Patani Kingdom

Bunga mas, the tribute sent every three years to the Siamese ruler in Ayutthaya and Bangkok as symbol of friendship by the ruler of Patani. The sending of the Bunga mas began in the 14th century.

Raja Hijau (or Ratu Hijau, the Green Queen) came to the throne in 1584, apparently the result of a lack of male heirs after they were all killed in the turbulent preceding period, and became the first queen of Patani. Raja Hijau acknowledged Siamese authority, and adopted the title of peracau derived from the Siamese royal title phra chao. Early in her reign she saw off an attempted coup by her prime minister, Bendahara Kayu Kelat. She also ordered that a channel be dug with a river dammed to divert water to ensure the supply of water to Patani.

Raja Hijau ruled for 32 years, and brought considerable stability to the country. During her reign, trade with the outside increased, and as a result Pattani prospered. It also become a centre of culture, producing high quality works of music, dance, drama and handicraft. An Englishman Peter Floris who visited Patani in 1612–1613 described a dance performed in Patani as the finest he had seen in the Indies.[10]

Chinese merchants were important in the rise of Patani as a regional trade center. Chinese, Malay and Siamese merchants traded throughout the area, as well as Persians, Indians and Arabs. They were joined by others including the Portuguese in 1516, Japanese in 1592, Dutch in 1602, English in 1612. Many Chinese also moved to Patani, perhaps due to the activity of Lin Daoqian.[11] A Dutch report of 1603 by Jacob van Neck estimated that there may be as many Chinese in Patani as there were native Malays, and they were responsible for most of the commercial activity of Patani.[12] The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established warehouses in Patani in 1603, followed by the English East India Company in 1612, both carrying out intense trading. In 1619, John Jourdain, the East India Company's chief factor at Bantam was killed off the coast of Patani by the Dutch. Ships were also lost, which eventually which led to the withdrawal of the English from Patani.[13][5]

Patani was seen by European traders as a way to access the Chinese market. After 1620, the Dutch and English both closed their warehouses, but a prosperous trade was continued by the Chinese, Japanese, and Portuguese for most of the 17th century.

Raja Hijau died on 28 August 1616 to be succeeded by her sister Raja Biru (the Blue Queen), who was around 50 when she became queen. Raja Biru persuaded the Kelantan Sultanate that lay to the south to become incorporated into Patani.[10]

After Raja Biru died in 1624, she was succeeded by her younger sister Raja Ungu (the Purple Queen). Raja Ungu, however, was more confrontational towards the Siamese, and abandoned the title Siamese title peracau, using instead the title paduka syah alam ("her excellency ruler of the world"). She stopped paying the Bunga mas tribute to Siam, and formed an alliance with Johor, marrying her daughter (who later became Raja Kuning) off to their ruler Sultan Abdul Jalil Shah III. However, her daughter was already married to the king of Bordelong (Phatthalung), Okphaya Déca, who prompted the Siamese to attack Patani in 1633–1634. Siam, however, failed to take Patani.[10]

Raja Ungu died in 1634, to be succeeded by the last of four successive female rulers of Patani Raja Kuning (or Ratu Kuning, the Yellow Queen). The war with Siam had caused considerable suffering to Patani as well as a significant decline in trade, and Raja Kuning adopted a more conciliatory stance towards the Siamese. The Siamese had intended to attack Patani again in 1635, but the Raja of Kedah intervened to help with the negotiation. In 1641, Raja Kuning visited the Ayutthaya court to resume good relation.[14] The power of the queen had declined by this period, and she did not appear to wield any significant political power.[10] In 1646, Patani joined other tributary states to rebel against Ayutthaya, but was later subdued by Ayutthaya.[14]

According to Kelantanese sources, Raja Kuning was deposed in 1651 by the Raja of Kelantan, who installed his son as the ruler of Patani, and the period of Kelantanese dynasty in Patani began. A different queen appeared to have been in control of Patani again by 1670, and three queens of Kelantan lineage may have ruled Patani from 1670 to 1718.[15][10]

When Phetracha took control of Ayutthaya in 1688, Patani refused to acknowledge his authority and rebelled. Ayutthaya then invaded with 50,000 men and subdued Patani.[15] Following the invasion, political disorder continued for five decades, during which the local rulers were helpless to end the lawlessness of the region, and most foreign merchants abandoned trade with Patani. Towards the end of the 17th century, Patani was described in Chinese sources as sparsely populated and barbaric.[10]

Patani was easily defeated by Siam in 1786 and resumed its tributary status. The city of Patani itself was sacked and destroyed, and a new town was later created a few miles to the west. However, a series of attempted rebellions prompted Bangkok to divide Patani into seven smaller puppet states in the early 1800s during the reign of King Rama II. Britain recognised the Thai ownership of Patani by the Burney Treaty in 1826. The throne stayed vacant for a few decades until 1842, when a member of the Kelantanese royalty returned to reclaim the throne. While the raja ruled over Patani independently of Siam, Patani also recognised the authority of Siam and regularly sent the bunga mas tribute. In 1902, in a bid to assert full control of Patani, Siam arrested and deposed the last raja of Patani after he refused Siam's demand for administrative reform, thus ending Patani as an independent state.[16]

1. Chau Sri Wangsa (c. 1488-1511), the Siamese prince said in some sources to have conquered Kota Mahligai and founded the settlement of Patani, converted to Islam, took on the title of Sri Sultan Ahmad Shah.[17][7]
2. Raja Intera/Phaya Tu Nakpa/Sultan Ismail Shah/Mahmud Shah (d. 1530?), founder of the kingdom according to one account, and the first ruler to convert to Islam. In fact, other rulers must have preceded him. It is also likely that during his reign the Portuguese first visited the port to trade, arriving in 1516.
3. Sultan Mudhaffar Shah (c. 1530–1564), son of Sultan Ismail Shah, who died during an attack on Ayudhya (Siam).
4. Sultan Manzur Shah (1564–1572), brother of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah.
5. Sultan Patik Siam (1572–1573), son of Sultan Mudhaffar Shah, who was murdered by his half-brother, Raja Bambang.
6. Sultan Bahdur (1573–1584), son of Sultan Manzur Shah, who was considered a tyrant in most accounts.
7. Ratu Hijau (the Green Queen) (1584–1616), sister of Sultan Bahdur, during whose reign Patani attained its greatest economic success as a middle-sized port, frequented by Chinese, Dutch, English, Japanese, Malays, Portuguese, Siamese, and other merchants.
8. Ratu Biru (the Blue Queen) (1616–1624), sister of Ratu Hijau.
9. Ratu Ungu (the Purple Queen) (1624–1635), sister of Ratu Biru, who was particularly opposed to Siamese interference in local affairs.
10. Ratu Kuning (the Yellow Queen) (1635-1649/88), daughter of Ratu Ungu and last queen of the Inland dynasty. Controversy surrounds the exact date of the end of her reign.

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1. Raja Bakal, (1688–1690 or 1651–1670), after a brief invasion of Patani by his father in 1649, Raja Sakti I of Kelantan, he was given the throne in Patani.
2. Raja Emas Kelantan (1690–1704 or 1670–1698), thought by Teeuw & Wyatt to be a king, but claimed by al-Fatani to be a queen, the widow of Raja Bakal and mother of the succeeding queen.
3. Raja Emas Chayam (1704–1707 or 1698–1702 and 1716–1718), daughter of the two preceding rulers, according to al-Fatani.
4. Raja Dewi (1707–1716; Fatani gives no dates).
5. Raja Bendang Badan (1716–1720 or ?-1715), he was afterwards raja of Kelantan, 1715–1733.
6. Raja Laksamana Dajang (1720–1721; Fatani gives no dates).
7. Raja Alung Yunus (1728–1729 or 1718–1729).
8. Raja Yunus (1729–1749).
9. Raja Long Nuh (1749–1771).
10. Sultan Muhammad (1771–1785).
11. Tengku Lamidin (1785–1791).
12. Datuk Pengkalan (1791–1808).

1. Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad Ibni Raja Muda Kelantan/Raja Kampong Laut Tuan Besar Long Ismail Ibni Raja Long Yunus (1842–1856)
2. Tuan Long Puteh Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad (Phraya Pattani II) (1856–1881)
3. Tuan Besar Bin Tuan Long Puteh (Phraya Pattani III) (1881–1890)
4. Tuan Long Bongsu Bin Sultan Phraya Long Muhammad (Sultan Sulaiman Sharafuddin Syah / Phraya Pattani IV)(1890–1898)
5. Sultan Abdul Kadir Kamaruddin Syah (Phraya Pattani V) deposed in 1902 had descendants:
   • Tengku Sri Akar Ahmad Zainal Abidin
   • Tengku Mahmood Mahyidden
   • Tengku Besar Zubaidah, married Tengku Ismail the son of Tuan Long Besar (Phraya Pattani III), had descendants:
     • Tengku Budriah of Perlis, Raja Perempuan of Perlis and Raja Permaisuri Agong (1924–2008)
     • Tengku Ahmad Rithaudeen, former Minister of Trade and Industry, Defence, Information, Foreign Affairs and Member of the Dewan Rakyat in Kota Bharu (1929–2022)
     • Tengku Noor Zakiah, Malaysian Stockbroker, chairman of KIBB (Kenanga International Bank Berhad) (1926–)
     • Tengku Kamaruzzaman