9][10] Robards overcame his addiction and went on to publicly campaign for alcoholism awareness.[20][21] Robards was an American Civil War buff and scholar, an interest which informed his portrayal of the voice of Ulysses S. Grant in The Civil War series by filmmaker Ken Burns.

        Robards was a resident of the Southport section of Fairfield, Connecticut.[22] He died of lung cancer in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on December 26, 2000. His remains were buried at Oak Lawn Cemetery in Fairfield.[23]

        Legacy

        The Jason Robards Award was created by the Roundabout Theatre Company in New York City in his honor and his relationship with the theater.

        Work

        Stage

        Robards and Maureen Stapleton in Toys in the Attic (Broadway, 1960)
        Run Production Role Notes
        November 7, 1956 – March 29, 1958 Long Day's Journey into Night James Tyrone Jr. Theatre World Award
        Nominated – Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play
        June 23, 1958 – September 23, 1958 Henry IV, Part 1 Hotspur In repertory at the Stratford Shakespearean Festival[24]
        July 21, 1958 – September 13, 1958 The Winter's Tale Polixenes In repertory at the Stratford Shakespearean Festival[25]
        December 3, 1958 – May 16, 1959 The Disenchanted Manley Halliday Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        February 25, 1960 – April 8, 1961 Toys in the Attic Julian Berniers Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        March 15, 1961 – June 10, 1961 Big Fish, Little Fish William Baker
        April 5, 1962 – April 13, 1963 A Thousand Clowns Murray Burns
        January 23, 1964 – May 29, 1965 After the Fall Quentin Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        March 12, 1964 – July 2, 1964 But for Whom Charlie Seymour Rosenthal
        December 22, 1964 – January 30, 1965 Hughie "Erie" Smith Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        November 16, 1965 – January 22, 1966 The Devils Urbain Grandier
        October 16, 1968 – December 29, 1968 We Bombed in New Haven Captain Starkey
        March 15, 1972 – May 6, 1972 The Country Girl Frank Elgin Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        December 29, 1973 – November 17, 1974 A Moon for the Misbegotten James Tyrone Jr. Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        December 28, 1977 – April 30, 1978 A Touch of the Poet Cornelius Melody Nominated – Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play
        April 4, 1983 – January 1, 1984 You Can't Take It with You Martin Vanderhof Included in Great Performances (November 21, 1984)
        September 29, 1985 – December 1, 1985 The Iceman Cometh Theodore Hickman "Hickey"
        April 16, 1987 – April 18, 1987 A Month of Sundays Cooper
        June 23, 1988 – July 23, 1988 Ah, Wilderness! Nat Miller
        June 14, 1988 – July 23, 1988 Long Day's Journey into Night James Tyrone
        October 31, 1989 – January 21, 1990 Love Letters Andrew Makepiece Ladd III
        November 17, 1991 – February 22, 1992 Park Your Car in Harvard Yard Jacob Brackish
        January 27, 1994 – March 20, 1994 No Man's Land Hirst

        Source: "Jason Robards, Jr". Playbill Vault. Retrieved September 20, 2013.

        Film

        YearTitleRoleNotes
        1959 The Journey Paul Kedes
        1961 By Love Possessed Julius Penrose
        1962 Tender Is the Night Dr. Richard "Dick" Diver
        Long Day's Journey into Night Jamie Tyrone Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor
        National Board of Review Award for Best Actor
        1963 Act One George S. Kaufman
        1965 A Thousand Clowns Murray Burns Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy
        1966 A Big Hand for the Little Lady Henry Drummond
        Any Wednesday John Cleves
        1967 Divorce American Style Nelson Downes
        The St. Valentine's Day Massacre Al Capone
        Hour of the Gun Doc Holliday
        1968 Isadora Singer
        Once Upon a Time in the West Manuel "Cheyenne" Gutiérrez
        The Night They Raided Minsky's Raymond Paine
        1970 Rosolino Paternò, soldato… Sam Armstrong
        The Ballad of Cable Hogue Cable Hogue
        Julius Caesar Marcus Brutus
        Tora! Tora! Tora! Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short
        Fools Matthew South
        1971 Jud
        Johnny Got His Gun Joe's Father
        Murders in the Rue Morgue Cesar Charron
        1972 The War Between Men and Women Stephen Kozlenko
        1973 Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid Governor Wallace
        1975 A Boy and His Dog Lou Craddock
        Mr. Sycamore John Gwilt
        1976 All the President's Men Ben Bradlee Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
        National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor
        National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
        New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
        The Spy Who Never Was Inspector Barkan
        1977 Julia Dashiell Hammett Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Kansas City Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
        1978 Comes a Horseman Jacob "J.W." Ewing
        1979 Hurricane Captain Bruckner
        1980 Cabo Blanco Gunther Beckdorff
        Raise the Titanic Admiral James Sandecker
        Melvin and Howard Howard Hughes Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
        National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor (third place)
        New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor (second place)
        Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
        Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture
        1981 The Legend of the Lone Ranger Ulysses S. Grant
        1983 Max Dugan Returns Max Dugan
        Something Wicked This Way Comes Charles Halloway
        The Day After Dr. Russell Oakes
        1987 Square Dance Dillard
        1988 Bright Lights, Big City Mr. Hardy Uncredited
        The Good Mother Muth
        1989 Dream a Little Dream Coleman Ettinger
        Reunion Harry Strauss
        Parenthood Frank Buckman
        Black Rainbow Walter Travis
        1990 Quick Change Chief Rotzinger
        1992 Storyville Clifford Fowler
        1993 The Adventures of Huck Finn The King
        The Trial Doctor Huld
        Philadelphia Charles Wheeler
        1994 The Paper Graham Keighley
        The Enemy Within General R. Pendleton Lloyd
        Little Big League Thomas Heywood
        1995 Crimson Tide Rear Admiral Anderson Uncredited
        1997 A Thousand Acres Larry Cook
        1998 The Real Macaw Grandpa Girdis
        Beloved Mr. Bodwin
        Enemy of the State Congressman Phillip Hammersley Uncredited
        Heartwood Logan Reeser
        1999 Magnolia Earl Partridge Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Cast
        Nominated – Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture

        Television

        Year Title Role Notes
        1951–1954 The Big Story Mr. Simms
        Aaron Dudley
        Episode: "Arthur Mielke of the Washington Times Herald"
        Episode: "Aaron Dudley, Reporter"
        1955 The Philco Television Playhouse Mason
        Joe Grant
        Episode: "The Outsiders"
        Episode: "The Death of Billy the Kid"
        1955–1956 Armstrong Circle Theatre Paul Foster
        Ralph Sawyer
        Reinhardt Schmidt
        Episode: "Man in Shadow"
        Episode: "The Town That Refused to Die"
        Episode: "Lost $2 Billion: The Story of Hurricane Diane"
        Justice Karder Episode: "Pattern of Lies"
        Episode: "Decision by Panic"
        1956–1957 The Alcoa Hour Jayson
        Bert Palmer
        Bridger
        Episode: "Night"
        Episode: "The Big Build-Up"
        Episode: "Even the Weariest River"
        1955–1957 Studio One in Hollywood Prisoner
        Leonard O'Brien
        Cameron
        Episode: "Twenty-Four Hours"
        Episode: "The Incredible World of Horace Ford"
        Episode: "A Picture in the Paper"
        1958 Omnibus Prime Minister Episode: "Moment of Truth"
        1959 Playhouse 90 Robert Jordan Episode: "For Whom the Bell Tolls: Part 2"
        NBC Sunday Showcase Alex Reed Episode: "People Kill People Sometimes"
        A Doll's House Dr. Rank TV movie
        1960 Dow Hour of Great Mysteries Detective Anderson Episode: "The Bat" by Mary Roberts Rinehart
        The Play of the Week Theodore 'Hickey' Hickman Episode: "The Iceman Cometh"
        1962 Westinghouse Presents: That's Where the Town is Going Hobart Cramm TV movie
        1964 Abe Lincoln in Illinois Abraham Lincoln TV movie
        Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role
        1963–1966 Bob Hope Presents the Chrysler Theatre Irish LaFontain
        Ivan Denisovich
        Episode: "Shipwrecked"
        Episode: "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich"
        1966 ABC Stage 67 Royal Earle Thompson Episode: "Noon Wine"
        1969 Spoon River Reader TV movie
        1972 Circle of Fear Elliot Brent Episode: "The Dead We Leave Behind"
        The House Without a Christmas Tree Jamie Mills TV movie
        1973 The Thanksgiving Treasure James Mills TV movie
        1974 The Country Girl Frank Elgin
        1975 The Easter Promise Jamie TV movie
        A Moon for the Misbegotten James Tyrone Jr. Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Special Program – Drama or Comedy
        1976 Addie and the King of Hearts Jamie Mills TV movie
        1977 Washington: Behind Closed Doors President Richard Monckton Miniseries; six episodes
        Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series
        1978 A Christmas to Remember Daniel Larson TV movie
        1980 F.D.R.: The Last Year President Franklin D. Roosevelt TV movie
        Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Special
        Haywire Leland Hayward TV movie
        1983 The Day After Russell Oakes
        1984 American Playhouse Erie Smith Episode: "Hughie"
        Sakharov Andrei Sakharov Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film
        Great Performances Grandpa Martin Vanderhof Episode: "You Can't Take It with You"
        1985 The Atlanta Child Murders Alvin Binder
        The Long Hot Summer Will Varner
        1986 Johnny Bull Stephen Kovacs TV movie
        The Last Frontier Ed Stenning
        1987 Laguna Heat Wade Shepard TV movie
        Breaking Home Ties Lloyd
        1988 Inherit the Wind Henry Drummond Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special
        The Christmas Wife John Tanner TV movie
        Thomas Hart Benton Narrator TV movie
        1990 The Civil War Ulysses S. Grant (voice) Nine episodes
        1991 The Perfect Tribute Abraham Lincoln
        Chernobyl: The Final Warning Armand Hammer
        An Inconvenient Woman Jules Mendelson
        American Masters Narrator Episode: "Helen Hayes: The First Lady of the American Theatre"
        On the Waterways Narrator 13 episodes
        Mark Twain and Me Mark Twain TV movie
        Nominated – CableACE Award for Best Actor in a Movie or Miniseries
        1992 Lincoln Abraham Lincoln (voice) TV movie
        1993 Heidi Grandfather
        1994 The Enemy Within General R. Pendleton Lloyd
        1995 My Antonia Josea Burden
        Journey Marcus
        1996–1997 American Experience Narrator Episode: "Truman: Part I"
        Episode: "Truman: Part II"
        Episode: "T.R.: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt (Part I)"
        2000 Going Home Charles Barton Final appearance

        References

        1. "Jason Nelson ROBARDS Sr. & Hope Maxine GLANVILLE & Agnes E. __?__". dgmweb.net.
        2. "Jason Jamie Robards Tyrone - Playing O'Neil, in life and on stage - Article". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
        3. "NewsLibrary Search Results". newsbank.com.
        4. "Robards, Jason Nelson, Jr., RM1c". Together We Served. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
        5. Bloomfield, Gary L.; Shain, Stacie L., with Davidson, Arlen C., (2004). Duty, Honor, Applause – America's Entertainers in World War II. p. 264. Lyon's Press, Guilford, Connecticut. ISBN 1-59228-550-3
        6. "(U.S. Navy) Navy Cross Recipients, World War II, 1941-1945" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. February 2, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2022.
        7. Sterner, C. Douglas. Index: Recipients of the Navy Cross, All Wars/All Periods, All Branches of Service. Pueblo CO, 2006
        8. Gardner, Hy. Panorama magazine, Vol. II, No. 1, Sunday Daily Herald, January 7, 1979, p. 2
        9. The New York Times Magazine, January 20, 1974
        10. Black, Steven A., et al. (editors) (2002). Jason Robards Remembered – Essays and Recollections. McFarland & Co., Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-0-7864-1356-0.
        11. "Notable Alumni". The American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
        12. "American Theatre Wing" Archived February 19, 2005, at the Wayback Machine.
        13. "Oscars database of nominees and winners" Archived February 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
        14. "Emmy Awards Database of nominees and winners".
        15. "Kennedy Center list of Honorees".
        16. The Souls that Drugs Saved Time Magazine. October 10, 1994.
        17. "Members". Theater Hall of Fame.
        18. "Theater Hall of Fame Enshrines 51 Artists" (PDF). The New York Times. Retrieved March 13, 2014.
        19. Bacall, Lauren. (2006). By Myself and Then Some. p. 377. HarperCollins, New York City. ISBN 978-0-06-112791-5.
        20. "Sarasota Herald-Tribune - Google News Archive Search". google.com.
        21. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
        22. "From the Archives" feature ("The Week of July 8") of The Advocate (Stamford, Connecticut), July 9, 2007, page A7, Stamford edition.
        23. "Mary Tyler Moore laid to rest in Connecticut". Chicago Tribune. January 30, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
        24. "Stratford Festival Archives | Details". archives.stratfordfestival.ca.
        25. "Stratford Festival Archives | Details". archives.stratfordfestival.ca.
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